Elementy historii gospodarczej Związku Radzieckiego w latach 1917–1955

Author(s): Zbigniew Klimiuk / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

The Soviet Union emerged from the Second World War formally as a superpower, but built on very fragile foundations, especially economic ones. During the half-century of Soviet power, the centuries-old backwardness was overcome and considerable successes were achieved in all areas of social life. In the process of change, the dynamic development of the economy played a decisive role, and in the 1960s it entered a structural stagnation. With the devastating effects of the armed intervention of foreign states, as well as the great war of the Soviet nations with German fascism and its allies, the Soviet economy at some point got short-breath, whose main cause was an ineffective and inefficient economic system eventually leading to the collapse of the Soviet Union.

SENJSKA HUMANITARNA I STRUKOVNA UDRUŽENJA U MEĐURATNOM RAZDOBLJU

Author(s): Mira Kolar-Dimitrijević / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/1980

RADNIČKO-SELJAČKI NEMIRI NA PODRUČJU KOTARA SENJ IZMEĐU DVA SVJETSKA RATA

Author(s): Ante Glavičić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/1980

U ovom prikazu »Bune i nemiri« redosljedom se iznose društveno-politička i ekonomska zbivanja na području kotara Senj u vremenu između dva svjetska rata.

Słownictwo obozowe w przekładzie ustnym na terenie Państwowego Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w opiniach tłumaczy i hiszpańskojęzycznych zwiedzających

Author(s): Marta Paleczna / Language(s): Polish Issue: 54/2021

The article presents some of the results obtained as part of multi-stage research project that was carried out in 2018-2020. Its purpose was to collect information on interpreting performed for visitors at the Auschwitz- Birkenau State Museum. The article discusses the difficulty of translating the camp vocabulary when performing the above-mentioned interpreting. Thirty interpreters shared their views on the oral translation as well as 96 visitors, for whom the information during the tour was provided by a Spanish speaking interpreter.

Nazizm i imperializm niemiecki w przedwojennej publicystyce Juliusza Mieroszewskiego

Author(s): Wojciech Łysek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2021

The main purpose of the article is to present the pre-war views of Juliusz Mieroszewski on Germany. The research problem will be considered in relation to the international situation, the development of the Nazi system and German-Polish relations. The article aims to verify the hypothesis that Mieroszewski aptly recognizes contemporary trends. Mieroszewski’s journalism analysis and archival sources were used to present the research problem.

Architecture in Warsaw, 1939–1944

Author(s): Wojciech Wółkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

This text attempts to present a general view of the architecture of occupied Warsaw between 1939 and 1944. Based on both existing publications and new primary source material from the collections of the Department of Polish Architecture at the Faculty of Architecture of the Warsaw University of Technology, the article discusses the design and construction activities of the German occupation administration (i.e., those officially operated and recognized by the Germans authorities of Warsaw), private investors, and individual designers working in secret.In this context, the projects the City Board commissioned are particularly interesting. These included the reconstruction of public buildings destroyed in September 1939 (theaters and the interior of the town hall) and urban plans for the transformation and reorganization of the center of Warsaw (e.g., the design of the north-south route). These projects went far into the postwar future. Strictly connected with the design activity was the documentation of the city’s monuments (especially those destroyed or damaged at the beginning of the war). The preparation of this documentation was supported and partially financed by the city authorities. After the war, these plans served—as their authors had intended—as the basis for reconstructing these buildings.

The Propaganda Exhibition “The Beautiful Town—Entschandelung and Design”: Stops in the “German East”, 1940–1942

Author(s): Anja Wiese / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

The traveling exhibition “The Beautiful Town—Entschandelung and Design,” initiated by the Deutscher Heimatbund under Werner Lindner (1883–1964), toured the German Reich starting in 1938. Selected buildings of the organizing municipalities were integrated into the exhibiton. The Lehrschau visualized “bad buildings,” “advertising excesses” and their “ridding of disgraces” (Entschandelung), and attempted to present design principles. Werner Lindner and the German League for Homeland Protection thus positioned themselves alongside the official monument authorities. They succeeded in establishing legal foundations for these measures, which were mostly aimed at the facades of buildings. In 1943, the exhibition was discontinued due to the war, but its traces can still be found in surviving buildings until today. The design goals propagated were significant for German architecture in the postwar period. The exhibition can be seen as a counterpart in the field of architecture to the well-known propaganda show “Degenerate Art.” The starting point was the Entschandelung of Semlower Street in Stralsund in 1937. This term refers to the phenomenon of modern building cleanup, to the ideas of the German homeland security movement, and to the redevelopment of old towns in the first third of the twentieth century, which can only briefly be touched upon here. The special relationship to the “German East” became clear in Lindner’s design principles. These, with the works of ancient Prussian master builders and examples of site-specific building in the March of Brandenburg, had their basis in a building culture that was seen as inspired by the “German East.” The plans for the reconstruction of East Prussia during the First World War were another factor that has to be taken in account here. The conception of the “East” as an area in need of reorganization and planned settlement was shared by the exhibition initiators with other National Socialist protagonists of the “German East,” thus “The Beautiful Town” became part of Heinrich Himmler’s Volkstumspolitik. The presentations of the exhibition in Poznań (Posen), Łódź (Litzmannstadt) and Litoměřice (Leitmeritz) serve as examples of this.

New Construction or Reconstruction: Town Planning in the Administrative District of Zichenau (1939–1945)

Author(s): Christhardt Henschel / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

Using Ciechanów and Płock as examples, this article discusses the different strategies German urban planners pursued in occupied Poland to adapt the existing cities in terms of infrastructure, aesthetics, and ideology. Characteristic here is the multitude of actors involved and the far-reaching consequences of their decisions on the reality of occupation for the civilian population. This leads to the question of the extent to which architecture and urban planning should be understood as an integral part of German occupation policy.

Revolution in the Town Halls: The Formation of Czechoslovakia, the Battle for the Town Halls and Power Transition in the Municipal Authorities of Moravian Towns after 1918

Author(s): Petr Popelka / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The study deals with the process of a power transition in Moravian nationally mixed towns after the First World War. The formation of Czechoslovakia was accompanied not only by the takeover of central political authorities, but necessarily also by a power transition at the regional level. The study takes particular note of the complicated process of the taking control of municipal councils in key Moravian towns, which were, until the formation of Czechoslovakia, in most cases under the decisive influence of the German bourgeoisie. Unlike in the Austro-Hungarian era, when the question of the composition of self-governments had been entirely in the hands of the local voters, the interest of the central institutions of the new state as well as of the political parties was now reflected in municipal affairs. In the process of the power transfer, the merging of municipalities played a very important role, being carried out in the post-war reality to serve as a means of solving the complex national-political situation in nationally mixed areas.

Şcolile Normale de Conducătoare de grădini de copii: între viziunea pedagogilor şi activitatea educativă desfăşurată în primul deceniu interbelic

Author(s): Maria Camelia Zavarache / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 20/2021

The first pedagogical schools for kindergarten teachers in Romania were created at the end of the First World War. Prior to 1920, the personnel in preschool institutions had an urban background: secondary school graduates who were allowed to teach after passing a special exam on Pedagogy. The new schools were opened in Bucharest, Iaşi, Chişinău, Braşov and Deva. Their enrolment comprised mostly young students from rural areas or from low-income urban classes. Additionally, some of these institutions started out as orphanages or asylums for war orphans, only to be later transformed into pedagogical schools for girls. Therefore, they had two different roles: education and social assistance. The partnerships that the Ministry of Education skilfully established with private or public institutions, such as the Protection of War Orphans Society or the Ministry of Health and Social Care, allowed it to expand the school network and to share the financial burden; but not the authority to make decisions. Still, creating new schools meant taking on new financial ventures that were mostly dependent on the state budget. Consequently, during the 1920s the new schools struggled to ensure proper nutrition and housing conditions for their students, who were mainly orphans or came from impoverished rural areas. Despite these obstacles, the pedagogical schools that were preparing kindergarten teachers were able to reach their goal. They successfully trained new generations of young professionals who became part of a country-wide educational programme designed by the state to socially and culturally integrate the nation’s youth.

MIHAI I AL ROMÂNIEI – NOI CONTRIBUȚII DOCUMENTARE PRIVIND VIAȚA ȘI DOMNIA (1921-1947)

Author(s): Mirela-Daniela Tîrnă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: III seria3/2021

This paper deals with different aspects of the life and reign of King Michael I, addressing the period of schooling, military training, issues of family relations, as well as events after 1940, the relationship with Ion Antonescu, the events of August 23, relations with leaders communists, the royal strike and the pro-monarchical demonstration of November 8, 1945, as well as the forced abdication of the King and his exile.

SEJURURILE REGELUI MIHAI I LA MAMAIA, ILUSTRATE ÎN PRESA ȘI FOTOGRAFIILE DE EPOCĂ

Author(s): Delia-Roxana Cornea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: III seria3/2021

Since the time of King Carol I and Queen Elizabeth, Constanța had slowly but surely emerged as one of the favorite destinations of the Romanian Royal Family for leisure. In 1927, the Constanța city council offered Ferdinand Iand Queen Maria, as a sign of appreciation, a plot of land in Mamaia, where the new royal palace would be built. Inaugurated in the summer of 1927 by King-child Mihai I and his mother, Princess Elena, the residence in Mamaia soon became one of the favorite places of the two, where the Romanian family met and where relatives came to visit, friends and members of other royal families. Although he was King, Michael I was first and foremost a child, who naturally liked to play, enjoy the sea and the sun, ride or do other pleasant activities. However, his stays at the sea were never overlooked by the press of the time, careful to record every detail and to immortalize these visits. Famous at the time, the photograph with the child King Mihai I, together with Prince Philip of Greece, riding on the beach in Mamaia, has become very current in recent years, it has become very current, illustrating the close kinship that bound the Romanian Royal Family by other European royal families. After the Carlist restoration, Mihai returned annually to Constanța or to the nearby resorts (Techirghiol, Eforie), being, in fact, the only member of the Royal House who used the Queen's Nest in the Port of Constanța, where - as he confessed in a visit produced sixty years later (1996) -caught guards with local fishermen. The present study aims to illustrate, based on press articles and photographs from the time, kept especially in the notebooks of Queen Maria, the stays of King-child Michael I at sea and how the population and local authorities received these visits.

A cultural approach of Romania’s historical economic criminality. The most renowned cases of corruption affairs in the past two centuries: Strousberg, Škoda, Bechtel

Author(s): Cristian Manolachi / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2021

Romania’s great corruption scandals of the last two centuries – Strousberg, Škoda and Bechtel – reveal the intensification of anti-capitalist sentiments, the loss of confidence in the political class and democratic institutions, the increase in anti-Semitic manifestations, the important role of the political opposition and of the media in discouraging economic criminality, the international ramifications of these shady deals and the privileged positions which the representatives of companies based in powerful nations find themselves in. This paper provides a long-term perspective on the phenomenon, allowing us to observe how corruption causes and effects changed over time and what patterns it follows. We have documented the cases using mainly primary sources, such as memoirs and newspaper interviews of the protagonists, as well as editorial accounts by journalists from each era. We also consulted scholarly works and statistics on the contemporary evolution of the corruption index.

OFIARNOŚĆ DUCHOWIEŃSTWA I SKŁADKI KOŚCIELNE (PARAFIALNE) NA RZECZ ZWIĄZKU CARITAS DIECEZJI TARNOWSKIEJ W LATACH 1939-1945

Author(s): Jerzy Gapys / Language(s): Polish Issue: 116/2021

After the initial destabilization of the Church’s charitable actions in the Tarnów diocese (subsidies from the curia, personal donations by priests and the faithful from the parish) to Caritas (mainly its headquarters), a marked increase in donations to Caritas in Tarnów were observed from 1942. The action of parochial donations (cash, in-kind contributions) for the Caritas headquarters was the largest one. During the years 1942-1944, cash and in-kind contributions were donated by approx. 30 parishes (approx. 30%), which were located in 15 deaneries (52%). In total, PLN 351,445 was donated, mainly from the parishes in the central and western zones of the Tarnów diocese. The generosity of the clergy from their personal income (iura stolae) culminated in 1944, when over 480 priests (compared to 88 in 1940) transferred over PLN 320,000 to Caritas. Financial and material support, as well as donations from the faithful to parochial Caritas branches, did not acquire a universal character, with just isolated cases being recorded in the Tarnów diocese. Locally, however, these funds were the basis of the Caritas’ branches’ budgets, sometimes even accounting for ¾ of their income. The subsidies from the Tarnów curia, thanks to the financial policy of Bishop Komar, constituted the most important item in the Caritas budget. By 1944, the curia had donated PLN 2,472,000. It was almost 60% of the total income of the Association, and more than 78% of all donations from the Church to the Association.

BIBLIE W JĘZYKU POLSKIM WYDANE W LATACH 1801-1945

Author(s): Łukasz Zakonnik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 116/2021

The presented article provides a list of the printed editions of the Bible in Polish which came out over the years 1801-1945. In order to identify specific editions, the literature (as well as available databases) on the topic in question was reviewed. The catalogues of the main Polish antique shops, as well as au-ction and advertising portals were also examined. As a result of these efforts, data was collected on a total of 242 editions of the Bible (Old Testament and New Testament) during the analysed period. 71 out of 242 editions were considered unique or exemplary.

Antykomunizm socjalistów – kilka uwag krytycznych

Author(s): Kamil Piskała / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

This review article discusses an edition of documents concerning the attitude of the interwar Polish Socialist Party (PPS) to the communist movement. The reviewed work is an ambitious undertaking, but it has many weaknesses resulting from, among other things, the method of selecting documents or the perspective adopted in the introduction. Therefore, it can be considered at best as an introduction to further research on this issue, and not a comprehensive and multidimensional picture of relations between the PPS and the Communist Workers’ Party of Poland (KPRP)/Communist Party of Poland (KPP).

Austria w polskiej polityce bezpieczeństwa w latach 1918–1926

Author(s): Elżbieta Alabrudzińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2021

The article aims to determine the importance of Austria for Poland’s security policy in 1918–1926. The Polish authorities considered the threat of a loss of independence by Austria as a factor threatening the Versailles system, the inviolability of which was the cornerstone of the Polish security policy. An analysis of the bilateral relations conducted by the author is to reveal whether Poland regarded Austria as a potential ally or more as a threat. Paradoxically, it was Austria’s weakness that determined the great importance of this state in Poland’s security policy.

„Życie bez treści”. Uwagi na temat życia codziennego pod okupacją niemiecką na ziemiach wcielonych do Rzeszy na podstawie dzienników Eugeniusza Przybyła

Author(s): Tomasz Ceran / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2021

Contrary to the General Government, few diaries have been published describing Poles’ everyday lives who survived the German occupation on territories incorporated into the Reich already in 1939. This is mainly the scientific value of the Diary of Toruń painter and bibliophile Eugeniusz Przybył. The Diary makes it possible to look at the everyday life of Poles not only from the perspective of Warsaw or Cracow, but also of the towns incorporated into the Reich and the elements of the German occupation policy characteristic only for this area.

W kręgu złudzeń. O książce Krzysztofa Raka Polska – niespełniony sojusznik Hitlera

Author(s): Marek Kornat / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2021

The author critically analyses Krzysztof Rak’s book Poland. Hitler’s Unfulfilled Ally (2019). The monograph attempts a new look at Polish-German relations between 1933 and 1939. However, it contains simplifications and unauthorised interpretations. The author uncritically accepts the German efforts for an anti-Soviet alliance with Poland as reality. He unjustifiably suggests that the Polish and German governments agreed on a joint modus operandi against Czechoslovakia in 1938.

Recenzje

Author(s): Tadeusz Wolsza,Tomasz Flasiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2021

Review of: Tomasz Flasiński - Nosheen Ali, Delusional States. Feeling Rule and Development in Pakistan’s Northern Frontier, Cambridge 2019, Cambridge University Press, ss. 404 Tadeusz Wolsza - Tomasz Szarota, Tajemnica śmierci Stefana Starzyńskiego, Warszawa 2020, Bellona, ss. 279