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Slovenski učbeniki zgodovine o španski državljanski vojni

Author(s): Branko Šuštar / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2016

The article examines the image of the 1936–1939 Spanish civil war as presented in Slovenian history textbooks for primary and secondary schools 75 years after the war. In textbooks, this topic is important for presenting the period before World War II in Europe as well as the social and political differences present in Europe at that time. The Spanish civil war raises questions of democracy, fascism, communism, social reforms, violence and revolution in Europe. Initially, the textbook authors briefly discussed the Popular front, democracy and elections, communists and revolution, as well as the support of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany to Franco’s Nationalist faction and the support of Soviet Union to the Republican faction. After 1980, textbooks included a more detailed presentation of the broader social situation, the attitude of artists towards the Spanish civil war, and the impact of war on political divisions in Slovenia before World War II. The first textbooks generally mentioned that a number of Yugoslavs were fighting for the Republican faction, whereas later authors provided more information in accordance with research studies, i.e. that 500 Slovenians participated in the International Brigades.

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Filling the Gap in Historical Statistics: Macroeconomic Indicators of the Debt Burden of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia During the Great Depression

Author(s): Dragana Gnjatović / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

The following paper focuses on the specific causes of the sovereign debt default of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1932. In the first part of the paper, the time series of the public debt with the subcategories of domestic and foreign public debt for the period from 1929 to 1939 were constructed on the basis of data from the Statistical Yearbooks of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the League of Nations. In the second part of the paper, the sustainability of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia’s public debt has been measured with help of relevant macroeconomic indicators: public debt-to-GDP ratio and debt service-to-public revenue ratio. In the third part of the paper, the decomposition of public debt data has been carried out in accordance with the methodology used in the Statistical Yearbook of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. This decomposition has shown that public debt accumulation had to do little if anything with the Great Depression, and was to a large extent caused by the political, economic and financial consequences of the Great War.

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RUS MÜLTECİLERİN İSTANBUL’DAKİ EKONOMİK UĞRAŞILARI VE MESLEKLERİ (1920’Lİ YILLARIN BAŞLARI)

Author(s): Kezban Acar Kaplan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 04/2018

With the Bolshevik victory over its opponents and the supporters of the Tsarist regime, approximately 145,000-150,000 people left Russia and came to Istanbul from April 1919 to November 1920. Those refugees greatly effected the social-economic life in Istanbul. Due to their great numbers and demands, they contributed to the rising inflation. At the same time, through cafes, restaurants, factories, etc. they brought a new spirit and stimulation to post-war economy in Istanbul. Those influences of the Russian refugees, especially the second one, have become the subject of many studies in Turkey.

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Vprašanje idejnega, političnega, socialnega in narodnega sobivanja v liberalni politični misli in praksi med leti 1891–1941

Author(s): Jurij Perovšek / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2011

The question of the ideological, political, social and national co–habitation in the liberal political thought and practice since the beginning of its independent political organisation in 1891 until World War II in Slovenia indicates that this complex problem has been the hardest issue to address in the life of the Slovenian society and nation in the recent past. It stemmed from the Slovenian mutual ideological and political denial and exclusion, manifesting itself in various forms and different historical situations, frequently in severe hatred between the basic historical political camps in Slovenia. The liberals were no exception and also no rule as far as this was concerned, even though the ideological struggle in Slovenia was initiated by the Catholic side. The liberals' opposition to the political Catholicism, most severe in the (former) Carniola, was less and less often based on modernity and its underlying values, and increasingly frequently on the cultural struggle and anti–Catholic ideologies. Thus with its example liberalism – which also held true of its attitude to the socialist and communist movement – only confirmed the restrictive and aggravating ideological, political, largely also corporatist–self–sufficient or hierarchic–total social attitude of Slovenians at that time. This attitude did not contain enough room for a balanced perception of the others. This surely resulted in heavy historical baggage, which Slovenians had gathered in the time up to the World War II and which had been added to abundantly by the mounting mutual hatred among them during World War II.

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Vprašanja idejnega, političnega, socialnega, narodnega in kulturnega sobivanja v misli in praksi slovenskih marksistov od konca 19. stoletja do začetka druge svetovne vojne

Author(s): Vida Deželak Barič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2011

The following contribution focuses on the definitions and direct activities in the context of the Marxist ideological–political camp since the middle of the 1890s, when the Yugoslav Social–Democratic Party was established, and in the period of the First Yugoslavia, when the Marxists were divided between the reform and revolutionary ideas. The article looks at their envisioned socio–economic concept, based primarily on the interests of the working class, and consequently on the conception and realisation of democracy. Furthermore the article analyses the Marxist attitude and practical reactions towards the Catholic, liberal, as well as the internally diverse Marxist camp. It also clears up the interests of the nation as a whole, as well as the concepts of the cultural development in view of the other ideological–political orientations in Slovenia.

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Socialna in zdravstvena zaščita mater in otrok v letih 1919-1939 na območju Dravske banovine

Author(s): Dunja Dobaja / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 3/2010

By means of archive sources, literature and Contemporary neivspapers, the author explores the time when also in the territory of the former Drava Banate much attention was paid to the population policy. The precondition for its successful implementation was effective health and social protection of mothers and children, reflected in the founding of new health and social institutions and training of professional staff, which would also raise awareness and educate especially the poor mothers in the field.

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Recenzija: Med Tatrami in Triglavom: primerjave narodnega razvoja Slovencev in Slovakov in njihovi kulturno-politični stiki 1848-1938

Author(s): Jurij Perovšek / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2008

The review of: Kregar Tone: Med Tatrami in Triglavom: primerjave narodnega razvoja Slovencev in Slovakov in njihovi kulturno-politični stiki 1848-1938. Zgodovinsko društvo Celje, Celje 2007, 352 strani, ilustrirano.

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Kočevarski krošnjarji in nacistična propaganda

Author(s): Marjan Drnovšek / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2007

Between the two world wars, the Kolevje region in southeast Slovenia was home to a German minority known as the Kočevje Gennans (Gottscheer). In the 1930s, they seasonally migrated to Germany where they worked as peddlers, plying their traditional trade in tropical fruits and confectionery and organising games of chance. Many were enthusiastic about the new Nazi regime, attended short political courses and gradually became exponents of Nazi propaganda. Nevertheless, their primary concern in the economically depressed Koeevje region remained the earning of income. The paper describes the attitude of the Yugoslav authorities towards the Gattscheer peddlers and the growing tension between them alld the local Slovenes. A preserved list of the peddlers from the 1936/37 season is also analysed.

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Brezposelnost in zaposlovanje na Slovenskem do druge svetovne vojne

Author(s): Barbara Kresal / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2006

In the paper, the author deals with unemployment and the legal aspects of the employment policy in Slovenia between mid nineteenth century and the beginning of the Second World War. The main traits, trends and causes of unemployment on the Slovene territory are examined, as well as the approaches to deal with it in various periods. An employment policy and the main traits of the labour market in Slovenia before the Second World War are shown as well. In Slovenia - as in other European countries - the first widespread unemployment occurred after the First World War. In response, the government started to address this problem more actively by passing relevant legislation. This provided a legal basis for the development of care for the unemployed and an employment system. At the end of 1918, the National Employment Agency was founded.

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Recenzija: Banski svet Dravske banovine 1930-1935: prizadevanja banskega sveta za omilitev gospodarsko-socialne krize in razvoj prosvetno-kulturnih dejavnosti v Sloveniji ter za razširitev samoupravnih in upravnih pristojnosti banovine

Author(s): Jure Gašparič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2006

The review of: Miroslav Stiplovšek, Banski svet Dravske banovine 1930-1935: prizadevanja banskega sveta za omilitev gospodarsko-socialne krize in razvoj prosvetno-kulturnih dejavnosti v Sloveniji ter za razširitev samoupravnih in upravnih pristojnosti banovine. Znanstvenoraziskovalni inštitut Filozofske fakultete, Ljubljana 2006, 343 strani.

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Novija istoriografija (1990-2003) o Bosni i Hercegovini između dva svjetska rata

Author(s): Boro Bronza / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 2/2004

The wave of democratic changes at the end of the 1980's and at the beginning of the 1990's in Bosnia Herzegovina, instead of leading towards liberalisation and democratisation of historiography, became a platform for the launching of radical nationalistic tendencies. The 1992-1995 war additionaly vulgarised the processes which had begun several years earlier. This resulted in a horrific devaluation of the historiographic achievements. The perception of the 1918-1941 period was no different in comparison to other eras. Thus, its fundamental characteristic is the difference in approach, which breaks in the prism according to individual ethnic (political) aspects. Among the key questions dealt by historiographers in recent years was the presence of democratic institutions In Bosnia Herzegovina, and, in particular, the question of the continuity of the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period between the two world wars. Unfortunately, key historic questions from this period remained unresolved and there were no particular evolutionary changes in the methodological approach. The much desired interdisciplinarity occurred only sporadically.

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Srednjeevropski gospodarski prostor do druge svetovne vojne

Author(s): Žarko Lazarević / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2003

The paper synoptically presents the formation and operation of the Central European economic area before the Second World War, in the case of the Habsburg Empire and its successors. The author ascertains that, after decades of integration processes, a uniform space developed within the empire which allowed a free flow of goods, capital and people. Inside the empire, a spontaneous distribution of economic activities took place, with the western parts becoming more advanced in industry than the eastern, which generated most of their income in agriculture. In spite of the disintegration of the empire and the prevalence of economic nationalisms in the successor states, the supplementary structure still determined the economic and commercial trends, although to a considerably lesser degree. A real turning point came with the Great Depression in the 1930s' when the Central European states shut themselves in and, each on its own, tried to find the way out of the crisis by strengthening protectionism. That was also the time when the economic trends were redirected. The Central European states effected the bulk of their foreign trade with Germany.

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Recenzija: Slovensko-italijanski odnosi 1880-1956: poročilo slovensko-italijanske komisije

Author(s): Marta Verginella / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2002

The review of: Slovensko-italijanski odnosi 1880-1956: poročilo slovensko-italijanske komisije = I rapporti italo-sloveni 1880-1956 : relazione della commissione stiricoculturale italo-slovena = Slovene-Italian Relations 1880-1956 : report of the Slovene-Italian historical and cultural commission / Šuredili Milica Kacin Wohinz, Nevenka Troha]. Nova revija. Ljubljana, 2001, 161 strani.

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Niko Županič in vprašanje jugoslovanstva: med politiko in antropologijo (1901-1941)

Author(s): Christian Promitzer / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2001

A biographical outline of the Slovene Anthropologist and Ethnologist Niko Županič (1876-1961) is the starting point for a discussion of integral Yugoslavism among the Slovenes from the early 20th century until 1941. Županič stems from the region of Bela krajina and studied history, geography and ethnology at the University of Vienna. In 1907 he moved to Belgrade, where he worked as curator in the Cultural Arts Museum and in the Ethnographical Museum. During World War I he was member of the Yugoslav Committee. He returned to Slovenia in 1921, where he became director of the Ethnographical Museum in Ljubljana. In 1922/23 he was minister in the Yugoslav government of the radical Nikola Pašić for some months, but his efforts to promote the Radical Party in Slovenia, which wars originally a Serbian party, remained fruitless. The reasons for this failure have to be considered in the already distinct political constellation in Slovenia, where the Liberals were considered more apt to represent the option of integral Yugoslavism. During his political career Niko Županič pursued the concept of a biologist version of Yugoslavism which was influenced by the Serbian geographer Jovan Cvijić and was based upon the approaches of "racial science". It proclaimed the dominance of the Yugoslavs in the Balkans, which were on a level with the "German race", while it disparaged Albanians, Greeks and partly Bulgarians. This concept seems to be a Slav reaction on German racist ideas, which were modern in Vienna in the early 20th century.

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Zbornica za trgovino, obrt in industrijo v Ljubljani

Author(s): France Kresal / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2001

The author presents a clear insight into the organization and operation of the Chamber of Commerce, Trade and Industry (CCTI), the oldest and the most important economic chamber, which expressed the interests of a specific social class - that of employers. The Chamber operated continuously for ninety-eight years, from 1851 to 1948. It was an economic association with a compulsory membership, the objective of which was to protect the interests of a certain class, to represent them before the authorities and to promote commerce, trade and industry. It was founded in 1851, as the Commercial and Trade Chamber for Carniola. In November 1918, the National Government for Slovenia extended its jurisdiction to the whole territory of Slovenia. In 1925, it was renamed the Chamber of Commerce, Trade and Industry which, after 1931, covered the whole of the Dravska banovina. In March 1941, its Trade Section separated from it, constituting an independent Trade Chamber, whilst the remainder of the chamber was reorganized into the Commercial Industrial Chamber. Under the Italian occupying regime, the chamber was integrated into the Italian corporative system and, under the subsequent German, subordinated to the Chamber for Carinthia in Klagenfurt. Even before, Upper Carniola and Styria had been subordinated to the economic chamber in Graz. After the liberation, the chamber's operation was restored to its original extent, until it was abolished in 1948.

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Duhovno politični položaj liberalnih in katoliških političnih sil pred drugo svetovno vojno

Author(s): Janko Prunk / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2001

The author analyses the situation of the liberal and moderately conservative Christian socialist forces in the world between the two world wars, which faced three aggressive totalitarian regimes: Fascist, Nazi and Bolshevik. The Liberal and moderately conservative political forces found themselves in a subordinate and defensive position vis-à-vis the totalitarian regimes from the moment these emerged. After the First World War the liberal political system failed in its struggle against totalitarianism, unable to find a coalition partner either among the Socialists on the left, or the moderately conservative parties on the right. These, by and large, rejected anything liberal or socialist, showing more sympathy for fascism. Liberalism was rescued by Great Britain and the United States of America (F. D. Roosevelt). Only during the Second World War did renowned Catholics find their way into the anti-fascist coalition.

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Položaj Slovencev v zamejstvu ob začetku druge svetovne vojne v Jugoslaviji

Author(s): Nevenka Troha / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2001

After the end of the First World War, Slovenes lived also on the other side of the boundaries of the Kingdom of SCS (later Yugoslavia). According to rough estimates, some 400,000 of them were distributed between the Republic of Austria (which became part of Germany in 1938) and the Kingdoms of Italy and Hungary. The political regimes of these countries differed as did their attitudes towards the ethnic minorities who lived within their boundaries. The situation changed most for the Slovenes in Primorska (the Littoral) who, after 1918 and 1920, found themselves in a foreign country which equated citizenship with nationality. The Slovenes in Carinthia, Styria and along the Raba river remained within the boundaries of Austria and Hungary which, juridically, became new states but were, unlike the former empire, conceived as ethnically homogeneous (national states). In view of such concept of the State, ethnic minorities were perceived as disturbing elements by the above three countries, which hence endeavoured to assimilate them as soon as possible. The uneven status of individual parts of the Slovene population influenced also the way they responded to the events of the Second World War, both locally and nationally.

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Slovenija med Nemčijo in Italijo (1848-1968)

Author(s): Janko Pleterski / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2000

The article presents a concise overview of the state and trans-state positions experienced in the past by the Slovenes after they had started to comprehend themselves as a whole, and by Slovenia as a state. The article was presented at a meeting at the "Villa Vigoni" study centre in Loveno di Menaggio, Italy, in June 1996, as one of the contributions in the discussion on the relations between the Slovenes, the Germans and the Italians. The article goes back to the revolutionary year of 1848, when the Slovene national and political programme for an autonomous Slovenia, based on the ethnic (linguistic) principle, was formed, and continues with the division of its territory between different countries in the years 1866, 1920 and 1941. The author also defines the position of the Republic of Slovenia within the Yugoslav socialist federal state, and deals with the formation of its borders with Italy and the confirmation of its borders with Austria in 1947 and 1955. Slovenia played a particulary important role within Yugoslavia in establishing relations with Italy and Austria. Within the framework of Yugoslav politics, Slovenia was, already at an early date, an advocate of opening the country's borders in order to facilitate traffic between it and its neighbouring countries in the form of people crossing the borders and the exchange of goods. Very soon, Slovenia was also able to conclude contracts on important international regional forms of cooperation with neighbours, as well as with the Federal Republic of Germany. The fact that the borders of Slovenia were open so early in the after-war period was an international determinant of utmost importance - also for the free flow of culture and ideas. Thus, the more liberal conditions on the borders of Slovenia (for more than a quarter of a century there was no wall on its borders, and conditions were not even comparable to those along, for example, the Berlin Wall), also enabled an inner democratisation to take place. The long-standing and lively contacts of the country and its inhabitants with its neighbours in the area between Italy and Germany were of paramount importance for its development.

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Kaplan Ivan Kretič in otroška pesmica v Cerknem leta 1937 ogrožata varnost italijanske države

Author(s): Boris Mlakar / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2000

Based on archival documents, the most important being a preserved file in the fond of the Gorizia police office, the author, using the example of the parish priest Ivan Kretič in Cerkno, vividly presents a story illustrating the confrontations such as were typical in the 1930s between the Italian Fascist authorities and the Slovene clergy in the Primorska region. Kretič, by using the Slovene language and teaching his congregation national songs, which was seen by the Italian authorities as a deliberate attempt to hinder the Italianisation of the region, elicited a strong reaction from the entire Fascist ruling and repressive apparatus from Cerkno to Gorizia. Kretič managed to avoid punishment only by a hair's breadth. Yet because he continued with such and similar activities after he was transferred to the parish of Kojsko, he was sentenced to two years of confinement in southern Italy in 1939.

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Recenzija: Slovenski parlamentarizem 1927-1929: avtonomistična prizadevanja skupščin ljubljanske in mariborske oblasti za ekonomskosocialni in prosvetno-kulturni razvoj Slovenije ter za udejanjenje parlamentarizma

Author(s): Jurij Perovšek / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2000

The review of: Miroslav Stiplovšek: Slovenski parlamentarizem 1927-1929: avtonomistična prizadevanja skupščin ljubljanske in mariborske oblasti za ekonomskosocialni in prosvetno-kulturni razvoj Slovenije ter za udejanjenje parlamentarizma. Znanstveni inštitut Filozofske fakultete, Ljubljana 2000, 497 strani, ilustr.

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