Partidul Comunist Român - continuatorul pe o treaptă superioară al rădăcinii socialiste revoluționare
Propaganda paper about the Romanian Communist Party - the successor to a superior stage of the revolutionary socialist roots.
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Propaganda paper about the Romanian Communist Party - the successor to a superior stage of the revolutionary socialist roots.
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Article promoting communist ideology about the activity of the Romanian Communist Party for mobilizing the peasant masses in the anti-fascist struggle, 1934-1940.
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Review of: Andrzej Wierzbicki - Piotr Biliński, Władysław Konopczyński 1880–1952. Człowiek i dzieło, Ośrodek Myśli Politycznej, Kraków 2017, ss. 622 + [2] + [8 s.] il. + [2 k.] tabl. gen. Władysława Konopczyńskiego i Jadwigi z Lutostańskich.
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Nikolay P. Nikolaev was one of the active politicians in Bulgaria in the interwar period. He had participated in the building of the authoritarian regime since the second half of the 1930s. The two documents published here reflect his observations about the government in which he was the minister of internal affairs. These texts are an important source about the relations between the members of the cabinet, the mechanisms for exercising power, the notions about the character of a regime without political parties.
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Iako se danas u javnom prostoru gotovo i ne pominju, prislini ili ugovoreni brakovi još uvijek postoje u bosanskohercegovačkoj kulturi. Kratko podsjećanje na tu činjenicu prikazala je redateljica Jasmila Žbanić u filmu Na putu, dok su književni tekstovi između dva svjetska rata detaljnije pokazali porodični život i način na koji su se sklapali brakovi. Pravo na odabir bilo je nezamislivo ženama, u općem smislu, a o njihovoj bračnoj zajednici odlučivali su patrijarhalni autoriteti. Kćeri su bile neka vrsta tereta roditeljima i cijela njihova misao bila je usmjerena na to da ih se što prije smjesti pod tuđi krov. Kako nisu imale drugog načina da se oslobode patrijarhalne ideologije, bijeg iz prisilnog braka često je značio i kraj njihovog života.
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Up until the World War II, Jews played an important role in the history of Lublin. At least since the 16th century, Jews had lived in the segregated district of Podzamcze, called the “Jewish Town”. Although they started to inhabit the Old Town in 1862 and eventually lived in all parts of Lublin by the interwar period, the former boundaries between the “Jewish” and “Christian” parts of the city remained strongly imprinted in social memory, affecting everyday existence. This article analyses the imaginary boundaries that delineated the “Jewish” district of Lublin in the pre‑World War II period. Drawing on oral testimonies of Christian residents of the city recorded in years 1998‑2005 and archival materials such as articles from local papers, documents of communal institutions, and photos from the 1920s and 1930s, the opposing categories of “ours” and “theirs” have been used to describe social relations in urban space. The author of the article argues that the persistence of segregation in shared memory is expressed not only in visual forms, but it also has sound, smell and taste dimensions.
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This paper is dedicated to reconstructing the image of the British colonial rule in India in modern Hindi cinema. The main stress in the analysis is laid upon the depiction of the political and cultural impact of the British rule on common Indian people, as well as the colonizers’ attitude towards the independence movement. Consequently, the author intends to enquire, how movies made after 2000 – among which Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India (2001), Mangal Pandey: The Rising (2005), Water (2005) and Rang De Basanti (2006) are given special attention – deal with the difficult colonial past from an over 50-year-long perspective. Moreover, the author explains, how modern Hindi cinema shapes Indian viewers’ opinions on the British rule, intending to strengthen their patriotic feelings and national pride.
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The book review analyses the monograph "Jēkabs Strazdiņš" (Riga: Neputns, 2020) by art historian Jānis Kalnačs who has gathered all available data about the noted Latvian figural painter and art collector of the inter-war period.
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In the period of the Second Polish Republic, educational issues constituted a subject matter of interest to Polish political thinkers. Nonetheless, such issues were often perceived differently by the diverse ideological and political factions. According to such political entities, the interwar period was marked by the destabilisation of the previously existing social, political and cultural order, giving rise to a new reality. Visions of creating a “new,” “better,” more moral and socialised man began to appear in statements of almost all political circles. Such projections, however, entailed the rather disturbing prospect of far-reaching interference in the lives of all citizens, including their privacy. The postulate of changing the individual in order to meet the emerging “higher” objectives, social needs, and “lofty” principles, was put forward. The National Party developed a comprehensive educational programme. The aim of national education was to build a strong nation, and to prepare the society for an independent nation and functioning of the state. The principal categories of the National Party’s political thought included work, creation, and action. The condition of Polish society was also thoroughly analysed, with the ideal Pole being depicted as a hard-working, thrifty, conscientious and diligent person, dedicated to the nation and affairs of the state.
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The main aim of the paper is the theoretical analysis of the concept of the territorial heteronomy. Conclusions concerning the idea of territorial autonomy, regionalism or federalism easily can be found in the scientific literature. But they are useless to investigate and explain many political processes and political preferences in states of the Central and Eastern Europe. It is because states of this part of the continent did not have a chance to create and develop their own models of classic administration institutions in the nineteenth century, inter alia the local and regional government. Their only experience in this area is limited to the interwar period between 1918 and 1939. They have gained a new chance for a democratic division of public tasks after the collapse of the communist system in the very end of the twentieth century. But in that period they have focused more on the horizontal division of powers than on the vertical one. For that reason up till today political phenomena in the political centre have more importance than the regional policy impact attempts. The inspiration for such a research were electoral results obtained by two regional parties at elections to the Śląskie Voivodeship Assembly in 2018.
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The Petroşani „Uzina Electrică” Company was a private enterprise created in the beginning of the XXth century, with the aim of leasing the distribution of electric power produced by the Lonea State Mines’ Power Plant, situated in the north of the Petroşani commune. The electric power bought by the Petroşani „Uzina Electrică” Company from the Power Plant would be used between 1906-1944 for public lighting, but also for electrifying private and public institutions, various enterprises, stores and workshops, and also a steadily-rising number of homes from the Petroşani, Livezeni, Iscroni and Vulcan communes.
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The members of the Hamburg Circle: W. Stapel (the leading figure), H. Bogner, A.E. Günther, G. Günther, are usually attributed to the ‘young conservative’ trend of the conservative revolution in the Weimar Republic. The main platform of their expression was the Deutsches Volkstum, a monthly published in Hamburg between 1898 and 1938. The activists of the circle opposed the realities of the Weimar Republic, negating the foundations of a democratic and liberal society as it did not express the ‘national will’ of Germans. Their ideal was not exactly in the revival of monarchy but they proposed a national state which was supposed to promote the traditionally structured society. In the area of religious policy, Stapel and his colleagues aimed at a non-secular state with a form of traditionalistic church life in spite of the religious diversity in Germany. Christianity was not perceived from a purely spiritual perspective, but as a doctrine that should be a strong pillar of the state. The Hamburg Circle claimed that to achieve these goals Germans ought to reject liberalism and pacifism, which appeared to be a dangerous consequence of the ideological pressure from assimilated Jewry.
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The article describes life and political ideas of Aleksander Trzaska Chrząszczewski, one of the most distinctive political scientists and conservative thinkers of the interwar period in Poland. The essay contains many – earlier unknown – biographical details and Chrząszczewski’s political, international and historiosophic conceptions. In his essays Chrząszczewski criticised political system based on the democratic constitution from 1921 and political practise of authoritarian regime ruled after 1926 r. He precisely pointed out inconsistency of Pilsudski’s camp, which declared strengthening of the State as an aim of political activity and on the other hand very often ruled by informal instruments. In the international relations’ area Chrząszczewski was a follower of pro-French orientation. He observed evolution of German political system during Nazi regime and warned against rising of political and military power of Third Reich. “Przypływy i odpływy demokracji” (The Tides of Democracy), written in 1939, is still the most recognizable Chrząszczewski’s work. The Author proposed original vision of political changes stimulated by increasing or decreasing activity of masses. Chrząszczewski’s theory is one of the most interesting attempts to analyze social and political events of 1930s, that could be compared with the ones made by Jose Ortega y Gasset or Florian Znaniecki.
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The paper discusses one of the most important debates on the meaning of constitutional adjudication in the 20th century that engaged two eminent legal and political thinkers Hans Kelsen and Carl Schmitt. The paper focuses on the constitutional dispute over the guardianship of the constitution in the final years of Weimar’s Germany and reconstructs the arguments of the two major protagonists in this dispute concerning the Weimar constitution and the fundamental question whether the guardian of the constitution is (or should be) the constitutional court or the president of the Reich. The debate highlights the complexity of the political problems of a democratic state, as well as the intricate relationship between law and state and has retained high level of topicality. The paper also pays attention to the philosophical-political premises that underlined the distinctly different views on the relationship between law and politics in the thought of Hans Kelsen and Carl Schmitt.
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By the end of the 19th century, liberalism had won in Europe. Fundamental freedoms appeared in the constitutions. However, we also encounter new phenomena in politics and society. The masses appeared in politics and in the economy. Bureaucracy has played a decisive role ewerywhere. What impact have these new phenomena had on politics, in parliament, in the lives of parties? Were they a threat to freedom? The study presents some political thinkers – Gustav Le Bon, Gabriel Tarde, Max Weber, Vilfredo Pareto – who have tried to answer these questions.
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The article is a collection of thoughts that transpired during the work at the Archive of Włodzimierz Odojewski. The aim of the authors was to identify and indicate the potential ways to study the life and works of the writer, and the expected result of the research is a biography of Odojewski. The research was based on the exploration of the writer’s private collection: unpublished documents, manuscripts, typescripts, personal papers, correspondence, family and estate papers and photographs. The authors focused on a number of issues. One, the biographical facts that influenced Odojewski’s output – World War II, frequent relocations, censorship and a ban on publishing in Poland, emigration, the relation with the Polish Institute in Maisons-Laffitte and working at Radio Free Europe’s editorial office. Two, the analysis of literary works including hundreds of typescripts in many variants (related to the phases of the genetic history of a literary work through the stages of Odojewski’s life) which allowed for describing Odojewski’s writing techniques. Three, ‘The writer’s map’ which points out places important for the author – Poznań, Gniezno, Kłecko, Podole, Szczecin, Warsaw, Paris, Berlin, Munich. Four, the correspondence (personal and cultural) which can be used as an important source of knowledge of the history of Polish post-war emigration. One of the most interesting parts of the collection is a collection of letters from Jerzy Giedroyć that show Polish culture outside the Iron Curtain.
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The article presents an overview of the issues discussed in Tomasz Ewertowski’s monograph Images of China in Polish and Serbian Travel Writings (1720–1949). It reconstructs the discourse that emerges from the journals as their authors report on their journeys to the Middle Kingdom. The article also analyses the conditioning of the presented attitudes in the context of individual experience. Using imagology-based tools, Ewertowski refers to the mental representations of reality recorded in the text in the form of stereotypically formed ethnotypes. Ewertowski creates a mosaic of the way travellers from the West imagined both Chinese cities and the characteristic features of Far Eastern culture, which is often marked by Eurocentrism and an evaluating attitude towards the Other.
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Taking up the value of administration in the law of Church, the author begins his reflections with a look at the history of administration of the Church. Then, he describes the different forms of administrative acts to define the fundamental forms of administrative recourses. The last part of the author’s reflections is devoted to the conclusions and the future of the administrative law in the Church.
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The University of Bucharest is one the oldest and one of the most important higher education institutions in Romania. It has prepared specialist for different domains of activities needed by the society and its evolution and modernization somehow mirrors that of the society. Before 1948, in the structure of the University of Bucharest there were functioning some faculties that may surprise others, because, nowadays, they represent higher education institutions on their own: Medicine, Pharmacy and Veterinary Medicine. Although now it is part of the University of Bucharest, the history of the Faculty of Theology may also have a similar effect, because it started in the second half of the 19th century. These all form a part of history of the University of Bucharestnot well known. It can be rediscovered employing old books and studies written by the professors of these faculties. They represent “new” sources, waiting to be rediscovered because they were published in the second half of 19th century and the first half of the next, but later they were not too much used, although they store information relevant for a number of different subjects. These sources are brought into attention of the public through the use of digital exhibitions, on the internet site of the Museum of the University of Bucharest. These exhibitions represent a first step to reevaluate this forgotten knowledge and histories of these faculties, and also to increase the level of the accessibility of the information.
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The history of Romanian medicine is lacking in sources so it will be very difficult to present different careers. This is the case of civillian doctors and also military ones, that were involved in the many conflicts of the XXth century. In this regard, their personal journals, that depict their brave actions in saving the lifes of enlisted men, are invaluable. This is the story of doctor Toma Moraru, a participant in the Eastern and Western campaings of the Romanian Army, during World War II.
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