Fuzija tradicionalnih muzičkih formi i dodekafonije Antona Veberna

Author(s): Gordana Grujić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 2/2020

Webern’s sense of form is rooted in tradition, as is evidenced by his personal writings on the subject. However, keeping in mind that, in relation to other members of the Second Viennese School, he went the furthest in terms of the development of dodecaphony as an atonality system with the use of pointillism, distinct symmetrical relations at different structural levels, and indications of serialism, we expect a completely new and revised view on the traditional form. The sonata form is the most adapted to varying deviations and fusions with other formal patterns, so its examples will serve as representatives of how the form primarily developed within Anton Webern’s dodecaphonic conditions.

Orientări şi curente în geopolitica românească. Geopolitica, ştiinţa integralităţii teritoriale româneşti

Author(s): Didă Diana / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2009

In the following, we have selected a number of geopolitical works, published in the sociological review Sociologie Romaneasca between 1936 and 1939. Our purpose was to observe in what manner the science of geopolitics, a still new science in that time, was considered to develop in the future. We selected a few significant texts wrote by some important geopoliticians, in order to understand the trends they imagined for the future (for them) science of geopolitics.

Arhitekta Vladimira Šervinska pareizticīgo dievnami

Author(s): Katriona Luīze Rožlapa / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 26/2022

The 1920s and 30s are known by an unprecedented construction boom of Orthodox churches in Latvia’s history of art and architecture. This phenomenon was fostered by the Synod of the Latvian Orthodox Church as well as by its chief architect Vladimir Scherwinsky and his professional output. Not all newly built Orthodox churches were related to the Synod. In most cases, these were direct commissions from Vladimir Scherwinsky. Architect Vladimir Scherwinsky came from a dynasty of architects. His father Max Scherwinsky was the Director of Riga Trade School; Riga’s 700th Jubilee Exhibition that he curated left a deep impression on Vladimir’s interest in historical architecture and its potential uses. His maternal grandfather, Otto Jakob Simonson, brought up the young Vladimir after Max’s sudden death. The Dresden-born architect Simonson who was of Jewish origin stayed in Tbilisi for the most part of his professional career, serving as the city’s chief architect, until his move to Riga because of financial strains. Already during his student years at Eižens Laube’s workshop at the Architecture Faculty of Riga Polytechnic Institute, Vladimir Scherwinsky showed a strong interest in historical styles of architecture. Historical architecture of the Russian Empire and specifics of the Northern Russian wooden architecture proved especially attractive.After completing his studies, Vladimir Scherwinsky, together with his friend and brother-in-law, engineer Mikhail Krivoshapkin, founded his architectural office at 9 Šķūņu Street. They both constructed a large number of residential buildings, apartment houses and public buildings. Having noted Vladimir Scherwinsky’s talent and working capabilities, in 1924, the Archbishop of the Latvian Orthodox Church Jānis Pommers, invited him to become the chief architect of the Synod. While in this office, Scherwinsky was responsible for the technical oversight of churches as well as research and building new churches. The Synod sent the architect on missions to visit Orthodox congregations in neighbouring countries; thus he got to know not only various ethnographic customs but also the building traditions of Orthodox churches. Scherwinsky paid particular attention to the building aspects of wooden churches, their decorative qualities, principles and materiality. He transferred part of these discoveries to the artistic and decorative forms of his own architectural creativity.Architect Vladimir Scherwinsky’s signature style emerged from influences as well as his individual and professional interests. He developed his individual style based on Historicist impulses alongside the artistic principles and materiality of Northern Russian wooden architecture. Several Northern Russian elements were taken over directly into Scherwinsky’s designs, such as walls built of horizontal logs, octagonal bell towers and decorative elements. However, regardless of specific inspirational sources, the architect diversified his forms in intricate ways, discovering his own architectural language. His designs complied with the developed building traditions of Orthodox churches. In his formal solutions, Scherwinsky modernised the aesthetics of Northern Russian wooden architecture, approximating it to the aspects of the so-called Russian Revival style. At the same time, constructive solutions were also appropriated from the Muscovite Baroque and tented churches. Scherwinsky modified the tented church model and used it in a limited manner for the nave roof construction, not copying the example directly. The architect remains ascetic in his artistic language, using only a few decorative elements in his churches. In most cases, there are filigree, sawn barge-boards and windows surrounded with artistically subdued, sculptural woodcarvings. Scherwinsky repeatedly utilised the principles of twisted columns in the entrance passage and nave. However, similarly to Northern Russia’s practice of wooden architecture, Scherwinsky’s designs too put more emphasis on architectonic structure than on decorative principles. The complexity of ideas was implemented with the help of innovative building principles. Vladimir Scherwinsky has created a new, innovative mode of stylistics and construction of Orthodox churches in Latvia’s history of architecture. He stands out in the architectural scene with immense capacity for work, designing over twenty Orthodox churches in less than twenty years, also transferring less-familiar architecture and sources of inspiration to Latvia’s architectural environment. Vladimir Scherwinsky is an extraordinary and so far underrated instance in Latvia’s art history.

Obraz mniejszości żydowskiej na łamach „Gazety Piotrkowskiej” (1921-1923)

Author(s): Daniel Warzocha / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The weekly “Gazeta Piotrkowska” was published in Piotrków Trybunalski in the years 1921-1923. It presented the opinions of the People’s National Union (National Democracy). Much attention was paid to Jewish matters. The journal considered that Jews were harming Poland. The Jewish origin of communist activists was emphasized. The worst traits were attributed to the Jews. They have been compared to a parasite that feeds on other nations. At the same time, their love of money, most often allegedly obtained dishonestly, was emphasized. It was no longer a long-standing aversion to the Jewish religion (anti-Judaism), but purely racist thinking, according to which assimilation was impossible, change of religion meaningless, and “Jew-ish blood” was supposed to infect “Aryan blood”. The communist movement and the Bolshevik revolution in Russia were identified with the Jews, going so far as to say that “Bolshevism and Judaism are one thing”. “Gazeta Piotrkowska” also used anti-Semitic fakes that were popular at the time. The Jewish origins of the political opponents of the National Democracy were recalled. The Jews who fought for independent Poland (in World War I and the war between Poland and Soviet Russia) were not mentioned. And yet they also lived in Piotrków. The anti-Semitic propaganda of “Gazeta Piotrkowska” did not have the expected effect. From September 1, 1923, the weekly ceased to be published “due to temporary financial difficulties.”

Przegląd metod wizualizacji wiarygodności dawnych map pod względem dokładności geometrycznej na przykładzie mapy Śląska Cieszyńskiego

Author(s): Maria Kuźma / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2021

The article reviews methods of visualizing the reliability assessment results of old maps in terms of the possibility of automating them. The study was based on the example of the map Le Duche de Cieszyn (Teschen) Silesie, from the collection remaining after the Peace Conference ending World War I. The forms of presentation of the results offered by the developers of MapAnalyst, QGIS, ArcMap, and ArcScene applications from the ArcGIS package are evaluated. The obtained images were viewed in terms of interpretative possibilities, i.e. imagining on their basis the degree of surface deformation and distance on the map by recipients who do not use cartographic presentation methods daily. The distortion grid and 3D visualization of the sum of distance errors were indicated as the most useful.

Николай Михайлов. Борис III и Симеон II – царе на българите и швейцарската дипломация (1937–1946). София, Ловеч („Етера“, „Обектив“), 1993. 356 с.

Author(s): Nikolay Poppetrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4-5/1993

„Историзирането“ на междувоенната епоха като преоценка и дискусия

Author(s): Nikolay Poppetrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 8/1991

A presentation of Ernst Nοltе. Der europaische Burgerkrieg 1917–1945. Nationalsozialismus und Bolschewismus. Frankfurt/Main–Berlin (Ullstein-Propylaen Verlag), 1987 (Eрнст Нолте. Европейската гражданска война, 1917–1945 г. Националсоциализъм и болшевизъм. Франкфурт на Майн–Берлин, изд. Улщайн-Пропилеен, 1987. 616 с.) and Rainer Zitelmann. Hitler: Selbstverstandnis eines Revolutionars. Stuttgart (Klett-Cotta), 3 Aufl., 1990. Райнер Цителман. Хитлер: caмопонятието нa един революционер (Щутгарт/Клет-Кота/, 3 изд. 1990. 603 c.)

DOBROVOLJCI U ŠPANSKOM GRAĐANSKOM RATU S PODRUČJA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE -OSNOVNI PODACI

Author(s): Čedo Kapor / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 21/1985

An important factor in the history of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, as well as in the struggle of the Yugoslav people against the Fascism and reactionary forces, was the participation of more than 1650 Yugoslav Anti-Fascists and communists in the Spanish Republican Army during the Civil War in Spain from 1936 to 1939.

Българският буржоазен печат за процеса срещу Кръстю Г. Раковски и „десноцентристкия блок“ в СССР (март 1938 г.)

Author(s): Milen Mihov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 9/1991

In the conditions of an arduous international situation and an important internal political events, the Bulgarian bourgeois press reacts in different ways at the fourth proceedings at law in Moscow. These proceedings at law turn into a point of intersection of political partialities and valuations of the Bulgarian society. The greater part of the press, which displays different social orientation, holds a negative attitude to the proceedings at law in Moscow. Predominates the valuation, that this is a political mob law, organized from Stalin. A definite place in the press take the newspapers, which usually repeat the official Soviet stand. This attitude of the press is presented from the newspapers “Zarja” and “Nova Kambana”. It is more a political partiality, than an impartial journalistic stand. Generally said, all the press shows loyal and benevolent attitude to Rakovski. In the time of the great human tragedy of Kr. Rakovski, the Bulgarian social stand demonstrates its sympathy to the fate of the great Bulgarian.

Les soldats de l’Oncle Sam : stéréotypes des combattants américains dans la littérature de jeunesse de la Grande Guerre en France (1917-1920)

Author(s): Joceline Chabot,Noémie Haché-Chiasson / Language(s): French Issue: 4/2021

During World War I, the ongoing conflict became the main subject of published stories for French youth. Children’s literature beginning to focus on short and educational stories while sharing these with adult literature themes like the exaltation of France and its allies as well as the demonization of the enemy. This article analyses stereotypical representations of the American ally (entry into the war in 1917) through two collections of French youth literature. Because of their function of reductive simplification, stereotypes serve as an effective tool for filtering reality by exploiting existing cultural representations.

Legal and Political Aspects of the Council of National Defense Functioning in 1920

Author(s): Damian Szczepański / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

The Council of National Defence, established on 1 July 1920, was to be a temporary governmental body having full legislative and executive power in all matters relating to the conduct and ending of the war, and also with the conclusion of peace with Bolshevik Russia. As regards the above matters, the Council of National Defence was to issue orders and regulations, which were immediately enforceable. Despite acquiring very broad powers, both legislative and executive, none of its regulations went beyond its competence scope. The Council of National Defence regulations had to be approved by the Legislative Sejm in order to be valid. During the three months’ period of its functioning, the Council of National Defense issued over 90 different legal acts aiming at strengthening of defense of the Polish State that was threatened with a loss of its independence. The Council of National Defense played a major role in holding back the Bolshevik invasion of Poland. It contributed to formation of a large army, and made the nation regain its faith in successful end of the military conflict with Soviet Russia.

МУСЛИМАНСКО КУЛТУРНО-ПРОСВЈЕТНО ДРУШТВО »НАРОДНА УЗДАНИЦА «У УСЛОВИМА ШЕСТОЈАНУАРСКЕ ДИКТАТУРЕ

Author(s): Ibrahim Kemura / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 24/1988

In the period of the January 6 dictatorship the society »Narodna uzdanica« (People’s Hope), which had been established by the Yugoslav Moslem Organization (YMO) and had been one of its specific means of its activity; was subject to the regime’s oppressive measures. The regime found a justification in such a treatment of a cultural and educational society in the endeavours of the banned YMO to continue with its political activities under the auspices of the Society.

Modernitatea imposibilă a fascismului

Author(s): Silvio Suppa / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3 (37)/2022

The essay starts from the Italian liberal-monarchical tradition and its lack of democracy (the House of Savoy ruled, also known as the House of Savoy): during that period only the members belonging to the richest classes voted, while women were excluded. In this type of monarchy, social struggles developed in Italy after political unity (1861), and continued until 1919-1920, with the workers’ occupation of factories. From here began the bourgeois reaction, with the violence of Mussolini’s squadrons, who thus obtained the government in 1922 and established fascism, a dictatorial and totalitarian regime, born in violence and enemy of democracy. Violence has become the normal means of threatening opponents with imprisonment, murder, and the police state. Anti-Jewish laws were later adopted, in the style of those promoted by Hitler. A system of this kind cannot be called modern, since without democracy modernity is impossible, even if the most advanced technology is introduced into public life, or propaganda with radio, cinema and sports. The construction of a fascist culture was also part of the scheme of totalitarianism, as it prohibited criticism of the dictatorship and moral and intellectual dialectics. Therefore, fascism, or any totalitarian state, was not and cannot be considered a modern form of state.

Mişcarea Legionară, între istorie și percepții actuale. Amestec de fascism și atitudini populiste

Author(s): Bogdan Teodorescu,Dan Sultănescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3 (37)/2022

The Legionary Movement (called also the Iron Guard) was a special political phenomenon, which appeared in a special socio-economic and geopolitical context, in interwar Romania. As some of the elements of this context seem to repeat today (the reappearance of regional conflicts, the fear of world wars, multiple economic and social crises, the rise of anti-system populist attitudes and anti-Semitism in social media, multiple feelings of frustration for large social categories), the analysis the phenomenon of the Legionnaire Movement is more actual than ever. And the way in which this political message is perceived, not only in historiography, but also among the voting population nowadays, is becoming more and more relevant. This analysis combines a historical approach, to explain the phenomenon of the Legionary Movement from the interwar period, with a sociological one, to evaluate today’s public perceptions towards this phenomenon, one that is part of the family of Eastern European fascisms, but also of a form of anti-system approach, stimulating populist attitudes, as they are defined today

Labor Politics and Syndicalism in Interwar Romania: the Drives to the Right and to the Left

Author(s): Victor Rizescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3 (37)/2022

The article surveys the ideological drives to the Right and to the Left in the Romanian space, as they applied to the field of labor and social policies, over the period stretching from the first local reactions taken to the corporatist restructuring of syndical organization in fascist Italy up to the installation of communism. The developments involved are placed against their early XXth century historical background and the identity of the liberal approach to the issues concerned, enjoying a dominant position over the years coming in the aftermath of the First World War, is delineated in order to be invoked as a reference against which the tenets of the rival perspectives are evaluated. The full-blown fascist and communist relevant views are related to the other varieties of right-wing and respectively left-wing demands. The issue of syndicalism is taken as the central thread of the process of change under scrutiny, and the shaping of the legislative and institutional devices meant to address the problem of the representation of professional interests in an authoritarian guise is treated as the cornerstone of the same process

Imagine și putere: impactul arhitecturii fasciste în Tirana

Author(s): Alda Kushi / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3 (37)/2022

Albania’s difficult economic situation after the First World War has made this country a de facto protectorate of the Italian State since the 1920s. The economic aid granted by Italy contributed to the increase of the political interference of the Italian State in the internal affairs of the Land of Eagles. This influence is also evident in the buildings of that period, clearly attributable to the fascist architecture. According to the historical period considered in the study, a significant difference in the building architecture emerges between the pre – and post-annexation of Albania to Fascist Italy. On the one hand, in the stage preceding the Italian occupation the buildings in Albania are small in size and covered with local artistic details that evoke the past of the Albanian state. On the other hand, during the period of occupation, the buildings which represent the political centre of the fascist regime in Albania, are majestic, large in size and positioned in strategic places. Despite the differences in style, in both periods Italy used architecture as a mere propaganda tool and the choice of style is attributable to the political message that Italy wanted to convey

Klecha, księżulek, opryszek w sutannie: uwagi o antyreligijnej polityce władz radzieckich wobec Kościoła katolickiego w okresie międzywojennym (na materiale moskiewskiej gazety Trybuna Radziecka)

Author(s): Tamara Graczykowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2022

This article is devoted to the repressive action against the Catholic Church in the interwar period in the USSR. The author tries to show how the Soviet authorities fought against the Church. They destroyed religion and the Catholic Church in several ways: by introducing a series of decrees, and by employing the brutal terror of the physical elimination of the clergy and believers. This all led to the liquidation of the Catholic Church in 1938. This paper also focuses on the description of how antireligious propaganda was implemented in the Polish-language Soviet newspaper Trybuna Radziecka [Soviet Tribune] in order to influence Soviet people and encourage them to assume the desired attitude, namely, the renounciation of the Catholic faith.

Historia kina nie musi być historią arcydzieł

Author(s): Grzegorz Fortuna Jr. / Language(s): Polish Issue: 118/2022

Jacek Rokosz’s books Stracone dusze [Lost Souls] (2017) and Nadzy i rozszarpani [Naked and Torn Apart] (2021) describe in detail the history of American exploitation cinema in 1929-1959 and 1960-1980, respectively. The author shows the social, political and cultural context of the cinema in question, and describes in detail the production and distribution strategies of producers working in that industry. The two-volume, over seven-hundred-page-long publication in the spirit of New Cinema History is a pioneering monograph with regard to film studies publishing in Poland, as it deals with topics reluctantly taken up by Polish scholars.

IZABELA PLESIEWICZ-ŚWIERCZYŃSKA, OD KONFLIKTU DO KONFLIKTU. RELACJE JAPOŃSKO-AMERYKAŃSKIE 1853–1941

Author(s): Kamil Pietrasik / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2022

Review of: Izabela Plesiewicz-Świerczyńska, Od konfliktu do konfliktu. Relacje japońsko-amerykańskie 1853–1941 [From Conflict to Conflict. Japanese-American relations 1853–1941], Wydawnictwo Glow Book, Sieradz 2021, pp. 307

Attempts to Codify Personal Matrimony Law in the Second Polish Republic. A Fiasco or Perhaps a Success?

Author(s): Zdzisław Zarzycki / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

After regaining independence in 1918, Poland inherited five different post-partition legal orders from the 19th century, regulating personal matrimony law on its territory, i.e. Prussian, Austrian, Hungarian, Russian and Polish from the times of the Kingdom of Poland. This situation required urgent reform and taking codification steps. The codification task was entrusted to the Codification Commission, established in 1919. Its result was the governmental matrimony law Project adopted in 1929, known as Lutostański’s Project. Unfortunately, it was not passed by the Sejm. It happened because of the opposition of the Catholic Church and other conservative forces. The reasons for this state of affairs were too modern, for those times, legal solutions contained therein, and above all, the possibility of obtaining a divorce. Many legal solutions included in this project can be found in modern matrimony law, i.e. almost a hundred years later. Nevertheless, the very idea of codification and the adopted main principles of matrimony law should be considered a success of Polish legal thought. The more so because many of these solutions were used in post-war Poland in the Decree on matrimony law in 1945 and are known in contemporary matrimony law.