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O PROCESU NASTANKA SUVREMENE HRVATSKE NACIJE U ISTRI - SKICA ZA BUDUĆA ISTRAŽIVANJA

Author(s): Nevio Šetić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 06+07/1993

Among the most important topics of contemporary Istrian history is research of the emergence of the modern Croatian nation. The author argues that it is possible to interpret this process only through an integral approach considering the period from the 1830s to the 1950s, Le. to the present. He builds his concept according to Czech scientist Miroslav Hroch's model adapted to the Croatian situation by historian Mirjana Gross. Clinging to this methodological concept the emergence of the modern Croatian nation is viewed in four developmental phases: the initial, middle, interphase and final phase of the national integration of Istrian Croats. The author qualifies this process as multi-Iayered and long-lasting and often suppressed and thwarted, but indicates that today it represents a lasting and durable achievement of the Istrian Croats and Croats in general, including them among the sovereign and free nations of Europe and the World.

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DOSELJAVANJA I ISELJAVANJA S PODRUČJA ISTRE, RIJEKE I ZADRA U RAZDOBLJU 1910-1971.

Author(s): Vladimir Žerjavić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 06+07/1993

The purpose of this paper is the research of immigration and emigration trends of the population in the period from 1910 to 1961/71 in the areas Istria, Rijeka and Zadar, and the islands Cres, Lošinj and Lastovo. These areas were annexed to Yugoslavia after World War II, more precisely to the republics Croatia and Slovenia, while between the wars they were under the rule of Italy. The point of departure in the analysis is the 1846 ce nsus conducted in Croatian (the mother tongue), which is then compared with the 1880 census based on the business language ("umgangs- -sprache") by means of which the number of the Italian population was administratively increased. In analysis and necessary correction of later censuses, the author had reached the following findings. Between the wars, under the fascist regime, there were 53 thousand Croats evicted, while 44 thousand Italians were settled in the Istria and Rijeka region. After World War II 163 thousand ltallans and 25 thousand Croats emigrated from Istria, Rijeka and Zadar, and also from the islands Cres and Lošinj, amounting to 188 thousand people.

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GOSPODARSKA I SOCIJALNA PROBLEMATIKA U IZVJEŠĆIMA I VIZITACIJAMA FAŠISTIČKIH ČELNIKA U ISTRI 1925-1931.

Author(s): Darko Dukovski / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 06+07/1993

A few selected and discussed documents of the fascist official provenance written in the period from 1925 to 1931,represent the essence of economic and social problems in Istria between the Wars, even if they refer to particular problems of the "ordinary" man. I consider it necessary to become more acquainted with these issues, in order to understand the complex economic and sociological trends in Istria in the period mentioned. The subordination of these issues to political processes is a fundamental characteristic of fascist government. Insistance on such a relation, of evidently opposed categories, giving priority to short-term political interests and favouring political solutions to economic and social problems, brought the Istrian society and economy between the Wars to a chronically chaotic and "apathetic"state.

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Obraz społecznych ruchów kobiet na łamach prasy dla katoliczek w Polsce międzywojennej

Author(s): Ewa Maj / Language(s): Polish Issue: 11/2021

The purpose of the article was to show some aspects of women’s social movements and related press for Catholic women in the interwar Poland. Back then the religious press was an important part of publishing. Some of the papers were published directly for women. These periodicals were supporting national and religious values, were propagating the need to defend Poland and the Catholic faith against the immorality and cosmopolitism. The social movements of Polish Catholic women were strong, integrated and influenced among their members. They were showing the ideal of women in the country – both Polish-Catholic and the “Polish-Mother” – who is considered a secular apostole.

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Janina Jasicka i jej „archiwum zapośredniczone” Zarządu Wojewódzkiego Ligi Kobiet w Krakowie

Author(s): Barbara Klich-Kluczewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 11/2021

The article is devoted to the unique in terms of form and content archive of the post-war Krakow Provincial Board of the League of Women, which is a collection of documents of various nature and origin, preserved in the legacy of Janina Jasicka in the National Archives in Krakow. This heterogeneous collection has been called the “mediated archive” because it is a contradiction to the traditional, structured institutional archive, and its shape is the result of the deliberate choices of the intermediary, i.e. the chronicler of the Management. The randomness of the preserved materials means that the collections include, for example, unique photographs that are absent from other archives, or, for example, notes about individual activists, probably made only for private use.

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Treści oraz cele wychowawcze magazynów szkolnych dwudziestolecia międzywojennego na podstawie pism szkół żeńskich Dziś i Jutro oraz Młodzieńczy Lot

Author(s): Katarzyna Ewa Zielińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4 (244)/2020

The magazines of pre-war female schools provide knowledge about the development of a new community – girls attending secondary education, which was formed as a result of numerous education reforms after 1918. The article presents the results of a content analysis of two periodicals edited by middle school students from the 1920s and 1930s. The purpose of the research was to identify the most popular issues discussed in Today and Tomorrow (Dziś i Jutro) and Youthful Flight (Młodzieńczy Lot) periodicals. It revealed the directions and goals of the pre-war education of school girls and the educational program in the interwar period. From the author’s point of view, it can be considered a universal model for the formula of pre-war school magazines, edited by girls, which significantly supplemented the rich offer of magazines for young people of the interwar period.

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Belarussian and Jewish Issues in the Political and Legal Thought of Polish Groups in Vilnius in the First Years of Independence – Selected Issues

Author(s): Przemysław Dąbrowski / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

The position of Polish groups of interwar Vilnius (in the first years of independence) on the issues presented in this article was varied. National Democracy did not regard Belarusians as an independent nation and denied them the right to an independent state. Democrats, on the other hand, were in favor of equal rights for all nations and granted Belarusians the right to their own culture and education. In a similar vein, the Democrats, along with Vilnius conservatives, also expressed their opinions on the Jewish question. Representatives of National Democracy found a lot of space for this issue in their statements. In the context of the dispute about Vilnius, it was emphasized that the Jews would opt for Lithuania and Vilnius’s membership of the Lithuanian state.

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Nauczycielki ludowe. Uwarunkowania pracy kobiet w publicznej oświacie powszechnej Polski międzywojennej

Author(s): Monika Piotrowska-Marchewa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 81/2020

The article discusses the issue of working conditions of female teachers in public mainstream education in the Second Polish Repub- lic. The analysis is based on selected press publications, archival materials, and statistical data. The author studies the question of whether the state pol- icy of the Second Polish Republic promoted the involvement of women in the mainstream education structures and strengthened their professional stand- ing. The work focuses both on the advantages of working as a folk teacher and women’s opportunity for self-fulfillment in mainstream education and on the examples of structural inequality in the access to the aforementioned career.

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Rzecz o przyjaźni i nauce historycznej. Listy Franciszka Bujaka do Stanisława Zakrzewskiego w zbiorach Biblioteki Zakładu Narodowego im. Ossolińskich we Wrocławiu

Author(s): Joanna Pisulińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 81/2020

The edited correspondence of Franciszek Bujak (1875– –1953), a prominent expert in social and economic history, includes 30 letters and postcards addressed to Stanisław Zakrzewski (1873–1936), a well-known and highly esteemed researcher of Polish history and Bujak’s long-time friend and collaborator. The mail dates back to the years 1902–1933 and primarily concerns private matters, although it also contains some discussions of scien- tific and organizational issues. The discussed material is stored in the Library of the National Ossolineum Institute in Wrocław.

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Iniţiative ale statului român privind crearea unui climat de pace şi securitate, 1932-1936

Author(s): Tatiana Bădescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 5/1981

La communication relève certains aspects de la contribution de la Roumanie à la création d'un climat de paix et stabilité en Europa entre 1932—1936. Dans 'les conditions d'une situation internationale caractérisée par une instabilité accentuée comme conséquence de la crise économique, de l'ascension du fascisme et de la stimulation des forces revanchardes, la politique externe roumaine a maintenu sa ligne tradionnelle : anti-révisionniste, anti-fasciste, en défense de l'indépendance et du statu-quo territorial, pour la consolidation de la paix. Préocupée par la réalisation d'un système de sécurité collective, la Roumanie a participé activement, a appuyé ou a initié plusieurs actions diplomatiques amplement appréciées à l'époque. L'auteur s'occupe des initiatives roumaines manifestées en quelques domaines très importants pour le sort des relations internationales : le désarmement, la définition et la sanction appliquée à l'agréseur, l'affirmation du principe de l'égalité des Etats, la lutte contre le terrorisme international, la. défense de l'intangibilité des traites.

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Partidele muncitoreşti în lupta pentru apărarea independenţei şi suveranităţii naţionale

Author(s): Elisabeta Simion / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 5/1981

The paper points out the antifascist, as basic feature of the working-class movement in Romania and, in the same time, as the base of the rapprochements and of the interferential points between the Communist Party, the Social-Democrat Party and the Socialist-Unitarist Party. On remarks the part of the Romanian Communist Party as principal organizer and leader of the struggle to defense the rights and liberties, to save the national independence and territorial integrity of Romania, more threatened in the forties of XX century by the pretensions of the revisionist and fascist states, encouraged by aggressive policy of Hitler Germany. In the same time, the paper concerns more extent for part and place of the Socialist-Unitarist Party in the struggle of the democratic, patriotic and revolutionary forces led by the Romanian Communist Party in 1934—1940 years for the guarantee of the existence, of the independence of Romania. Also, are '/put in the circulation some conclusions of the preoccupations to study the activity of the Socialist-Unitarist Party. The paper emphasizes the conception of this party regarding the strategy and tactic ,of organization of the struggle against the peril of fascism and war, for the defense of the basic interests of the country.

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Consens naţional în apărarea independenţei, suveranităţii şi integrităţii în România anului 1939

Author(s): Livia Dandara / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 5/1981

Moment crucial dans la destinée de plusieurs peuples, moment pendant lequel, jusqu'au déclenchement de la conflagration mondiale, les peuples ont passé par d'autres «guerres» successives — la guerre diplomatique, la guerre des nerfs, la guerre des messages et des ultimata — l'an 1939 a signifié pour la Roumanie aussi une période des plus dramatiques de son histoire d'entre les deux guerres. Dans une croissante tension internationale pendant que les Grandes Puissances avaient transformé la carte de l'Europe dans un échiquier et employaient les petits Etats comme des simples pièces de sacrifice dans l'injuste jeu de leurs intérêts, le peuple roumain s'est trouvé dans la situation de défendre avec du courage le patrimoine national. Dans la configuration des forces politiques et sociales roumaines, l'attitude envers les hauts commandements de la nation a été diversifiée comme motivation, manifestation, méthode ou apport. Mais ce qui est sûr c'est que, ayant des intérêts et des positions différentes, chaque classe sociale, chaque groupement politique, chaque entité nationale de Roumanie a été profondement intéressé dans le maintient et la défense de l'unité nationale, de l'intégrité territoriale et de la paix. De ce point de vue l'an 1939 constitue un trésor qui atteste la vocation et la décision de la Roumanie en faveur d'une existence pacifique et indépendante.

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Lupta maselor muncitoare din jud. Prahova conduse de P.C.R. împotriva fascismului şi a pericolului de război, pentru drepturi şi libertăţi democratice, între anii 1938-1940

Author(s): Iulia Stănescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 5/1981

L'ouvrage se réfère à certaines actions des masses ouvrières du département de Prahova dirigées par le Parti Communiste Roumain, pour les droits et les revendications démocratiques, contre le fascisme et contre le périle de guerre. La mécontentement de la classe ouvrière a été déterminé par l'agravation de la situation matérielle des travailleurs, par la baisse des paies, par la hausse des prix des articles de première nécessité, par le grand nombre de congédiements et d'autres. Cette situation a eu pour effet le déclenchement de nombreux conflits et actions grévistes entre 1938—1940, qui par la fréquence, par la combativité et par le grand nombre de participants ont constitué l'une des principales formes de manifestation de l'opposition/de la classe ouvrière du département de Prahova envers la politique de la dictature royale. Tous les conflits et les actions grévistes ont été accompagnées par de nombreuses réunions et manifestations révolutionnaires des travailleurs du département de Prahova, dans plusieurs localités et ayant un profond caractère antifasciste et antiguerrier, pour la défense de l'indépendance et de la souveraineté nationale.

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The Museum of Tropical Medicine of the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, an international support for the Italian colonial policy between 1930 and 1943

Author(s): Elena Corradini / Language(s): English Issue: 27/2020

The article reconstructs the history of the Museum of Tropical Medicine of the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, created by Giuseppe Franchini, professor of Colonial Pathology, who moved from Bologna to Modena in 1930. At the University of Modena, thanks to the financial support of the city authorities, Franchini was able to give adequate accommodation to the Museum, unique in Italyand of great international importance, which was expanding and acquiring specimens from various parts of the world. The history of the Museum is related to their transfers and rearrangements: the reconstruction of its history is an indispensable first step of a modern and engaging setting up which should mainly valorize the scientific and multidisciplinary context of the collections, with specific reference to the studies and researches on tropical medicine, parasitology and also on the infectious diseases that the coronavirus epidemic has made very topical all over the world. Secondly, the rearrangement of the Museum should be an opportunity to critically present the historical context that was decisive for the realization and progressive expansion of this museum which, alongside the laboratories, was part of the educational infrastructure available to doctors, veterinarians, nurses, and missionaries active in the colonies as well as in the Modena University Clinic. Another aspect that should not be overlooked is that it also served the propaganda of the Fascist colonial policy, supported by the leader Benito Mussolini, who wanted to safeguard the health of those who worked in the African continent. Lastly, the reorganization of the museum should aid the reinterpretation of the multicultural contexts attested to by the geographical breadth of its holdings, by giving a voice to the migrants who join our communities and by facilitating their social inclusion through direct dialogue and common initiatives. The Museum’s redevelopment project is part of a larger endeavor, Ago Modena Fabbriche Culturali, funded by the Modena Foundation, which envisages the redevelopment for cultural purposes of the entire large area of the complex of buildings called Sant’Agostino and in particular the relocation of some University Museums to the buildings overlooking via Berengario that were built by the University of Modena between the mid-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to house medical clinics.

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НАУКОВИЙ ДОРОБОК ПРОФЕСОРА СЕРГІЯ ЛИТВИНА: БІОБІБЛІОМЕТРИЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ

Author(s): Viktoriia Dobrovolska / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2020

The purpose of the article is to make bibliometrical analysis of publications and to characterize the main periods of scientific, scientific-pedagogical, and public activity of Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Serhii Lytvyn. The methodology consists in the use of general scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, logical method, method of visualization of research results. Methods of selection, bibliographic characteristics, grouping, and systematic analysis of scientific publications are used. Scientific novelty. The total number of Serhii Lytvyn’s publications and works for 1989–2019, including articles, abstracts, other types of publications (monographs, textbooks, manuals, methodical materials, etc.), journalistic works (articles, interviews, resolutions, statements, appeals, prefaces, etc.) are determined. The distribution of the scientist’s publications for the specified period is divided into four types: articles, theses, other publications and journalistic works. Bibliometrical analysis was performed on the basis of 328 published works by Serhii Lytvyn. The main peaks of the scientist’s publishing activity by years both in general and by separate types of publications are revealed. The main stages of his scientific and pedagogical activity are singled out, they were determined on the basis of the analysis of publications. The thematic distribution of publications and references is carried out. Conclusions. Biobibliometrical analysis of Serhii Lytvyn’s scientific work and his public activity made it possible to assess the breadth of his scientific interests, publication productivity, citations, thorough contribution to the development of military history, military affairs, petliurology (research of the Petliura issue), history of Ukrainian statehood and culture, record and archival sciences. The productive 30-year path of formation and development of the scientist and his scientific heritage, that includes more than five hundred works and scientific events, the organizer and participant of which he was, allows speaking about Serhii Lytvyn as a notable, colorful and interesting figure of scientific and educational space, historian, source and archivist, well-known petliurologist, researcher of military affairs, military history, history of the national liberation struggle of the Ukrainian people in 1917–1921, teacher, scientist with strong research dominant.

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Recht in Literatur und Literaturkontrolle – Doppeltes Verständnis von Recht und Literatur im Theater des dritten Reiches am Beispiel von E.W. Möllers Thingspiel Das Frankenburger Würfelspiel

Author(s): Joanna Szczukiewicz / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2019

The recognition that literature and law were closely linked in the Third Reich explains, firstly – the legal provisions introduced after Hitler’s seizure of power, including the establishment of the Reich Chamber of Culture, and secondly – the literary approaches which were developed on the basis of these provisions. A prime example of the intrusion of laws enacted in Nazi Germany into the literary life of those times is the theatrical form of Thingspiel, developed around the mid-thirties. This theatrical concept presents a dual approach to law and literature. Not only was the Thingspiel subordinate to the legal provisions of the Reich Chamber of Culture, but criminal law itself also became a theme of these plays. The Thingspiel originated in the Old Germanic concept of people’s and court assemblies called a “Thing”. The model of putting criminal law on stage also found its way into “Frankenburger Würfelspiel” by E.W. Möller, Head of the Theater Unit at the Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. Examining the connection between literature and law in this piece and also its function for the NS-Politics is the main aim of this study.

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СПІВПРАЦЯ АРСЕНА РІЧИНСЬКОГО З ЧАСОПИСАМИ СХІДНОЇ ГАЛИЧИНИ (1928 ‒ 1933 рр.)

Author(s): Olena Kravchuk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 4/2020

Aim of investigation. The features of A. Richinskyi's cooperation with the journals of Eastern Galicia (1928–1933) are studied and analyzed. The research methodology. Used general scientific (analysis, synthesis, systematization, generalization), special historical (synchronous, comparative historical) methods. Scientific novelty. The article submitted for publication is the first scientific study, in which the collaboration of A. Richinskyi with the journals of Eastern Galicia during the appointed time was studied in a holistic, systematic and complex way. Conclusions. It is proved that A. Richinskyi, a well-known socio-political, cultural and educational, church figure, doctor, composer, ethnographer of the first half of the twentieth century. collaborated with the magazines of Eastern Galicia, the motivating factor was the difficult situation in which the Ukrainians of Western Volyn` found themselves in interwar Poland, which limited the Ukrainian-language publishing activity. It is noted that A. Richinskyi, being a conscientious Ukrainian patriot, tried, through cooperation with magazines of Eastern Galicia, to reveal certain pressing problems, to expand the worldview of Ukrainians, publishing his works in a number of popular and well-known magazines. The important role of A. Richinskyiin the popularization of the Ukrainian printed word, is noted, which influenced the formation of the national consciousness of Ukrainians in both Western Volyn and Eastern Galicia. The role and place of A. Richinskyiin the popularization of Ukrainian-language printed materials, his influence on the originality and preservation of self-identity of Ukrainians in the conditions of interwar Poland are assessed.

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Cardinalul Alexandru Todea (1912–2002). Fişă bio-bibliografică

Author(s): Anton Rus / Language(s): Romanian Issue: II/2021

The study entitled Cardinal Alexandru Todea (1912–2002). Bio-bibliographic file is intended to be a bio‑bibliographic file of the personality of the Romanian Greek‑Catholic cardinal Alexandru Todea, a successor of Petru Maior as professor at Blaj and archpriest at Reghin, who became Metropolitan of the Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek‑Catholic, and Cardinal of the Catholic Church. The originality of the approach consists in the fact it is first file that, beyond the biographical data, existing in other work, rewiew Alexandru Todea’s articles published in the Blaj periodicals “Unirea” and “Cultura Creștină”, but also presents the bibliographic references about Alexandru Todea, in chronogical order. Thus, this file (obviously incomplete and perfectible) is useful as a working tool for theologians and historians who will deepen the theological thinking and vision of Cardinal Alexandru Todea.

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Perspective comparate privind eugenia și religia

Author(s): Ferencz Iozsef Truţa / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 24/2021

This paper presents comparatively the aspirations of the eugenicists to transform eugenics into a true religion, the interaction of eugenics with religion, but also the way in which various churches from Romania and Hungary perceived Galton's science and how they reacted to the eugenics movement.

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Biserica Evanghelică din România și agenda germanității din străinătate. O relectură a revistei culturale „Ostland” (II)

Author(s): Marian Zăloagă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 24/2021

The cultural periodicals represents a privileged ground whose investigation can reveal how a community of reading could contribute to the building of the imaginary modern national and pan-national discourses. My study looks at the monthly cultural journal „Ostland”, edited at Sibiu/Hermannstadt, the spiritual and political capital of the Germans in Great Romania. Departing from a previous rich body of literature, I suggest this journal must be approached for what it declared to have been and, therefore, be re-read in the context of the politically engaged Ostforschung and its subfield Deutschkunde. Programmatically, the journal came out already in 1919 as an attempt to support the reciprocal understanding of the German communities in the Great Romania. After a caesura in apparition, due to financial issues, it was republished starting with 1926. The new series outlined a re-dimensioned and reconfigured focus on Auslandsdeutschtum. In both periods of the publication, it expressed the Transylvanian Saxons‘ conservative elites, many of them Lutheran clergymen, standpoint on this matter. In the present research I show how by means of the essays written by ecclesiastical personalities on the topic, they strived to keep close to the Transylvanian Saxons‘ tradition in approaching the cultural pan – German agenda. I also highlight that this engagement with the topic, and the manner in which it was promoted by the Lutheran clerics and their secular collaborators from Great Romania, from the kinstate and/or from other German Siedlungsgebieten, was meant to function as a valve to deflate internal tensions and contestation movements. By reorienting the attention to a common goal, members of the German minorities from Great Romania and other eastern European states were encouraged to understand their belongingness to the Volksgemeinschaft as a noble mission to promote the German Kultur in the east. Undoubtedly, they sought to gain support from the kin-state where the interest in the Auslandsdeutschen was undeniably developing as a result of the Great War experience and its outcomes. However, as my paper shows the approach to this agenda had to be dealt with pragmatically and be negotiated according to a previous tradition developed by the Transylvanian Saxon bishops‘ family Teutsch. The accent put on adaptation of the discourses of Auslandsdeutschtum and of the cultural pan - Germanism in accordance to the historical and ethno-cultural local traditions was a strategy meant to serve various objectives. Through their prudent approach, Lutheran clerics and their secular collaborators had in view to preserve of the Transylvanian Saxon hegemony in the German minority in Great Romania, even to promote their model among various other German groups in the eastern Europe,and, finally, to answer back to the völkisch discourses visited by secular elites belonging to the generation of the war which progressively intended to devalue churchmen‘s role in the political representation of the Germans in Romania. Last but not least, by re-reading „Ostland”, which ended its publication in 1931, a year before the retirement of the Bishop Frierdich Teutsch – himself a long time and judicious promoter of the Auslandsdeutschum‘ s agenda-, I could show that by not blindly jumping into the arms of the radical pan-German promoters, ecclesiastical Lutheran leaders from Romania, who occupied seats in the Romanian Parliament and governmental departments, succeeded to avoid conflicts with the Romanian authorities which were very sensitive to the matter of the loyalties manifested by the minority groups.

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