CEEOL - Browse Subjects Result

We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

Схващанията в американската преса за държавността на Балканите през междувоенния период

Author(s): Emanuel Plopeanu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The aim of this paper is to highlight the way in which the United States press looked upon political evolution in the Balkans, between the two World Wars. We try to identify the main concepts through which the U.S. press defined the Balkan statehood and the relations between governments and peoples. Coming from a long distanced society, but one in which respecting rules was at high level for centuries, it is important to see the image cultivated into the American society, by the American press. In many cases, the definitions of this area are not quite satisfactory, the U.S. press frequently mentioning the governmental corruption, the lack of care about people needs, the absolute need for power, the malfunction of the state powers – definitions, which, in our days, are gathered into a single concept: “failed states”.

More...

Преклонение и пропаганда: култът към личността на крал Карол II извън Румъния

Author(s): Daniel Citirigă / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The paper discusses King Carol II’s cult of personality outside Romania. Analyzing carefully the themes and subjects presented in the foreign press, the author comes to the conclusion that articles about the King published in newspapers abroad were very similar to those published in Romanian newspapers. The author points out that certainly, the foreign journalists consulted their Romanian colleagues about subjects concerning the Romanian king. In this connection, a significant example was the King’s visit to London in November 1938, which was preceded by a series of articles written at the Department of Press at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Bucharest with the aim to prepare the success of the royal visit and create a very favourable image of the King and his country.

More...

Jarosław Tomasiewicz, W kierunku nacjokracji. Tendencje autorytarne, totalistyczne i profaszystowskie w polskiej myśli politycznej (1933–1939): narodowcy – narodowi radykałowie – narodowi socjaliści

Author(s): Michał Przeperski / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

Review of: Jarosław Tomasiewicz, W kierunku nacjokracji. Tendencje autorytarne, totalistyczne i profaszystowskie w polskiej myśli politycznej (1933–1939): narodowcy – narodowi radykałowie – narodowi socjaliści, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, Katowice 2019

More...

“Polenfeldzug”: Nazi Crimes during the War against Poland in 1939 and their Place in German Memory

Author(s): Stephan Lehnstaedt / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

German crimes committed in Poland during the years 1939–1945 have not been forgotten in present-day Germany. But the so-called “Polenfeldzug” plays a strangely marginal role in memory. This is surprising insofar as it not only represented a drastic break from previous policy towards Poland, (Lehnstaedt, 2017) but also constituted the “prelude to the war of annihilation,” as Jochen Böhler termed it (Böhler, 2006; Böhler, 2009b). A war of annihilation not from 1941 but already in 1939. The Second World War was a crime against humanity from its very beginning.

More...

Selected Violations of the Occupation Law in the Polish Territories in 1939–1940

Author(s): Marcin Marcinko / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

The aim of this article is to present, explain, and interpret the principles and norms of the international public law which concern the military occupation law (specifically laid out in the Hague regulations of 1907), in force prior to the Second World War and on its outbreak. The discussion paves the way for the subsequent evaluation – based on selected examples – of whether the German Reich and the Soviet Union, that is, the two aggressors who seized the Polish lands following the country’s military defeat of September 1939, observed the military occupation law (or rather allows for an overview of which of the aforesaid principles and norms were violated). The period under scrutiny is the years 1939–1940, i.e. the beginning of the occupation of the Polish lands and the time of the invading powers’ setting up their administrations, as this is when the aggressor is particularly responsible for establishing occupying authority in accordance with the applicable law.

More...

Historic Architecture Losses in Kraków during the Second World War (1939–1945)

Author(s): Mikołaj Getka-Kenig / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

The loss of historic architecture was one of the most painful material losses (irreversible too, since historical value cannot be restored by way of reconstruction) suffered by Polish society during the Second World War. Research to date has tended to focus on cities and areas that suffered the most damage, sidestepping cases like Kraków. Although it is true that the scale of destruction or damage to historical monuments was quite limited in Kraków as compared to, say, Warsaw or Poznań (as far as the territories of the Second Polish Republic which remained within the postwar borders are concerned), the former cannot be said to have remained fully intact. The purpose of this article is to fill gaps in research on the history of the Polish lands during the Second World War. The analysis of losses carried out herein is divided into three periods: the September Campaign, the occupation, and the armed operations at the beginning of 1945. The present paper is the first monograph on this subject.

More...

Eesti arhitektid ja Urban Internationale, 1920–1940

4.90 €

Preview

Eesti arhitektid ja Urban Internationale, 1920–1940

Author(s): Karin Hallas-Murula / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 01+02/2023

The article examines the involvement of Estonian architects in the international architecture scene in the 1920s-1930s, with an emphasis on contacts with the IFHTP. The IFHTP – International Federation for Housing and Planning – was the most geographically extensive, the largest in terms of membership and the most active international organisation dealing with urban planning and housing in the 1920s and 1930s. The focus is on the participation of Estonian architects and city officials in IFHTP congresses and exhibitions. The article studies the influence of foreign contacts on architectural ideology, planning and design in Estonia in the 1920s and 1930s.

More...

Prelude to Race War: The Ideological Drivers behind German Atrocities Committed against POWs and Civilian Populations during the September Campaign of 1939

Author(s): Roger Moorhouse / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

It is well known that the German invasion of Poland in 1939 was the start of the most hideous and murderous phase in Poland’s already blood-soaked history, yet the extent of the atrocities committed during the September Campaign is not widely appreciated. This article will assess, as far as is possible, what may have driven those excesses, asking whether they were primarily ideologically driven, or whether, perhaps, they can be attributed to circumstances, or to something more traditional, and less ideological in nature. First of all, it is very clear that the conduct of the invading armies during the September Campaign – German and Soviet – was exceedingly brutal. Right from the outset, German forces did not hesitate to target civilian populations – Jewish and non-Jewish – for reprisals, hostage-taking, casual brutality and outright murder. From the massacre committed at Częstochowa, in the opening days of the war, to the murder of some 600 Polish Jews at Przemyśl, to the machine gunning of over 300 civilians and POWs at Śladów on 18 September, to the massacre at Zakroczym, which followed the surrender of Modlin, German atrocities were committed, without respite, throughout the campaign. In the 1960s, the Polish historian Szymon Datner calculated that the Germans committed over 600 massacres and atrocities against Poles during the September Campaign alone (Datner, 1967, pp. 358–359). Despite his writing during the Communist period, there is no reason fundamentally to question his findings.

More...

Jarosław Tomasiewicz, W kierunku nacjokracji. Tendencje autorytarne, totalistyczne i profaszystowskie w polskiej myśli politycznej (1933–1939): narodowcy – narodowi radykałowie – narodowi socjaliści

Author(s): Michał Przeperski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2020

More...

Polenfeldzug: nazistowskie zbrodnie z okresu wojny z Polską w 1939 roku i ich miejsce w niemieckiej pamięci

Author(s): Stephan Lehnstaedt / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2020

Choć w dzisiejszych Niemczech zbrodnie dokonane przez Niemców w Polsce w latach 1939–1945 nie odeszły w zapomnienie, to tzw. Polenfeldzug nadal zajmuje zaskakująco marginalne miejsce w niemieckiej pamięci. Zastanawiające, ponieważ było to nie tylko wyraźne zerwanie z wcześniejszą polityką Niemiec wobec Polski (Lehnstaedt, 2017), ale także coś, co Jochen Böhler określa jako „prolog do wojny na wyniszczenie” (Böhler, 2006; Böhler, 2009b), która zaczęła się nie w 1941, a w 1939 roku. II wojna światowa od samego początku była zbrodnią przeciwko ludzkości.

More...

Wybrane przykłady nieprzestrzegania prawa okupacji wojennej na ziemiach polskich w latach 1939–1940

Author(s): Marcin Marcinko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2020

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie, wyjaśnienie oraz interpretacja zasad i norm prawa międzynarodowego publicznego, które dotyczą prawa okupacji wojennej (przede wszystkim zawartego w Regulaminie haskim z 1907 roku), obowiązującego przed II wojną światową i w chwili jej wybuchu, żeby następnie ocenić – opierając się na wybranych przykładach – czy na ziemiach polskich zajętych w wyniku klęski militarnej we wrześniu 1939 roku przez dwóch agresorów, Rzeszę Niemiecką i Związek Sowiecki, przestrzegano prawa okupacji wojennej (lub raczej, które z wymienionych zasad i norm nie były respektowane). Badany okres obejmuje lata 1939–1940, czyli początek okupacji na ziemiach polskich i czas ustanawiania rządów agresorów, gdy na najeźdźcy ciąży szczególna odpowiedzialność za powołanie zgodnego z prawem reżimu okupacji wojennej.

More...

Straty architektury zabytkowej Krakowa w latach II wojn światowej (1939–1945)

Author(s): Mikołaj Getka-Kenig / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2020

Straty w architekturze zabytkowej należą do najbardziej dotkliwych szkód materialnych (nieodwracalnych – bo wartości historycznej nie da się przywrócić w wyniku odbudowy), jakie społeczeństwo polskie poniosło w okresie II wojny światowej. W dotychczasowych badaniach skupiano się jednak na najbardziej zniszczonych miastach bądź obszarach, lekceważąc takie przypadki jak Kraków. Co prawda skala zniszczeń czy chociażby uszkodzeń zabytków Krakowa była dość mała w porównaniu z Warszawą, Poznaniem (jeśli chodzi o tereny II Rzeczypospolitej pozostałe w powojennych granicach Polski), trudno jednak mówić o ich całkowitym ocaleniu. Artykuł ma uzupełnić tę lukę w badaniach nad historią ziem polskich w okresie II wojny światowej. Przeprowadzana tu analiza strat została podzielona na trzy okresy: kampanię wrześniową, okupację oraz działania zbrojne na początku 1945 roku. Jest to pierwsze monograficzne opracowanie tego tematu.

More...

Zapowiedź wojny rasowej: czynniki ideologiczne stojące za zbrodniami popełnionymi przez Niemców na jeńcach wojennych i ludności cywilnej w kampanii wrześniowej 1939 roku

Author(s): Roger Moorhouse / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2020

Jak powszechnie wiadomo, niemiecka inwazja na Polskę w 1939 roku zapoczątkowała najbardziej mroczny i zbrodniczy etap w historii kraju, jednakże skala okrucieństw popełnionych w czasie kampanii wrześniowej pozostaje szerzej niezauważona. W tym artykule autor przeanalizował – w jakim stopniu jest to możliwe – czynniki, które mogły lec u podstaw tych zbrodni, a także zadał pytanie, czy miały one podłoże przede wszystkim ideologiczne, czy też, być może, wypada przypisać je okolicznościom lub zjawiskom bardziej tradycyjnym i zarazem mniej powiązanym z systemem poglądów i idei.

More...

SPRAWOZDANIE Z KONFERENCJI NAUKOWEJ „MOLESTOWANIE SEKSUALNE. ANALIZA ZJAWISKA I PRZECIWDZIAŁANIE” 8 MARCA 2021 ROKU (ON-LINE)

Author(s): Julia Jezierska,Klarysa Świeżek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 60/2021

Studenckie Koło Naukowe Edukacji Równościowej „Emancypacja”, pod merytoryczną opieką Wydziału Studiów Edukacyjnych Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu oraz Interdyscyplinarnej Grupy Badawczej Płeć i Edukacja – Gender & Education, zorganizowało 8 marca 2021 roku konferencję naukową z okazji Międzynarodowego Dnia Kobiet.

More...

Vizita delegației „Micii Înțelegeri” la Universitatea din Cluj (3 decembrie 1936)

Author(s): Mihai Teodor Nicoară / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 42/2023

The year 1936 was a delicate moment in terms of Romanian and European diplomacy, amid the revisionist agitation of the defeated armies in the Great War. The Romanian political and diplomatic life, as well as the intellectual and academic environments in the Kingdom of Romania were under great tension due to the drastic weakening of solidarity between the former allies from the Great War, but also between the regional allies. An event such as the visit of the “Little Entente” delegation to the University of Cluj on December 3, 1936, is part of a series of events that involved Romania in the whirlwind of efforts to preserve the status quo established at the Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920). The Czechoslovak and Yugoslav delegations arrived in Cluj. The celebration took place in the festive hall of the Academic College. The most important parts of the celebration were the speeches of the hosts and guests, who emphasized the importance of academic and cultural collaboration between the “Little Entente” allies. Rector Florian Ștefănescu-Goangă spoke on behalf of the “King Ferdinand I” University, emphasizing the honor of hosting an event of friendship and solidarity between Romanians, Czechoslovaks and Yugoslavs. After the celebration, held solemnly and in the presence of a large number of professors, students and officials of Cluj, a banquet was held in the halls of the Cluj Military Circle. The celebration occasioned by the visit of the “Little Entente” delegation to Cluj was a form of support for the political, diplomatic, cultural and spiritual affinities between the Eastern and Central European peoples, to which the Romanian students also brought their contribution. A “Little Entente of Students” was created in Cluj, which organized propaganda actions in favor of respecting the Versailles treaties.

More...

MITROPOLIA ORTODOXĂ ROMÂNĂ DIN CERNĂUȚI

Author(s): Radu Moţoc / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2022

The article describes, in a concise manner, the activity of the Romanian Orthodox Patriarchate of Chernivtsi in the 20-30s of the 20th century, as well as the events of 1940, followed by the persecution of the faithful

More...

Le français « sauvage » dans les chansons d’Édith Piaf – un aperçu didactique

Author(s): Mieczysław Gajos / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2022

Édith Giovanna Gassion, known as Édith Piaf recorded more than three hundred songs. Her repertoire is as rich as her biography. Often, in the texts of Piaf’s songs, we can find some traces of her life, stories that she had told to her lyricists, who made use of them by suggesting that her songs qualified as realistic. While analysing the texts of Édith Piaf’s songs created between 1935 and 1963, we can identify the vocabulary belonging to the slang register. In the linguistic part of our article, we will try to present this lexicon. In the didactic part of our article we will look at the problem of pedagogical exploitation of the slang vocabulary contained in the songs of Édith Piaf.

More...

Мелничарството и законите за насърчение на местната индустрия от 1909 и 1928 година

4.50 €

Preview

Мелничарството и законите за насърчение на местната индустрия от 1909 и 1928 година

Author(s): Rumyana Parvanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

The study offers a detailed analysis of the provisions of the Local Industry Encouragement Laws of 1909 and 1928 affecting factory flour production. Especially for milling, the Act of 1909 introduced some restrictions on the use of the benefits, creating inequality between producers. Nevertheless, the industry was developing successfully. From 1909 to 1921 the number of promoted mills doubled, but there were also many more mills that did not enjoy the benefits of the Act. Despite the glut in the branch, the Local Industry Encouragement Law of 1928 provided industrial flour-milling with major benefits in the hope of facilitating the export of flour.

More...

Scénografie v počátcích Divadla D

Author(s): Pavlína Vojtová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2021

The study is focused on work and cooperation of five young stage designers/architects with director E. F. Burian in the avant-garde theatre of Divadlo D in its beginnings in early 1930s, namely César Grimmich, Miroslav Kouřil, Jiří Novotný, Karel Poličanský, and Josef Raban, and then mainly the trio KNR. The main part depands on presentation theirs working methods and themes, which reflect new techniques of visual art, focused on light experiments, photography, film and raw materials. Their methods are also confronted with work and experiments of László Moholy-Nagy

More...

Pomoc ukraińskich organizacji społecznych dla jeńców i internowanych ukraińskich z Galicji Wschodniej w polskiej niewoli (1918–1921)

Author(s): WIKTOR WĘGLEWICZ / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The article discusses the activities of Ukrainian social organisations from Eastern Galicia in providing assistance to Ukrainian prisoners of war and internees from this region who were in Polish prisoner-of-war camps between 1918 and 1921. During the period in question, those in captivity were in a difficult food and material situation and the Polish military authorities were unable to address it in an effective manner. The activities of the Ukrainian Civic Committee in Lviv and the Samaritan Aid in Przemyśl provided a large – and often the only – support to help Ukrainians survive the period of captivity. Both organisations mostly supported them by sending food and clothing; on top of that, in 1920, they also provided financial aid and the arranged for train tickets for those returning home. The actions of the women of Przemyśl deserve a special mention as they used to provide assistance in the Pikulice camp during the most difficult period of the typhoid and dysentery epidemic in the winter of 1919.

More...