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DIVADELNÍK, KTORÝ MOŽNO PRIŠIEL PRISKORO – JACQUES COPEAU (1879 – 1949)

Author(s): Michaela Jurovska / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 02/2015

A collection of studies, essays and memories Jacques Copeau hier et aujourd´hui (Jacques Copeau Yesterday and Today), dedicated to one of the key personalities of 20th-century French theatre, Jacques Copeau (4 February 1879 – 20 October 1949), is not a common book publication in our cultural, theatre and scholarly context. It was initiated by the Slovak editor and author Miloš Mistrík and issued in French as a co-edition of VEDA, the publishing house of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, and Editions de l’Amandier based in Paris. It includes contributions by experts from six countries and three continents. The international team of researchers describes many aspects of Copeau’s legacy, which seem highly topical again today. As a bonus, the publication contains a play written by Copeau’s disciples Jean Villard Gilles and Michel Saint-Denis, Les jeunes gens et l´araignée ou la Tragédie imaginaire (The Youth and the Spider, or a Seeming Tragedy), which has been made available to the public in France and elsewhere for the first time.

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"Zelené kádry" jako radikální alternativa pro venkov na západním Slovensku a ve středovýchodní Evropě 1917 - 1920

Author(s): Jakub Beneš / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2015

This article explores the phenomenon of the ‘Green Cadres' at the end of the First World War in Austria-Hungary, with a focus on events in western Slovakia 1918-1920. The Green Cadres were bands of army deserters and radicalized peasants who hid in the forests and mountains of the monarchy during the last year of the war and then violently attempted to topple the social-political order in many localities as the state collapsed. The article suggests that they represented both the last major episode of peasant unrest in the region and a radical new attempt by the rural common people to influence the character of national and social politics in the interwar period. The nationalist dimension of this loose social movement appears to have been particularly strong in western Slovakia and may indicate some affiliation with the leaders of Slovak Catholic populism. On the other hand, the inability of nationalist elites to coopt the Green Cadres was in part responsible for their marginalization in narratives of Czechoslovak liberation as well as in contemporary historiography. On the basis of sources in Slovak, Czech, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and German, this study argues that the Slovak case of the Green Cadres fits into a broader transnational phenomenon, which sheds new light on the history of East Central Europe in the twentieth century.

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Independence lost and regained: Montenegro’s contested identity and the failure of Yugoslavia (1918 – 2006)

Author(s): Zuzana Poláčková,Pieter Duin, van / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

This article examines the political evolution of Montenegro during the era of Yugoslavia (1918-1992) and the subsequent years of political conflict that eventually led to the regaining of Montenegrin independence in 2006. The First World War and the formation of the Yugoslav state not only meant the end of independent Montenegro but also the emergence of a new political context in which internal Montenegrin antagonisms were played out. While a considerable proportion of Montenegrin Orthodox Slavs supported the multinational but Serb-dominated Yugoslav state, there was also a growing number of Montenegrins who wanted to restore the country’s autonomous or even independent status. This was implemented to some degree in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia but then was endangered again during the crisis of Yugoslavia in the 1980s and 1990s. In addition there was growing unrest among the Muslim minorities and civil protests against Montenegro’s participation on the side of the Serbs in the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s. The final result was a stronger anti-Serbian stance not only among a part of the general population but also among a significant section of the old political elite. This eventually led to Montenegro regaining independence through a referendum in 2006. However, achieving independence meant that Montenegro’s other serious problems, including corruption, uneven economic development and deficient democratisation, came even more emphatically to the fore.

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"Vy máte iného ducha!" Žilinská deklarácia - národno-politický aspekt slovenského evanjelického reformného hnutia

Author(s): László Matus / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2015

The constitution of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Kingdom of Hungary was established by the 1891-94 synod. This constitution had a tendency towards centralization and greatly restricted the autonomy of the church. The centralized administration rendered it possible for the leaders of the church to reduce the autonomy of Slovak Lutherans, who had majority in the Cis-Danubian district, by redrawing the borders of the districts. In the new districts the Slovak Lutherans found themselves in minority everywhere, losing their influence on decision making.This lead to the Žilina Declaration, which was signed by 68 north-west Hungarian Slovak congregations at the end of 1912 and the beginning of 1913. The declaration criticised the centralization and the concomitant tendencies towards Hungarian linguistic and the ideological nationalization of the church, and it even raised the issue of forming autonomous Slovak districts.The present study analyses the political context of the above mentioned document. The author uses primary sources because the topic lacks historiographical literature. The first research question of the study is whether the co-operation of the Slovak congregations was as an ad-hoc association or, rather, the result of the mobilisation of an institutionalized group. The second research question discusses the various representations of the relevance of the aforementioned congregational co-operation in the Slovak national narrative. In order to answer these questions the author relies on both political science theories and secularisation theories.

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Premeny a vývoj Štefánikovho svetonázoru

Author(s): Michal Kšiňan / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2015

The author is using the personality of Milan Rastislav Štefánik to show how secular ideas permeated into Slovak society at the turn of 19th century. Štefánik came from a family of an evangelic priest and until his university studies in Prague, he was a devout believer. However, in the Czech metropolis, he met new modern views on faith and religion which were in stark contrast with his traditional perception of the role of the Church and creed. An important turning point stemmed from this and he decided to devote himself to science and astronomy. It also provoked a serious dispute with his father. But one cannot say that his world-view was definitely formed at the time. In fact, he got into a state of permanent development, being strongly influenced by the French environment where he was living after having finished his studies in Prague. He inclined to positivism, which was then popular in science at that time, nevertheless he did not renounce his faith in God or metaphysics.

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Hostinská zařízení v boji za státní samostatnost Československa a při jejím vyhlášení

Author(s): Karel Altman / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2018

Pubs have long served as places of interpersonal communication, developed not only by by-passers, but mainly by regular house guests. Such communication included political discussions and disputes, frequently on the position of the Czech nationality in Central Europe and its historical role in it. Disputes on this topic were strictly forbidden during World War I and would be conducted illegally; their content became gradually radicalised until it acquired a revolutionary character, directing the insurgent expressions of the debaters towards their active involvement in the attempts to achieve the leaving of Czech lands (together with Slovakia) from the Habsburg monarchy. This process culminated with the relatively spontaneous declaration of state independence at the end of October 1918, in which pubs played a special role as centres – though considerably restricted – of social life: from common pubs up to fancy club houses of the middle-class elite.

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„Die Lubinaken kommen!“ Odhaľovanie Hurbanovho pomníka v Novom Meste nad Váhom v kontexte osláv 10. výročia vzniku Československej republiky

Author(s): Peter Macho / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2018

The study describes the preparation, construction and official unveiling of Jozef Miloslav Hurban’s Memorial in Nové Mesto nad Váhom on the 10th anniversary of the birth of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1928. The construction of the memorial was initiated by the local organisation of Matica slovenská, with the involvement of Slovak and Czech intellectuals (Ľudmila Podjavorinská, Rudolf Markovič, Otokar Fleischer and others). The collective remembering of Hurban was marked by creating ideologically motivated links between the Hurban and legionary traditions. The legionary element was integrated in the rhetoric and ritual aspects of this festivity on purpose. Ján Drobný suggested using this memorial initiative to achieve definitive Slovakisation of the public life in the town, even by using violence. His proposal was targeted against the members of the so-called better society which arose mainly from the Jewish community and preferred Hungarian in public communication.The events related to Hurban’s Memorial revealed the frustration of some members of the Slovak intellectual élite. They had the feeling that the upheaval and the birth of the republic in 1918/19 did not culminate with absolute victory of the Slovak national idea. The purpose-built and positively “modelled” picture of the “Hurbanist”past was one of the factors that worked in the contemporary discourse as purported guarantee of the national reliability and loyalty of the citizens of the Nové Mesto region towards the Czechoslovak state.

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K vývinu česko – slovenských vzťahov v Bratislave (1918 – 1945)

Author(s): Daniel Luther / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2018

The article deals with the development of Czech and Slovak relations in Bratislava during the inter-war period, disrupted by the autonomist radicalisation of Slovak society that resulted in the establishment of the totalitarian regime of the Slovak state. The incorporation of the predominantly German and Hungarian city in the new Czecho-Slovak Republic in 1918 resulted in mass immigration of Czechs and Slovaks. The mutual relations developed under the difficult conditions of the new state and multi-ethnic city. I focus on the contribution of Czechs at the stage of Bratislava’s transformation into a Czechoslovak city and on its economic and cultural development which brought Slovak citizens to the fore, becoming the most numerous ethnic population group. It is not my ambition to provide an analysis of the entire 20-year period; my intention is to generalise the social consequences of some key events.

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Review: The soldier among civilians, the civilian among soldiers. The army and society in the age of modernization

Author(s): Marína Zavacká / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2018

The review of: DUDEKOVÁ, Gabriela – MANNOVÁ, Elena. VOJAK MEDZI CIVILMI, CIVIL MEDZI VOJAKMI. Vzťah armády a spoločnosti v období modernizácie. (THE SOLDIER AMONG CIVILIANS, THE CIVILIAN AMONG SOLDIERS. The army and society in the age of modernization). Bratislava: ProHistoria, 2017, 512 pages. ISBN 9788089910014.

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Italy and Post-Habsburg Central Europe (An Introduction)

Author(s): Michal Kšiňan,Michal Ďurčo / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

An introduction to the thematic issue of Forum Historiae 1/2021, Italy and the Post-Habsburg Central Europe outlines the main research questions and hypotheses that the authors worked with. Italy had ambitions to be in the position of a great power in the region and played an important role there in several different dimensions. The papers of this volume examine the political, diplomatic and military aspects of the Italian presence, as well as its economic, local and social dimension in post-Habsburg Central Europe. The intention of this thematic issue is not to cover the matter in its entirety, but rather to focus on lesser-known topics or those that have yet to be researched.

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Looking for the Concept of Style (1753-1953)

Author(s): Ján Bakoš / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

A number of authors have written about the history of the concept of style, one of the key formulating concepts of art history. Those deserving special mention here are Jan Białostocki (‘Styl’, in: BIAŁOSTOCKI, J.: Historia sztuki wśród nauk humanistycznych. Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków-Gdańsk 1980, pp. 36-55), Willibald Sauerländer, (‘From Stilus to Style: Reflections on the Fate of a Notion’, in: Art History, 6, 1983, no. 3, pp. 253-270), Carlo Ginzburg, (‘Stil. Einschließung und Ausschließung’, in: GINZBURG, C.: Holzaugen. Über Nähe und Distanz. Berlin 1999, pp. 168-211), and Robert Suckale (‘Stilgeschichte’, in: Kunsthistorische Arbeitsblätter, 11, 2001, pp. 17-26). The present study is an attempt to map in greater detail the efforts of several generations of scholars to define style, starting with the ‘discovery’ of the history of style in the mid-eighteenth century and ending with the crisis that ensued after the end of the Second World War.

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Cultural and Social Continuity and Discontinuity as Factors of Non-religion. The Case of the Czech Borderland

Author(s): David Václavík / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

The Czech Republic is considered one of the most atheistic countries globally. One of the reasons used to explain the high level of secularization of Czech society and the high level of distrust in religion and religious institutions is the specific historical conditions. In this context, the political anti-Catholicism of a large part of the Czech political elite during the period of the so-called First Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938) and the influence of the communist regime are mentioned in particular. In my paper, I will try to show that other factors probably played a key role, especially the significant socio-demographic changes associated with the displacement of the German population after the Second World War. World War II and the disruption of traditional ties in the Czech countryside as a result of the so-called collectivization of the countryside (the top-directed elimination of private agriculture and the dismantling of traditional rural structures). Along with this, I will try to show that most of the existing explanations overestimate the role of ideological arguments against religion and, on the contrary, underestimate the influence of factors such as the disruption of collective memory, the reduction of the public visibility of religion and the role of (non-) religious socialization.

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„Za Boha a národ!“: How the Slovak Language Press in America Helped Form Slovak-American Identity

Author(s): BEN SORENSEN / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2023

This research explores Slovak-American identity formation through the Slovak Language Press in late 1800s and early 1900s North America. Publications like Jednota, Amerikansko-Slovenske Noviny, and Slovak v Amerike promoted literacy, political awareness, and shaped much of the Slovak-American identity. Remarkably, Amerikansko-Slovenske Noviny had more subscribers than all Slovak newspapers in Slovakia combined, and therefore also exerted a much greater impact on the Slovak-American identity. We also examine the contrast between the press’s portrayal of Slovak-American worldviews and the historical reality of their experience, as well as their current identity and worldview, as well as the enduring influence of Jednota, the oldest Slovak-English continuously published newspaper, on today’s Slovak-American identity.

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Дунайская проблема в системе международных отношений в XVIII – первой половине ХХ века: правовые, экономические и политические аспекты

Author(s): Tatiana V. Volokitina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2025

The article highlights the main milestones of the history of the Danube problem and the formalization of the international legal regime of the major waterway of Central and South-Eastern Europe in the 18th – first half of the 20th century. Special attention is paid to the period of the Second world war and the post-war peace settlement. Based on the documents of the Russian archives, the plans of the western allies to ensure their political and economic dominance in the Danube basin, in particular the re-establishment of an internationalized river regime under the control of non-coastal states, are shown, analyzed «factor Danube» in connection with sharp discussions on determining the nature of governments in Bulgaria and Romania at the stage of signing the Armistice Agreements and attempts by the West to equalize the capabilities of coastal and non-coastal countries in solving problems Danube Management. Materials of the sessions of the Council of Foreign Ministers (CMF) in London, Paris, New York, Paris Peace Conference are presented. The preparation of the Danube conference of 1948 in Belgrade, the development of a coherent position of the people’s democratic states were studied, the atmosphere of discussion and adoption of the Belgrade Convention was reproduced. The conclusion is made about the relevance of the Danube problem today, reflecting, as in the past, cooperation and rivalry, strategic risks, different «statuses» and the capabilities of the Danube states and their various national interests.

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POLEMICA ÎNTRE TRADIȚIE ȘI MODERNITATE: ROLUL SĂU ÎN CONTURAREA IDENTITĂȚII ROMÂNEȘTI

Author(s): Dennis Deletant / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 27/2024

The development of Romanian national consciousness in the 18th century hinged on concepts of “nation” and “national identity”. Influenced by the Enlightenment and Latin heritage, intellectuals in Transylvania promoted Romanian identity, sparking a lasting debate between tradition and modernity. This continued through Romania’s interwar period, where avant-garde and traditional currents coexisted, tempered by introspective self-criticism and, later, nationalistic excess. This article discusses this debate in its reinterpretation received in the final decades of national communism.

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CONSIDERAŢII PE MARGINEA VIEŢII ŞI ACTIVITĂŢII UNUI LUPTĂTOR PENTRU DREPTURILE ROMÂNILOR TRANSILVĂNENI, IULIU CEZAR VLĂDUŢIU (1846–1918) DIN TURDA

Author(s): Răzvan Mihai Neagu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 27/2024

The purpose of this study is to present the life and activity of a national fighter less known in specialized literature, Iuliu Cezar Vlăduţiu. Very schematic research on it has been undertaken before, but until now there is no material, article or study dedicated to him. That’s why we set out to fill this void and bring to light (again) a great personality of Turda, an illustrious and valiant fighter for the national rights of Romanians from Transylvania, who made a remarkable contribution to political, national, social, economic and cultural life of the old city on Arieş. It can be said without error, that Iuliu Cezar Vlăduţiu was a forerunner of the Great Union. He came from an illustrious Greek-Catholic priestly family. He studied had an intellectual training in legal sciences, acquired in Cluj, but despite all this he was not able to practice law. He settled in Turda, where he became a close friend of the Raţiu family and contributed significantly to the cultural and material upliftment of the Romanians in this town. He was a man of distinguished moral qualities, regarded with great respect by his compatriots. Also, tireless work was one of the characteristics of his life. With honor, Iuliu Cezar Vlăduţiu represented Turda-Aries county at the national conferences in Sibiu, getting involved in the Transylvanian Memorandum movement. At the local level, he was a virilist, a member of the county general congregation, the most important positions he held were those of executive director of the “Ariesana” Bank (1894–1911) and director of the Turda Division of the ASTRA association (1905–1913).

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UN ISTORIC AL IOBĂGIEI DIN TRANSILVANIA: DAVID PRODAN

Author(s): Cătălin Cozma / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 27/2024

This article traces the evolution of David Prodan’s researches in the fields of social and economic history, using both his works and documents from the Cluj County Directorate of National Archives. A student of the Romanian University in Cluj, David Prodan has shown a special interest in social history studies since the very beginning of his career as a historian. Among the reasons behind this particular interest were his peasant ancestry and his desire to reconstruct the socio-economic foundations of the Transylvanian rural universe. Starting with a couple of studies about a few little-known agrarian terms, Prodan continued his researches in the sphere of social history with a new topic, that of serfdom in Transylvania. To his credit, the historian foresaw the importance of the significant gap in the Romanian historiography caused by the lack of adequate studies regarding one of the most important institutions in the socio-economic history of Transylvania. This subject was also of great importance for the history of the Romanians in this province, as the serf communities were mostly made up of Romanians. Prodan’s efforts, spanning over five decades, in researching the phenomenon of serfdom have materialized in numerous articles, studies, and monographs, appreciated by both Romanian and foreign historians.

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СРПСКА ПОЛИТИЧКА ЕЛИТА ИЗ БОСНЕ И ХЕРЦЕГОВИНЕ И ЈУГОСЛОВЕНСКА КРАЉЕВИНА (1918–1941)

Author(s): Draga V. Mastilović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 193/2025

During the existence of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes / Yugoslavia (1918–1929), the Serbian political and intellectual elite from Bosnia and Herzegovina found themselves in a position to actively participate in the new state. However, only a few managed to successfully navigate the newly formed political landscape and benefit from it. Most of them believed that the Serbian national question had been definitively resolved in 1918. As a result, they were unprepared for the emergence of the “Croatian question” in the Kingdom of SHS. Their political disorientation led them to passively accept the unstable parliamentary system of the new state, shaped by deepening in ter religious and interethnic tensions. By 1929, in response to aggressive Croatian nationalism, which was encouraged and directed by the Roman Catholic clergy, they began to defend themselves not through Serbian nationalism but through Yugoslav nationalism. Sincerely embracing King Alexander’s policy of integral Yugoslavia, proclaimed in 1929, most of them only realized by the late 1930s that they had been politically deceived by the Croats. Their unrealistic faith in the Yugoslav state prevented them from forming an independent Serbian national program—until it was too late, on the eve of World War II.

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Magyar élelmiszer-csomagolások száz év fogyasztói kultúrájában – designelmélet, történeti áttekintés

Author(s): Kinga Veress / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 97/2024

This study examines the place and epistemological role of twentieth-century Hungarian food packaging in the nation’s culture. Its main research question is how used food packaging – considered a “banal object,” in the “waste” phase of the product consumption cycle – transcends its original function and acquires cultural and symbolic meaning. The research explores how these objects integrate into the epistemological frameworks of art history, design culture, sociology, cultural anthropology, material culture, and consumer research studies. Moving beyond these contexts, it also examines the professional considerations and historical sources that inform how food packaging displayed in museum collections as “authentic objects perceived as testimony to reality” (musealia) can be interpreted as carriers of value. Drawing on the author’s PhD research, the study presents examples of “everyday design” and the world of commercial objects. It focuses on Hungarian pop-cultural items that gained widespread recognition through consumption and, upon assuming a new role in the museum context, contribute to the understanding and in-depth analysis of their original consumer environment. The analysis interprets consumption as symbolic cultural activity and the analyzed packaging as complex sign systems reflecting design thinking. In doing so, it presents the multifaceted design perspectives of branding and communication design with the aim of research methodology representation.

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Domonkos Csaba: A Lánchíd története 1849-től a XXI. századig

Author(s): Balázs Tinku-Szathmáry / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 97/2024

Domonkos Csaba: A Lánchíd története 1849-től a XXI. századig. Magyar Műszaki és Közlekedési Múzeum, Budapest, 2024. 304 oldal.

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