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Because of the conflict between the Hungarians and the Serbs in the World War I, several years after its end Serbian public did not put much effort into perceiving and forming impressions of Hungarian cultural achievements. Nonetheless, Yugoslav state institutions, primarily the Ministry of Education (also in charge of cultural affairs), paid close attention to developments in the domain of Hungarian cultural achievements.Serbian public gradually became more interested in Hungarian cultural achievements and contents. It was informed about Hungarian cultural achievements largely through articles in Hungarian newspapers and magazines, above all those specialized in cultural and artistic contents in Hungary, particularly in Budapest, covering the events in the following fields: literature, theater, music and singing, visual arts, film, and radio shows. The Yugoslav (Serbian) press also published articles on Hungarian cultural contents.Many recorded notes, findings, impressions and opinions – predominantly positive ones – of leading Serbian intellectuals, primarily writers, were preserved, which may be viewed as paradigmatic Serbian interpretations of many segments of Hungarian cultural and artistic events between the two world wars.There were many initiatives by Hungarian cultural figures, as well as by leading Serbian intellectuals, for a closer and more direct contact with Hungarian cultural achievements through visits and presentations of cultural contents by prominent Hungarian writers, actors and theater troupes, singers and choirs, visual artists and other Hungarian cultural and artistic groups in Serbian towns, foremost in Vojvodina, a significant number of which were carried out.Many Serbs became directly acquainted with Hungarian cultural contents and accomplishments between the two world wars by visiting numerous cultural events in Hungary, primarily in Budapest.
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In compliance with Serbian and Yugoslav allied and state relationships with „western democracies”, the Serbian Orthodox Church was connected with the churches of liberal-democratic countries. By following the ideological and political orientation of the mother country, the Serbian Orthodox Church expressed a special closeness with the Anglican Church and old-Catholic churches. These churches, that had supported the European liberal civil order of that time, became closer due to ideological dislike towards Vatican and the Roman-Catholic Church. The relationship between the Serbian Orthodox Church and Anglican Church was especially close. There was even tendency for dogmatic (doctrinaire) and liturgical unity between these two churches. The Serbian Orthodox Church was also actively involved in the attempt of ecumenical unification of all the Orthodox churches, at the head of which would be the ecumenical Constantinople patriarch, with the Anglican Church. In the compliance with its western orientation, the Serbian Orthodox Church, in agreement with the Anglican one, actively participated in the occurrences in March 27, 1941, supporting the plan of British officials for coup d’etat, as well as the action of British oriented Serbian officers and political parties.
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This paper shows the importance of Serbian Orthodox confessional primary schools to maintain continuity in the process of upbringing and education of the Serbs in Romania, as well as their outstanding role in preserving traditions, national and cultural identintety. The central questions of work related to the operation and organization of the Serbian Orthodox confessional elementary schools, primarily with the pedagogical aspect, in terms of their curricula, textbooks, teaching organizations, as well as control of work and school financing. Serbian Orthodox confessional school during the entire period of its existence, accompanied by numerous problems and difficulties. The establishment and development of school followed by poor material conditions for educational work, a lack of qualified personnel, war (no) opportunities and poverty of the majority Serbian population, which is in a complex constellation of post-war socio-political circumstances, led to the abolition of these schools. Although they worked in very difficult conditions, as the only schools where the teaching is performed in the native language, they have drawn a significant mark on the part of achieving continuity in education, preservation of culture and tradition of the Serbian population in Romania.
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The primary intention of the paper is to show Communism organization, expansion and operation followed by Serbian Church magazines between 1920 and 1940 in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes / Yugoslavia. The author, will by analyzing all available and the relevant church newspapers from that period show how the Serbian Church magazines reacted to Communism. Special attention will be paid to the organization, expansion and (secret) action of the Communists since the founding of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPY) and the Young Communist League of Yugoslavia (SKOJ) until the beginning of World War II. Communism, at the time, was a new political philosophy which was developed as a child of socialism versus capitalism. Communism slowly came to the scene of the new state which was founded after World War I. Communism using the still young, economically weaken, and we can say insufficiently organized, multinational and multi-religious Kingdom, slowly, with a great discipline of his supporters and good organization expanded its field of action. In this paper, we will talk about it, whether, and how, Serbian church magazine recognized organization and expansion of the new political thinking and how it commented on itture.
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Despite emerging as a victor, the Soviet Union found itself in a deep economic crisis and was threatened by the emerging Cold War in the post-World War II period. The world power reacted to the situation with centralistic voluntarism and ideological austerity. Like all intellectual life, science too was considered worth “disciplining.” Formally, this happened through seemingly scientific debates in a range of disciplines, in which winners and losers were eventually pointed out. A case in point was the debate on N. Ya. Marr’s linguistic theory. But this one was not merely another episode in the series – it displayed two unprecedented features: the whole debate was running in Pravda, the daily newspaper of the Communist Party, and, quite unexpectedly, Stalin himself took part in it. The paper deals with this strange phenomenon in detail, seeking for a deeper understanding of Stalin’s participation as well as a broader analysis of those ideologically-shaped disciplinary debates in the post-war period in general.
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The article investigates the position of the Soviet intelligentsia from the point of view of its role in public life of the USSR in 1930—1940-s. Analyzed are the questions of state policy in relation to intelligentsia, its forms, methods, changes; shown are the reasons of changes.
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Архивная революция 1990-х гг. привела к вводу в научный оборот целых комплексов ключевых документов, посвященных истории церковно-государственных отношений в Советской России и СССР, таких как тематические дела Политбюро ЦК РКП(б), посвященные кампании по изъятию церковных ценностей1, или протоколы Антирелигиозной комиссии ЦК РКП(б) — ВКП(б)2. Несмотря на ухудшение ситуации в области доступности архивов, историки тем не менее продолжают выявлять и публиковать новые важные документы, которые в состоянии если не изменить, то существенно cкорректировать наши представления о религиозной политике советского государства, в первую очередь о роли органов государственной безопасности в деле борьбы с религиозными организациями. В качестве примера таких публикаций следует назвать докладную записку М.И.Лациса 1920 г. (документ выявлен М.Ю.Крапивиным)3 или «Спецсообщение о церковниках и сектантах», адресованное И.В.Сталину в конце ноября 1937 г. Н.И.Ежовым (документ выявлен В.Н.Хаустовым и Л.Самуэльсоном).
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The article traces the process of activity of hospitals in Transcarpathia during the first decade of the land being a part of Czechoslovakia. Research methods. First of all, comparative-historical and structural-system methods of analysis, generalization and synthesis, as well as problem-chronological way of presenting the material have been used. Scientific novelty. The outlined problematics is considered in historiography for the first time. Conclusions. It is noted that at the time of the incorporation of Transcarpathia into Czechoslovakia there were four county hospitals, three of which were in a rather deplorable condition. The Czechoslovak administration had to make considerable efforts to modernize them. Emphasis was placed on the activities of doctors who came to Transcarpathia mainly from the Czech and Moravian lands. They were usually graduates of the Medical Faculty of the University of Prague, and some even underwent internships at leading European clinics. It is thanks to their ascetic work that the condition of hospitals and medical care of the population had improved.
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Purpose of the Article. To explore the conceptual orientation, organization-functional structure, the forms and methods of the Ukrainian People’s Republic (UPR) diplomatic activity during the Directorate period aimed for the propaganda of the cultural and arts heritage of Ukrainian for abroad with the target to form the positive image of Ukrainian state and its affirmation in the system of international relation of that time. Methodology. The methodological basis of the research consists from the compiled application of the set of methods of scientific knowledge: general scientific (philosophical) methods; special scientific methods; branch methods of the historical science, the methods of the other socio-humanitarian sciences. In particular, using of the historical-systematic method allowed to explore the cultural diplomacy model in the unity of its organizational and essential forms, and is the status of the foreign policy apparatus subsystem of the Ukrainian state. Scientific novelty. The article based on the archive-documental sources presents an attempt to conduct the generalizing research of the system of cultural-informational activity of Ukrainian diplomacy on behalf of the development of the new sovereign state in the system of international relations. Conclusions. During the Directorate period in the frames of diplomatic and international-informational activity, some germs of Ukrainian cultural diplomacy have been formed. Its model of that time consisted of the special MFA departments and informational-propaganda office, the specialized units of the diplomatic representatives abroad. The first nationwide or offices legal documents were created, which were determined as the international information-cultural activity orientation, as the specific tasks of the state offices activity in these spheres. The concert tours of art istic collectives were organized, the state tried to set up the book publishing, exhibitions activity, cinema-photo propaganda. Even in the difficult financial-material conditions, the feasible informational-cultural assistance to the Ukrainians abroad or on the ethnical territories occupied by the foreign states was provided. The positive experience of the Ukrainians abroad involvement to the spread of the knowledge about Ukrainian cultural-civilization heritage was created.
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In Ukrainian linguistics, there are no historiographical papers offering an adequate description of the origin and development of the syntactic connection theory. Elsewhere, I have already proposed a periodization of the research on syntactic connections from the time of the appearance of first Slavic grammars until today, which distinguishes five historical stages. The purpose of this analysis is to characterize particularly the first three periods of the development of research on syntactic connections – from the 17th century until the 1930s. The first stage (17th–18th centuries) is the beginning of the syntactic connection theory. The syntactic chapters in the grammars of this period deal with studying the ability of some parts of speech to combine with other words. The second stage (19th century) is the period of approval of terminology and formation of the ground for deepening the syntactic connection theory. All scholars of the period defined two possible realizations of the syntactic connection – agreement and government. The third stage (the beginning of the 20th century until the 1930s) was the period in which the morphological criterion prevailed. The typical symptom of this observed in the period is consideration of syntactic connections between pairs of words in isolation from the rest of the sentence components. The crucial research perspective opened up by the study is to explain in detail the development of research on syntactic connections from the 1940s until today
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In the article is reflected the stages of becoming and development of choral collectives of Podillya, and also activity of the Vinnytsya (Podil'skoy) branch of Society, the name of M. Leontovich.
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The origins of modern genre structure formation in non-fiction movies on the film press materials dedicated to the problem with cinema in 1920-30 years are revealed in the article. The particular emphasis is given to news and documentary as well as factual (educational) movies. The ways of national educational and documentary films production typical for that time has been reconstructed. In particular, this research relates to Kharkiv Documentary Studio. Bibliographic information about filmmakers who started the production of non-fiction tapes in Ukraine has been expanded. Different approaches to the film magazines production in 1930 are defined in details. This concerns as attempting to follow periodicals, as postulation of purely cinematographic strategies of reality coverage. The film critics of 1950 -1980 years considered the history of film art development as exceptionally art history. However, it is time to work out a comprehensive approach that would take film production, distribution and audience research factors into account.
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Stanoje Simić started his diplomatic career in the first days of the existence of the Yugoslav state. He was born and raised in the family of the distinguished diplomat and national activist Svetislav Simić. He was a pupil of the Second Male High School in Belgrade, a student of the Faculty of Law, wartime volunteer, devoted to the state and the people, aware that regimes and ideologies were transient and that state and popular interests stood above all else. He represented one of the few personages in the discontinuity-riddled history of the Yugoslav diplomacy who left their mark on the activities of the Yugoslav diplomacy during the inter-war period, in the whirlpool of WWII and during the first post-war decade. Possessing expert and general education, Slavophile and Russophile by conviction, a republican by determination he stood out by his looks, behavior and lifestyle from his postwar environment. He was at the helm of the Yugoslav diplomacy in hard moments as the postwar society and its institutions were being built, when Yugoslavia forged close ties with the USSR and the countries of „people’s democracy” in all fields and antagonized the West. Closeness to the Soviets decisively conditioned his withdrawal from diplomacy, but not from political life in which he remained active until his retirement.
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The article is devoted to the study of the status of maids in the conditions of the urbanized space of Ukraine at the first half of the twentieth century. The purpose of the study is to demonstrate the connection social status and household development at the first half of the twentieth century. The author analyses the economic and political status of domestic workers according to their household environment. The author uses anthropological approaches in his study, which is typical of the history of everyday life. The article is dedicated to unfamiliar problem in Ukrainian history science. The author explores social status of invisible social group – the servants. It is first attempt to describe the ordinary life of Ukrainian maids as a separately strata of society. In those time women has not opportunity to find good job in the city and they have been oppressed and unequal. Home working was one of the not numerous way for women adoption in the not hospitality cites. Many maids worked illegally without any agreement and it was a first reason for the conflicts. The servants have not own dwelling and they lived in apartments with employers. Servants have going more power in home space but them social rank in public space was too low. Scientific novelty. For the first time in Ukrainian historiography the status of domestic workers in Ukraine in the interwar period was considered. The author first demonstrated the difference between the wages of domestic workers in large and small cities. Also, in the article on the basis of archival materials, for the first time, is reflected the social character of employers in domestic work in Soviet Ukraine. The author also is substantiated his vision of the causes of the decline of the Institute of domestic workers in Ukraine. Conclusions: The article shows the lack of fundamental research on the problems of domestic work in modern Ukrainian historical science. Also in the work proved that workers in industrial cities were the main consumers of services of maids. The main reason for the low social status of maids was their ambivalent position in society and family.
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In the Soviet forest industry during modernization in the 1930s, enterprises were built and advanced equipment and technologies were introduced, and at the same time heavy physical work of “free-bodied”, seasonal workers, rural residents, special residents, and prisoners was used on a wide scale. The weak level of development of certain components of the forest industry, the need to develop production facilities, and improving the organization of labor led to the introduction of various competitive forms of labor, including the Stakhanovite movement, which was born in 1935. The People’s Commissariat of the Forest Industry began to actively advocate for the use of Stakhanovism in their enterprises to implement annual plans and to mechanize production processes. Exceeding standards by workers did take place, but this was achieved mainly due to the long preparation at sites, the provision of necessary resources, the performance of certain types of work, and the increase of labor loads. The “best” workers managed to improve their social statuses, wages, and housing and living conditions and to receive awards. The potential of the Stakhanovite movement was limited by the weak level of its organization, and the employees’ sometimes negative attitude to this form of competition, as well as by problems of remuneration and distributing resources. Short-term labor “records” were followed by decline. As a result, there were no significant changes in worker productivity in the Soviet forest industry. In pulp and paper, plywood, and cardboard industries, labor productivity was connected primarily with the development of capacities of enterprises put into operation during the first and second five-year plans.
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In order to fulfil their fundamental programme goal - the establishment of a »peasant state« - the leadership of the Croatian Peasant Party (CPP) considered agreements as the first and foremost elements of the party activity. In their opinion, one of the prerequisites of agreement, reaching the »majority« (of people, or voters), were the Moslems (in ethnic sense) of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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In the first part of this article, the author offers an outline of Hungarian legal sources of private law applied in Vojvodina, as they were applicable in this area due to the principle of legal continuity for private law sources in the territory of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia). The second part of the article describes the role of the Novi Sad Chamber of the Cassation Court (Chamber B) in creating the unique system of private law between world wars (denoted as mixed system of law), which is illustrated by case-law related to property law (peaceful possession and ownership rights). The author compares this system with the existing Serbian private law indicating the need to preserve well-drafted legal rules regardless of their background in order to create the space for a delicate task of interpreting and applying law.
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The article is devoted to the practices of perpetuating the names of the Decembrists in the first half of the 1920s in various geocultural landscapes. The focus is on the anniversary campaign, which included drawing up a program of events, goals and objectives faced by public figures and the scientific association of historians, as well as the methods and means used to reconstruct the past in the regions. These issues were covered based on the materials from a number of periodicals and the anniversary literature of Moscow and Leningrad, the Ukrainian SSR, and Siberian cities. The analysis of the available sources showed that the centenary celebrations of the Decembrist Revolt viewed and represented the events of December 1825 from different perspectives. In the capital cities (Moscow and Leningrad), a political myth about the “first generation of revolutionaries” appeared. The commemorative practices contributed to the consolidation of the revolutionary images of the past in the public consciousness. The Ukrainian SSR was the second major center for celebrating the centenary. The Ukrainian historical science, on the contrary, abandoned the official version of the Decembrist Revolt and created its own narrative, in which the Decembrists were described as “Ukrainian heroes” who stood on the legacy of the independence of Little Russia. Siberia, as a place of exile for convicts and state criminals, supported the revolutionary canon of the center and, at the same time, portrayed the Decembrists as “Siberian enlighteners”. The commemorative practices presented the Siberian cities as the “places of memory” about the Decembrists. The centenary contributed to the nationalization and glorification of the images of the Decembrist Revolt and the exile of the Decembrists to Siberia in the historical memory of society.
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