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Polityczne aspekty walki o kształt granicy wschodniej II Rzeczypospolitej (1918 – kwiecień 1920 r.)

Author(s): Janusz Szczepański / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

After Poland regained independence, one of the most important tasks of the Polish state was to establish the borders in accordance with the aspirations of the people, resulting from historical circumstances. The issue of the eastern border was the most complicated. Despite the passage of one hundred years since the rebirth of the Polish state, the evaluation of the eastern policy of its Chief of State Józef Piłsudski is particularly controversial. He saw Russia as the main enemy of the independent Republic. He sought to weaken it through the implementation of a federation concept, in which independent states allied with Poland were to be established on the western borders of the Russian state: Belarus, Lithuania and Ukraine. The author presents the reasons why the federation of Poland with Lithuania and Belarus did not take place. The subject of his considerations is, among others, the genesis of the war with Bolshevik Russia in 1919–1920 and the Alliance with ataman Semen Petlura, which was to lead to the creation of independent Ukraine. Also discussed is the concept of incorporating the historical eastern lands of the Republic of Poland as proposed by the National Democracy party, the position of the most important Polish political groups on the shape of the eastern border of the Republic of Poland, as well as attempts to implement the federation concept by the Chief of State between 1919 and April 1920. These considerations are set in the realities of the international situation of the Polish state reborn after World War I. Hence, it has become necessary to present the position of the major Polish political groups on the shape of the eastern border of the Republic of Poland; in addition to the position of the Western powers towards Poland’s struggle for a favourable shape of its eastern border.

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Wojskowa i polityczna walka o Lwów i Galicję Wschodnią w latach 1918–1923: nowe badania historyków ukraińskich

Author(s): Mykoła Łytwyn,Lubomyr Chachuła / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

Researchers of the Center for the Study of Ukrainian-Polish Relations at the Ivan Krypjakewych Institute of Ukrainian Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Lviv) analyse the contemporary scientific output of Ukrainian historians (collective and individual monographs, thematic encyclopaedias, cartographic publications), concerning the geopolitical contexts of the Polish-Ukrainian War of 1918-1919, and the statehood of the West Ukrainian People's Republic. Ukrainian historians consider the following reasons for the defeat of the Ukrainian revolution, primarily the West Ukrainian People’s Republic (ZURL) in the Polish-Ukrainian War of 1918–1919: the lack of unity among the political elite, the unfinished process of nation-building, the discrepancies between the national and social goals of the all-Ukrainian liberation movement, while they consider the influence of external and military factors as the key ones. The unilateral orientation of Ukrainian politicians in Eastern Galicia towards Austria-Hungary and Germany during World War I led to a lack of constructive contacts with the post-war Entente and US governments. In view of the new military and political situation in Central and Eastern Europe, mainly due to the threat of the expansion of Bolshevik Russia and the spread of communist regimes, Western states were inclined to settle the Polish-Ukrainian armed conflict over Galicia in favour of an internally compact Poland. On 14 March 1923 the Council of Representatives of the Entente states recognised Eastern Galicia as part of the Polish state, the government promised to guarantee national minorities the possibility of developing national and cultural life, and to grant autonomy to Eastern Galicia (which it failed to do). The cult of heroes and national/state/local mythology is an important source for the construction of historical narratives. Nowadays in the world, and partly also in Ukraine, the historical sciences accept the fact that historical perceptions function in social consciousness. For researchers of the period of restoration of modern Polish and Ukrainian statehood, national historical legends (about the Eaglets of Lviv and Przemyśl, about the November uprising of the Ukrainians) are not a manifestation of distorted historical knowledge, but a story about the past in different context. However, a critical approach, based on a reliable analysis of sources and a professional scientific debate, should prevail in the professional description of history.

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Заметки о дантовских подтекстах и параллелях в русской литературе первой половины XX века

Author(s): Georgiy A. Levinton / Language(s): Russian Issue: 8/2021

В первом варианте «Пиров» Пастернака («Пиршества») нас интересует двустишие «И крошки яств ночных скитальческий анапест / Наутро подберет, как крошка Сандрильон». М. Л. Гаспаров и К. М. Поливанов комментируют: «Крохи яств ночных (ст. 11) – может быть, от популярного эсхиловского изречения, что поэзия – это “крохи со стола Гомера”» (Гаспаров, Поливанов 2005: 96).

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Smurtaujantys kariai: seksualinis smurtas prieš moteris Lietuvoje 1919–1940 m.

Author(s): Sigita Černevičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 4/2021

The research examined criminal cases of the Army Court of the First Republic of Lithuania: routine cases of sexual offences committed by soldiers. When analysing sexual crimes committed by one exclusive interwar Lithuanian social group – soldiers in military service – the article seeks to find out what factors in the society of that time may have influenced not only the prevalence of sexual crimes, but also of violence against women in general. Sex crimes in the First Republic of Lithuania were divided into two groups: “sanguliavimas” (illicit sexual intercourse) – sexual satisfaction through sexual intercourse – and “gašlavimas” (lewd acts), defined as sexual satisfaction without intercourse. The most common sex offences committed by soldiers were sanguliavimas, commonly referred to as rape. The article concludes that the factors of both sexual and other forms of violence against women might have been the aggression of the military actions of the First World War and Lithuanian Wars of Independence; public discourse of sociobiological causes – male sexual instinct, sexual pathologies, and excessive alcohol consumption; patriarchal stereotypes that supported the subordinated role of women in the conservative interwar Lithuanian society; and the dominant role of men, strengthened by the wide power given to the army due to the state of war.

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Catéchismes catholiques en France entre 1810 et 1950. Une courte présentation analytique

Author(s): Vasile Crețu / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2021

It is during the Restauration (1814-1830) that catechisms available before the Revolution are first republished. However, from 1822, bishops start preparing and publishing on their own new diocesan catechisms structured in three parts: the Creed or the truth on the salvation, morality or what must be done to be saved (the works of salvation) and the sacraments or means that are offered for our salvation. The publishing of these tripartite catechisms will spread in the francophone Catholic era during the second half of the 19th century and continue over the first half of the 20th century. This structure shows that catechism is involved in the mutation of the ecclesial issues of the 19th century. Now the ecclesial priority of catechism is children’s education by instruction with a view to making the people of the future, able to profess their faith in an increasingly dechristianized society, a society whose generation is departing and most of it perish. In fact, dechristianization will laminate like a thin blade the Christian substratum of the industrial cities and urban areas during the second part of the XIXth century, period of development of the industrial society. In this context of growing dechristianization of the cities, the quest of the world salvation imposed taking care of the children’s salvation first, given the fact that these children, preparing for their first Communion, will be the adults of tomorrow. The Catechism of the Council of Trent aimed at transforming the “Christian ignorant in faith-related things” into a “faithful”. Within the tripartite catechisms, this concern for the unity of the human action through knowledge is apparently no longer the priority; the main issue is to educate children in order to live as good Christians, which means professing their faith and showing it by assuming the duties it imposes, with a view to salvation, perceived in the perspective of the afterlife. From then on, the catechism has been perceived and implemented as children’s education, with a view to preparing the adult Christian.

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STRATIGRAFIA STAŢIUNII ARHEOLOGICE DE LA POIANA, JUD. GALAŢI

Author(s): Silvia Teodor / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XXIII/1/1992

Schema stratigrafică a aşezărilor de pe cetăţuia geto-dacică de la Poiana, identificată in anul 1931 cu Piroboridava, formaţiune preurbană menţionată de geograful grec Ptolemeu, a fost schiţată pentru prima dată in urma săpăturilor arheologice efectuate de Radu şi Ecaterina Vulpe în anii 1927-1928, care pe parcursul cercetărilor ulterioare a primit unele completări prin obţinerea de noi rezultate.

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Tatiana Linkhoeva, Revolution Goes East: Imperial Japan and Soviet Communism

Author(s): David Wolff / Language(s): English Issue: 42/2021

The review of: Tatiana Linkhoeva, Revolution Goes East: Imperial Japan and Soviet Communism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2020), 281 pp.

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Nicolae Iorga, profesor la Școala Superioară de Război din București

Author(s): Aurel Pentelescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 5-6/2021

The study analyses the activity of N. Iorga at the Higher War School, the highest institution of Romanian military education, created in 1889. Iorga stood in front of the future commanders of units and large units for over three decades, until his tragic end (November 27, 1940). He is part of the series of great Romanian scientists who lectured in front of the Romanian military elite such as: Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, Nicolae Densușianu, Mihail Manoilescu, Simion Mehedinți, Gheorghe I. Brătianu and others. The issues addressed by N. Iorga in his course were vast: the role of the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Rhine, Danube in the universal history from antiquity to his time, the development of political and social settlements of Europe, the role of representative people in waging wars; moods and military conflicts, etc. All the other courses taught by Nicolae Iorga at the Superior School of War brought to the forefront elements of great novelty, both in the manner of tackling the subject, but also as useful historical information, with the lessons learned, for a specialized auditor. Throughout his didactic and scientific activity, N. Iorga was a teacher and mentor of the officer corps, contributing to the strengthening of the Romanian Army.

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Tim Bouverie, Appeasing Hitler: Chamberlain, Churchill and the Road to War

Author(s): Vlad Gheorghiță / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2022

Review of: Tim Bouverie, “Appeasing Hitler: Chamberlain, Churchill and the Road to War”, Penguin Random House, Londra, 2019.

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The Communist Party of the United States of America since 1919

Author(s): John Radzilowski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

The Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) was the most influential communist party in the Western Hemisphere until the 1950s. Although it never had a mass membership, it gained the allegiance of many influential political and cultural figures. Its membership consisted of Anglo-Saxons as well as immigrants and children of immigrants from eastern and southern Europe. The CPUSA played a controversial role in American political history in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s when attempts by anti-communists to discredit the party as an arm of the Soviet Union backfired. Scholarship on the CPUSA is deeply divided as a result of these political controversies. Traditional scholarship emphasized the CPUSA as an indigenous development with limited ties to the Soviet Union. This school lauded the CPUSA for its apparent support of civil rights, unions, and racial equality. A revisionist approach emphasized the party’s ties to Moscow and viewed it as dedicated to supporting a foreign totalitarian regime. Since 1991, the release of many secret CPUSA documents has strongly supported the revisionist school, demonstrating that the party followed closely the political and operational directives of Soviet security services and was deeply involved in assisting Soviet espionage and acted as an agent of influence for the USSR.

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Czy Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej było zdominowane przez byłych oficerów Wojska Polskiego?

Author(s): Wojciech Skóra / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2018

After the May Coup of 1926, a few dozen (at least 43) professional officers, enjoying the trust of Józef Piłsudski, were admitted to the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs as full-time officials. About half of this group were military intelligence officers in the past. They left the army by orders of their superiors. Along with military attachés officially employed in the Ministry and residents of military intelligence working in the agencies of the MFA, there were over one hundred of them. They formed a noticeable group in the Ministry which in the 30s employed 1300 officials (full-time and contract). And because they usually held high-ranking positions (including the highest) – also an influential group. Changes can be seen in the MFA after 1933 indicating the transfer of military models: strictly enforced demand for professional secrecy, influence of superiors on the choice of a spouse, employment of only Polish citizens, reduction of reporting and bureaucracy, transfer to other positions without consideration of the will of the interested party, etc. The style of management of diplomacy by Minister Józef Beck, far from collegiality, somewhat authoritarian, can be associated with patterns prevailing in the army. The officers saw making the Ministry more efficient tool to implement the will of Marshal Piłsudski as the main value of their presence in the MFA. The “centralisation” of the decision-making process, corresponding to the traditional military structure, was highly valued. Civilian officials pointed to the negative effects of work of the military men: the dominance of patterns harmful in diplomacy, such as the lack of respect for individualism, combating criticism (even of unjust decisions), worship of obedience (even against common sense), the lack of professionalism and good manners.

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FILE DIN CARTEA SCORŢENILOR ‒ II ‒ (1900-1950)

Author(s): Ecaterina I. Măgirescu,Cedric N. Măgirescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XXIV/1993

La deuxième partie des Pages de Livre de Scortzeni est l'histoire du village de l'arondissement de Bacău Roumanie dans la première moitié du XX-ème siècle.

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Politycy czy urzędnicy? Rzecz o starostach Lubelszczyzny lat 1918–1920

Author(s): Janusz Mierzwa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

At the threshold of Poland’s regaining independence, the Lublin Region was an exceptional area. Therein were the developed political structures of left-wing parties and the Polish Military Organisation, the Austrian occupation which was less severe in political terms than the German occupation, and the administrative centre of which was Lublin. All these created favourable conditions for the establishment of Ignacy Daszyński’s government in Lublin. The subject of this article is the staffing of starosts, i.e. officials at the head of poviats. While reflecting on the criteria for appointing people to this office in 1918–1921, the author shows that during the left-wing governments (Ignacy Daszyński and Jędrzej Moraczewski), starosts were usually appointed by activists from left-wing and independence organisations. Some political activists, unprepared for official functions, resigned from their posts, which opened the way to a relative stabilisation of the staff of the office in question in the Lublin area, which took place after 1921.

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Narodowy Chrześcijański Klub Robotniczy – działalność i myśl polityczna w Sejmie Ustawodawczym

Author(s): Jarosław Rabiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

The text shows the activity of the representation of the Christian Democratic in the Legislative Sejm of the Second Republic of Poland. It presents the composition of the Christian National Workers’ Club, its authorities and the dynamics of changes in the size of its membership. An analysis is made of Christian Democratic political thought, reconstructed based on the first programme of the Christian National Labour Party of 1920 and an analysis of the activity of Christian Democratic deputies in the plenary forum of the Legislative Sejm (here, the primary basis for sources were transcripts of sessions of the Legislative Sejm). The output of the Christian Democratic political thought was presented in regard to the following issues: the position of religion in public life, the role of education, the social question (especially the workers’ question), the political system (especially the contribution of the Christian Democrats to the work on the March Constitution of 1921) and policy. The analysis enabled reconstruction of the fundamental elements of Christian Democratic political thought, above all, their appreciation for a specific axiological system, and demonstrates the consistency of programmatic assumptions with legislative initiatives taken in parliament.

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Władze RP na wychodźstwie wobec emigracyjnego rządu Ukraińskiej Republiki Ludowej (luty 1940 – listopad 1942 r.)

Author(s): Jan Jacek Bruski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

Renewed in the autumn of 1939, contacts between the Polish Government in Exile and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) centre in exile became more intense in the first months of the following year. That was facilitated by a short-lived update of Promethean concepts in which Great Britain and France were interested. On the Polish side, the most active personality was Olgierd Górka, head of the newly-created Nationalities Department in the Information and Documentation Centre. He supported the idea of creating a Ukrainian Legion and arranging a political agreement with the USSR Government, which was marred by the questionable problem of post-war demarcation. The Polish authorities continued to support Petlura activists financially even after the fall of France in June 1940. Cooperation with them was continued by unofficial Polish representatives in the unoccupied zone, under the control of the Vichy Government.

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Н.Н.Тагунов - корреспондент Сталина

Author(s): V. S. Izmozik / Language(s): Russian Issue: 37/2021

The article explores one Bolshevik functionary between 1917 and the early 1930s, N.N.Tagunov. A child of the working class who completed secondary education, Tagunov represents a type of young Bolshevik actively involved in political life, passionate about philosophical problems, and irreconcilable to any deviation from the party line. In 1925–1934, Tagunov repeatedly sent letters to Joseph Stalin and several times received responses. In November 1925, Tagunov, as a member of the district committee bureau of the Central city district in Leningrad, sent a letter to the gubkom with sharp criticism of Zinoviev’s supporters on the eve of the Fourteenth party congress. Information about Tagunov’s letter was brought to Stalin, who replied to Tagunov; Tagunov in turn sent Stalin two long letters about the mood of Leningrad’s party leadership. At the same time, Tagunov tried to interest Stalin in his own theoretical works in the field of philosophy. After a short stay at the Institute of Red Professors in 1927, he sharply attacked leading Marxist philosophers of the time, accusing them of serious theoretical errors. At that time Stalin did not support Tagunov. After moving from Leningrad to Moscow in 1931, Tagunov worked in various institutions. At the end of December 1934, he sent Stalin a long letter for the last time, accusing former chairman of the Leningrad Soviet N.P.Komarov and a number of employees of the Party apparatus of feeding a gang of “Zinoviev’s murderers”. Stalin’s resolution read: “I read it. It is possible that comrade Tagunov is right”. The letter

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Контроль спецслужб в коммунальном хозяйстве Ленинграда и борьба за дисциплину (1918 - первая половина 1930-х гг.)

Author(s): O. Yu. Malinova-Tziafeta / Language(s): Russian Issue: 37/2021

The article examines tense relations between the state, managers, and employees of industrial enterprises, concretely at the Vodokanalizatsiya Trust. The trust was engaged in the design, construction, and operation of water supply and sewage systems, the most important systems for modernizing urban space in the whole of Europe. Technological innovations were to be followed by social changes that could have their own specific traits in relation to other enterprises, since the trust did not belong to any of the most important branches of Soviet industry. Materials from the Central State Archives of St. Petersburg regarding activities of this department in the “Vodokanalizatsiya” trust show that a so-called Secret Department (Sekretnaya chast) or Secret Police, a branch of the OGPU — NKVD, gradually began to play an increasingly important role in managing these enterprises. Through these Secret Departments, new principles of hiring and dismissal from work, as well as imposing disciplinary sanctions, were introduced in the late 1920s. The special attention of the Secret Department was received by so-called “former people,” as well as by representatives of peoples. All this took place under conditions of an acute shortage of skilled labor in Leningrad. Thus, the state’s interests in economic development came into conflict with other interests, which in state literature are labelled as “ideological” and are rarely analyzed in detail. The article discusses the real case of anti-Soviet agitation, of which the central figure was a worker in the communal services of Leningrad. Thus, the role of the OGPU — NKVD in the development of the Soviet industry in the 1930s is studied using the example of the Vodokanalizatsiya Trust.

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Politici de stimulare a performanţei agricole, a vieţii rurale şi a industriei casnice în perioada interbelică

Author(s): Ioan Ungureanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XXVII/1998

Le matériel met en évidence la préoccupation des gouvernements roumaines après la première guerre mondial pour la refaite économique du pays, particulièrement pour l ’agriculture.

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Социокультурные угрозы в государственном дискурсе имперской, советской и постсоветской России: стратегии репрезентации

Author(s): O.V. Vorobieva,F. V. Nikolai / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2021

This article provides a comparative analysis of ideas about sociocultural threats in the official state documents dating back to the Imperial, Soviet, and post-Soviet periods of Russian history. The rhetorical construction of threats as part of the security discourse was considered. It was proved that the concept of threat is structured by the appropriate frame and includes figures of the bearer of the threat (agent), the object of the threat (patient), and a certain vision of the strategy of countering the threat (counteragent). The conclusion was made about the cyclical alternation of internal and external threats in the social and political thought of Russia. The priority of internal and external state threats over personal ones, the recognition of the state as a key historical agent was a stable trend of the Soviet and post-Soviet periods. In the first place throughout all the three periods was the threat to national security and territorial integrity, which is closely linked with the threat of lagging behind the West. The third place on this list was occupied by the threat of social and sociocultural split. The differences in the rhetoric of each period can be attributed to the changes in the macro-political situation. However, the general continuity of the structure of representation of threats, the unity of the thesaurus, and the priority of the state as a political actor remained with minimal changes.

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Activitatea culturală a învăţătorilor şi a preoţilor din mediul sătesc băcăuan, în primele cinci decenii ale secolului al XX-lea. Cercurile culturale

Author(s): Didi Alistar / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XXX/2001

Au centre des activites culturelles entreprises par les instituteurs et les prêtres des villages de Bacău, aux premières cinq décennies du XX siècle se situe aussi l'apparition des cercles culturels.

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