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Otroci s posebnimi potrebami v sloveniji (1918-1990): od segregacije do integracije

Otroci s posebnimi potrebami v sloveniji (1918-1990): od segregacije do integracije

Author(s): Dunja Dobaja / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 101/2022

The article focuses on two groups of children with special needs: the deaf and hard of hearing, and the blind and visually impaired children. The article outlines the development of the education system for the mentioned groups of children in the period from the end of the First World War to the end of the socialist period at the start of the 1990s. The contribution mainly focuses on the period after the end of the Second World War. In that period, two underlying concepts were used in the care for children with special needs, namely segregation and integration.

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THE TRANSYLVANIAN CALENDAR PRESS IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD (1918-1938): A MEANS OF EDUCATION AND CULTURAL MEDIATION

THE TRANSYLVANIAN CALENDAR PRESS IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD (1918-1938): A MEANS OF EDUCATION AND CULTURAL MEDIATION

Author(s): Veronica Cȃmpian / Language(s): German Issue: 19/2019

This paper entitled “The Transylvanian calendar press in the interwar period (1918-1938): a means of education and cultural mediation” aims at providing an overview of the Transylvanian calendar press products during the interwar period, focusing on the place and duration of the publication on one hand, and on their structural and thematic features, on the other hand. The starting point of the study is an attempt to define this functional type of text by drawing out its characteristics. The article does not offer a deep qualitative analysis, but rather an overview of the structure, content and function of the German-language calendars of Transylvania during the interwar period, with the intention of underlining their peculiarities.

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ROMANIANS, ROMA (GYPSIES) AND ALCOHOL IN HUNEDOARA DISTRICT, BETWEEN 1918-1989

ROMANIANS, ROMA (GYPSIES) AND ALCOHOL IN HUNEDOARA DISTRICT, BETWEEN 1918-1989

Author(s): Dan-Victor Trufaș / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 19/2019

Throught the period studied alcohol was a major problem of the society of Hunedoara, but also at the national and world level. The Romanian state failed to keep alcohol consumption under control, but it has not made a special effort concerning this problem. The gypsies were not regarded as excessive consumers of alcohol so that their specific emblem appeared. The „naturally” integrated into the society of Hunedoara during the period studied, from this point of view.

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THREE LITERARY REPRESENTATIONS IN THE AVANT-GARDE MANNER OF THE INTER-WAR CHIȘINĂU (GEO BOGZA, ALEXANDRU ROBOT, LAURENȚIU FULGA)

THREE LITERARY REPRESENTATIONS IN THE AVANT-GARDE MANNER OF THE INTER-WAR CHIȘINĂU (GEO BOGZA, ALEXANDRU ROBOT, LAURENȚIU FULGA)

Author(s): Aliona Grati / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 20/2020

The article presents some ways of literary representation in the avant-garde manner of the city of Chisinau from the inter-war period, belonging to three foreign writers of the city: Geo Bogza, Alexandru Robot and Laurențiu Fulga. Through their reports, the city of Chisinau has entered the European avant-garde as a literary topos. The city is represented in strange, enigmatic contours, harboring the demonic spaces, it showed the seeds of the decadent future that was crushing the metropolis of the civilized world at that time. History has not given him the time needed to reach the stage of advanced development, over a few years will be ruined. However, these three writers can be credited with giving literary expression to an inter-war Chisinau devoured by the black presences of destruction.

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German Women Active in the Study and Promotion of Art History in Latvia from the 1880s until 1915

German Women Active in the Study and Promotion of Art History in Latvia from the 1880s until 1915

Author(s): Baiba Vanaga / Language(s): English Issue: 49/2023

During the last decades of the 19th century and in the early 20th century, there was a quite large and diverse body of critical and historical texts about art published in newspapers and magazines in Latvia; these were written by various authors, among them some women as well. This article collects together for the first time information about the very first women of German origin whose public activities in Latvia were in the field of art history. It provides a brief overview of the life stories and professional activities of four women from local German society: teachers Rosalie Schoenflies (1844–1916) and Bertha Noelting (1848–1921) who gave public lectures on art and wrote texts dedicated to art; the painter Elly von Loudon (1852–1926) who focused on researching and copying Italian Renaissance frescoes, and published several articles on Italian art; and the artist and art teacher Susa Walter (1874–1945) who at the beginning of the 20th century was one of the most prolific art critics in the local German-language press.

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The Contribution of Feature Writer Laura Marholm to the Discourse on Women’s Emancipation in the German-language Press of Latvia at the Turn of the 19th and 20th Centuries

The Contribution of Feature Writer Laura Marholm to the Discourse on Women’s Emancipation in the German-language Press of Latvia at the Turn of the 19th and 20th Centuries

Author(s): Rasa Pārpuce-Blauma / Language(s): English Issue: 49/2023

The Riga-born playwright, feature writer and translator Laura Marholm (1854–1928) was a distinctive albeit contradictory public figure and was well-known in Latvia, Germany and Scandinavia. With the conviction that a woman can succeed in reaching her goals through the intercession of an intermediary, most often a man, Marholm was in conflict with representatives of the women’s emancipation movement. Her contemporaries called her an anti-feminist; reference literature listed her as a difference feminist who, among other things, contributed to the promotion and development of the cult of motherhood. In Latvia, press publications referred to Marholm as an authority in the field of women’s psychology. She was a popular amateur who dealt with a fashionable theme of the era – psychology. Together with her husband, Swedish writer Ola Hansson (1860–1925), she corresponded with famous personalities in Scandinavia, Germany and France. The Hanssons came into conflict with many of them which, in turn, increasingly pushed to the couple into creative self isolation. This article investigates Marholm’s influence on the discourse about women’s emancipation in the German-language press of Latvia from the late 1870s up until the late 1920s.

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THE SYMBOL OF THE BIRD IN THE ROMANIAN INTERWAR POETRY

THE SYMBOL OF THE BIRD IN THE ROMANIAN INTERWAR POETRY

Author(s): Maria Elena Opriș / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 20/2020

In our paper we will refer to the bird symbol in Romanian interwar poetry, finding in the lyrics of this period a new reading of the symbol. It is noticeable the use of free, consecrated symbols but also the preference of authors for a particular bird or for the symbol it represents.

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VICTOR PAPILIAN’S DRAMA – FROM RHETORIC TO INNOVATION

VICTOR PAPILIAN’S DRAMA – FROM RHETORIC TO INNOVATION

Author(s): Ingrid Cezarina-Elena Bărbieru (Ciochină) / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 20/2020

Victor Papilian’s drama, obviously inferior to his short stories and novels, due to the rhetoric language, lack of conflict’s consistency, various irrelevant moments and episodes inserted throughout the text and scientific style of writing, has its valuable impact on the Romanian inter-war literary space, especially for the innovations it presents. The new approaches are to be found in terms of literary techniques, new interpretations for the already used literary themes, the creation of deep psychological tensions, as well as new approaches of themes with tradition in the Romanian literary space. Papilian's theater thus fits in the specific direction of the inter-war literary moment, whose complexity of forms and formulas will lay the foundations of modernism.

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Repere din istoricul creditului românesc: Banca „Pruna” S.A. Ilia (jud. Hunedoara)

Repere din istoricul creditului românesc: Banca „Pruna” S.A. Ilia (jud. Hunedoara)

Author(s): Maria-Cristina Ploscă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 13/2022

The Romanian Transylvanian banks have appeared in the second half of the 19-th century. The first Transylvanian bank was founded in 1872 and its name was „Albina”. The Austro-Hungarian government passed a law regarding the conditions on how those building societies/associations to be founded, we’re reffering to Law no XXXVII/15 May 1875.Ilia, a small market town in Hunedoara county, was important in the second half of the 19th century, here were founded a few other building societis/banks like the following: „Progresul” Bank, „Ilia Murășană” Bank etc.„Pruna” Bank was founded in February 25th 1912, the information was mentioned in the Revista Economică magazine and registered in an yearbook preserved in National Archives. The bank functioned all the interwar period of time until 1948.

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Activitatea didactică a învățătorilor Aurel și Eleonora Panțuru conform „Registrului de inspecții al Școalei primare de stat din comuna Batiz” 
(1936-1949)

Activitatea didactică a învățătorilor Aurel și Eleonora Panțuru conform „Registrului de inspecții al Școalei primare de stat din comuna Batiz” (1936-1949)

Author(s): Cosmin Panturu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 13/2022

After the year 1918, authorities in Transylvania reorganised the education system. In order to achieve the objectives it had set, the government, through the State Primary Education Law of July 26, 1924, made it possible for schools to also be built in the countryside, so that the educational process could take place in proper conditions. Schools also received agricultural land plots. Some were placed next to the school building and were used as orchards and vegetable gardens. A bigger plot, of at least 4 hectares, was located outside the village and was allotted for the purpose of practical activities with the students and the teacher's use. Impromptu inspections took place in order to check the teachers' activities. The inspections successively examined teacher and student class attendance, compared to the number of students enrolled at the beginning of each school year, as well as the students' hygiene, the classroom cleanliness, the conditions in which the classes were held, the way in which information was taught to and assimilated by the students; they checked accounting books, registers, records, the teaching material used, while also focusing on the application of the knowledge acquired in practice and in real life. At the end of each inspection, teachers received a grade.These realities did not spare the primary school in Batiz, where findings were recorded in the commune's State Primary School Inspection Register, with detailed descriptions, during the period between February 5, 1936, and April 12, 1949. As this is a unique document, I have maintained (without being subjective) the original format of the text while writing the current study, keeping both contemporaneity and posterity in mind. Thus, readers will be able to experience part of the atmosphere in which a young generation developed during inter- and post-war Romania. Furthermore, the text can serve as a source of information for those interested in conducting deeper research of past developments in the field.

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ACTIVITATEA  (EXTRA) ȘCOLARĂ  A  ÎNVĂȚĂTORULUI
AUREL  PANȚURU  CONFORM  „REGISTRULUI  DE  INSPECȚII
AL  ȘCOALEI  PRIMARE  DE  STAT  DIN  COMUNA  BATIZ”
(1936-1949)

ACTIVITATEA (EXTRA) ȘCOLARĂ A ÎNVĂȚĂTORULUI AUREL PANȚURU CONFORM „REGISTRULUI DE INSPECȚII AL ȘCOALEI PRIMARE DE STAT DIN COMUNA BATIZ” (1936-1949)

Author(s): Cosmin Panturu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 13/2022

The village of Batiz came out of anonymity due to the ruins of a villa rustica dating back to Roman times, due to the involvement of its inhabitants in the historical events of the 18-20th centuries, as well as due to the fine ceramics manufacturing that took place here between 1805 and 1865. The village is located on the left bank of the Strei river, and its educational landscape included a particular State Primary School teacher by the name of Aurel Panțuru (1910-1971). Aurel Panțuru was originally from the Argeș county, but had studied in Abrud and Cristuru Secuiesc in Transylvania. Through the work he carried out for the benefit of his school and his community for 27 years, he managed to change the material and moral status of the village inhabitants for the better. Thus, between 1932 and 1959, he left his mark on Batiz by setting up the Frăția Company for cattle insurance, a cemetery for the burial of cattle that died because of contagious diseases, the Credit Institute or Batizeana Bank, the Antirevisionist League, while also participating in all the committees he led as president or vice-president. He was a member of the parochial committee in charge of building and painting the new church, and he contributed to the modernisation of the village through electrification and radio broadcasting.He was decorated with the 2nd class Reward for School Construction Medal for building the primary school in Batiz and for equipping the classrooms with the items necessary so that the educational process could take place in proper conditions. He set up the school library and canteen. He set up the community centre. He was also engaged in sericulture, he taught students the basics of beekeeping and agronomy and, together with them, he planted crops on the arable plot of land that the school had received for this purpose. He offered moral and material support to the more enterprising students, so that they could pursue higher education, one of whom would become the critic, literary historian and Romanian editor Romul Munteanu (1926-2011).In spite of sustaining an injury at Odessa during World War II, which severely affected his mobility, his activity continued, and he coached youth sports. Thus, through the results obtained by the “Fulgerul” football club, he proved to be a good coach, while he was also an expert in and promoter of the Romanian national sport of “oina”. Through all these achievements, he managed to gain the trust of the villagers and local authorities, who supported him in all of his actions, and he also enjoyed the full support and understanding of his wife, Eleonora (1912-1988). After his death, he was mourned by everyone who had known him.

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Prostorske politike v avtoritarnih in totalitarnih režimih: odprta vprašanja in novi raziskovalni pristopi, Ljubljana, 12. 4. 2022

Prostorske politike v avtoritarnih in totalitarnih režimih: odprta vprašanja in novi raziskovalni pristopi, Ljubljana, 12. 4. 2022

Author(s): Matic Batič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2022

One of the defining features of the “short 20th century” has been the rise of the authoritarian and totalitarian regimes. Although the differences between many of those authoritarian and totalitarian states have been profound, there were also a number of similarities and common characteristics. One of those was the extensive employment of spatial politics (e. g. building monuments, fostering certain architectural styles, developing new urban spaces etc.) as means of projecting power, expressing values or (re)shaping a new man. One need only think about many building projects undertaken (or projected) by Nazi Germany or the Soviet Union, characterized by their excessive monumentality coupled with classicist architectural aesthetics. However, the spatial politics of totalitarianism was far from exclusively reactionary or monolithic, as it was also deeply connected with new avant-garde forms of architecture and urbanism.

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Lessons from the Past: The Right to Abortion in Three Pictures

Lessons from the Past: The Right to Abortion in Three Pictures

Author(s): Jelena Milinković / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2022

The starting point in this paper is the current situation in several countries regarding the prohibition or permission of abortion. In parallel with the pandemic, i.e., the COVID-19 crisis in European countries, there is also a crisis of women’s rights and freedoms. Within the already won rights and freedoms, and as a consequence of the traditionalization of state policies, the right to abortion is most endangered during crises. To show what the struggle for women’s rights might look like, an example from the past is taken: the struggle of Yugoslav women for the right to abortion during the 1920s and 1930s. Three aspects are analyzed: 1) the legal regulation of the right to abortion, 2) the discussion regarding this issue in the Ženski pokret [Women’s Movement] (1920–1938) journal, and 3) the topic of abortion in literature.

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OLTENIA BETWEEN 1920 AND 1989. CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT IDEOLOGIES, REGIONAL, NATIONAL AND EUROPEAN ASPECTS IN HISTORIOGRAPHY

OLTENIA BETWEEN 1920 AND 1989. CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT IDEOLOGIES, REGIONAL, NATIONAL AND EUROPEAN ASPECTS IN HISTORIOGRAPHY

Author(s): Florin Nacu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 20/2020

Oltenia is a region in the South-West Romania, with an individuality which was in attention of great events from Romanian history, starting from 1920 to 1989. In the present article we want to present in which fields and periods of the Romanian History we can talk about the economical, ideological, social importance of Oltenia. The milestones 1920 and 1989 are interpreted as main moments in the history of Romania and Oltenia.

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La donna fascista – narodowa służebnica, żona i matka

La donna fascista – narodowa służebnica, żona i matka

Author(s): Anna WOTLIŃSKA / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The subject of this article is the attitude of Italian fascism towards women. It outlines the social roles that were announced to women in propaganda texts and to which they were supposed to submit. The author describes the position of Italian women, referring to the specific decalogues of women and families that appeared in the fascist press in the 1920s. A woman-mother was the basic and most important figure that bound the family together but also built the power of the state. Bearing children and raising them to be righteous members of the nation and submitting to the will of men were to ensure women universal respect and recognition. According to fascist ideology, reproduction was also a precondition for recognising a union as a family, a man and a woman staying together. The next part of the article is devoted to this issue. It describes the obligations imposed by fascist ideologues also on men. Both sexes were stripped of individualism, personal needs and desires in this political reproductive puzzle, albeit unevenly and with the preservation of patriarchal patterns. The state and its leader – Benito Mussolini – became a god and a source of laws.

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"Stephen Lovell. How Russia Learned to Talk: A History of Public Speaking in the Stenographic Age, 1860–1930."

"Stephen Lovell. How Russia Learned to Talk: A History of Public Speaking in the Stenographic Age, 1860–1930."

Author(s): Tatiana Borisova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2022

Review of: Stephen Lovell. How Russia Learned to Talk: A History of Public Speaking in the Stenographic Age, 1860–1930. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. 327 pp. ISBN 9780199546428

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Dzieje kamienicy „Dom Księcia” w Częstochowie (1912-1939) jako przykład budynku osadzonego w kontekście politycznym, społecznym i historycznym miasta

Dzieje kamienicy „Dom Księcia” w Częstochowie (1912-1939) jako przykład budynku osadzonego w kontekście politycznym, społecznym i historycznym miasta

Author(s): Paulina Korneluk,Olga Desperak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

This article concerns the history of the construction of one of the most important buildings in Częstochowa and the changes it has undergone in its its appearance and meaning. The Prince’s House, built by Grand Duke Michael Romanov, reflects the difficult history of the city’s Russification and re-Polonization. The building is deeply set in the historical and symbolic space of whole Częstochowa. It was an embarrassing reminder of the Romanow family, and in the interwar period it was the subject of legal disputes between the city and Michael Romanov’s widow. At that time, the building gained a new appearance and became an architectural monument to Marshal Józef Piłsudski. Today, the house is neglected and abandoned, and so far no monographic work discussing its history in a broad historical, political and social context has been published. The article aims to fill this research gap and determine the exact time of the building’s reconstruction

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Реакционеры, черносотенцы, белогвардейцы, фашисты: дефиниции русского правого лагеря начала XX века

Реакционеры, черносотенцы, белогвардейцы, фашисты: дефиниции русского правого лагеря начала XX века

Author(s): A. A. Ivanov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 41/2022

: The article presents a detailed analysis of definitions that, having arisen during the political struggle of the early 20th Century, subsequently became entrenched in historical literature in relation to the right-wing monarchist movement. Special attention is paid to the circumstances of the emergence, use and validity of such terms as “conservatives”, “reactionaries”, “rightists”, “the Black Hundreds”, “bison”, “the Whites” (“the White Guards”), “right-wing revolutionaries”, “fascists”. It is for the first time that the author has introduced to scientific community the sources illustrating how certain definitions were used in relation to Russian right-wingers in the periodicals and journalism of pre-revolutionary and Soviet Russia and the reaction to them from the Black Hundreds and Russian nationalists. The article shows that the same terms and definitions could have different interpretations and be endowed with opposite characteristics when used by opposing political forces. Such nicknames as “the Black Hundreds” and “bison” sounded like swear nicknames in the mouths of the members of the revolutionary and liberal camps. However, some right-wingers proudly raised them to their banners. At the same time, the monarchists rejected the nickname “right-wing revolutionaries” in every possible way, since they saw it as a tool for discrediting and distorting their political goals. The later term “fascists”, retrospectively applied to the Black Hundreds by their opponents, inspired in some of their former leaders a desire to present the pre-revolutionary movement of Russian monarchists as genetically close to the European right-wing movements of a later time. Attention is also paid to the little-known term “the Whites” (“the White Guards”), which was used in relation to the right-wing camp during the First Russian Revolution, but later was supplanted by other nicknames and almost forgotten.

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Коллективный портрет депутатов Верховного Совета СССР и союзных республик в 1938–1989 гг.

Коллективный портрет депутатов Верховного Совета СССР и союзных республик в 1938–1989 гг.

Author(s): Boris N. Mironov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 42/2023

In 1938–1989, Supreme Soviets of the USSR and Union Republics were the successors of the Congresses of Soviets and performed the same functions assigned to them by the ruling party — to approve and convert the decisions of the Сommunist Party into laws, to support the policy pursued by the party and the government, to legitimize the existing regime. The Soviets performed these functions quite successfully due to the fact that the deputy corps included people from all social groups loyal to the regime and at the same time influential, authoritative, and well-known throughout the country. A simple Soviet citizen believed in the deputies and the real power of the Supreme Soviets, thanks to which the Soviets, having no real power, had great symbolic power, which allowed them until 1989 to maintain the trust of the people in the Soviet system and the communist project. In 1938–1989, the composition of the deputies of the Supreme Soviets of the USSR and the union republics underwent important changes: there was an in increase in the proportion of workers and peasants, women, educated people, and people of mature and senior age; the proportion of employees, Russians and semi-literate people decreased. The deputies’ corps became more balanced in all respects and significantly more educated, but members and candidates of the Communist Party, men, employees, intellectuals, functionaries, were still overrepresented, and non-party workers, peasants and Russians were underrepresented. In general, the deputy corps was comprised of the elite; the Supreme Soviets of the Union and Autonomous Republics — of the national elite of the titular peoples. They were not professional politicians, as in Western parliaments, but the elite. For the majority of deputies, activity in the Soviets was not the main profession, but an honorable part-time job on a voluntary basis.

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Metaphors Shaping Modern Architecture in Interwar Romania.  Mental models and architectural discourse

Metaphors Shaping Modern Architecture in Interwar Romania. Mental models and architectural discourse

Author(s): Valentin Popescu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

In X-ray Architecture, Beatriz Colomina does a psychoanalysis of the image of the TB patient but also of other diseases (including mental) and of the mental associations induced by them, associations and representations that influenced modern architecture. If such hygienic concerns influenced the production, affirmation and supremacy of the Modern Movement in the Western world, in Romania it was more about the dissemination and adaptation of Western ideas to another urban fabric and other traditions. Apart from the sanatorium perspective, another important metaphor used for the theoretical definition and affirmation of modern architecture in Romania was the metaphor of the machine (to be lived in but not only).We can talk about the impact of these two metaphors that frame the discourse and creation of architects from interwar Bucharest and Romania.

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