Polityka gospodarcza jako czynnik kształtowania rozwiązań prawnych. Wpływ na regulacje celne w polskiej skarbowości od XVIII do XX wieku

Author(s): Piotr M. Pilarczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

Since the end of the 18th century, the economic assumptions shaped plenty of regulations in force in various constitutional systems operating in Poland. A good example are customs regulations referring to international trade, being a significant element of economic (trade) policy. The development of customs has been a reflection of the established economic goals in the acts of law being introduced and remaining in force from the days of King Stanisław, via the solutions applied in the Duchy of Warsaw, Kingdom of Poland and its autonomy, the Second Republic and in the customs instruments used in planned economy.

Kościół katolicki w Rosji i w ZSRR w XIX i XX wieku. Doktrynalne uwarunkowania jego działalności

Author(s): Krzysztof Grygajtis / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2006

Więź społeczna w wielokulturowej rzeczywistości Galicji

Author(s): Zbigniew Pucek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2008

THE MODERN BALKANS “MARCHING” ON THE PAGES OF ÉTUDES BALKANIQUES (2014 – 2023)

Author(s): Dobrinka Parusheva / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

This text presents an overview of the topics dealing with the Modern Balkans in the journal Études balkaniques during the last decade (2014 – 2023). The prevalence of economic and social history as well as urban studies is visible enough. Other well-covered thematic clusters are identities and Otherness, international relations, etc.

Малые Дела Российских И Украинских Землячеств В Париже

Author(s): Sergey V. Kosterin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2023

Emigrant assistance to the impoverished Soviet intelligentsia in the first half of the 1920s remains one of the confusing and little-studied episodes. Historians have only casually mentioned the existence of fraternities in Paris. The purpose of the article is to fill in the existing gaps in particular, revealing the genesis of targeted care for Soviet intellectuals, the mechanisms and motives of patronage, the composition of those under guardianship, their attitude to help and the circumstances of its fading. The periodical press has become the “historical ore” as well as archival documents introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The deplorable material and moral state of the intelligentsia, its value to society and the Bolshevik repressions against its most talented part became an incentive for emigrants to choose this category of Soviet society as an object of charity. The Russian Public Committee in France to help the famine-stricken in Russia established special organizations — fraternal communities — to attract funding from Russian emigre circles and intensify humanitarian work. Soon, many of them acquired legal independence. Entertainment events and donations have become the main sources of funds for apolitical organizations. Foreign money was also attracted. The impoverishment of emigration interfered with the work of the organizations. The patronage was implemented mainly by sending American Relief Administration parcels, and from money transfers. Beginning in 1925, the community started to evolve in the direction of supporting compatriots within France and gradually turned into clubs. Emigrant help was often the only means for Soviet intellectuals to survive. It found positive feedback from the wards, although it was not systemic and large enough. Supporting the impoverished intellectuals, the fraternities protected Russian culture.

К вопросу о месте и роли интеллигенции в общенациональном кризисе России начала XX в.

Author(s): Aleksey Nikolaevich Kuraev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2024

The article examines the role of the intelligentsia in the unfolding of the nationwide crisis in the Russian Empire at the beginning of the XX century. The main features and causes of this crisis are indicated. The necessity to identify the role of the intelligentsia in the split of the Russian society and the rocking of public consciousness is determined. The author applies the following scientific research methods: analysis and synthesis of facts; induction and deduction; system and structural-functional approaches; comparative analysis. The essence, structure and numerical composition of the intelligentsia, its role in the formation of the “new middle class” are discussed. The social situation, activities and socio-political activity of Russian scientists, professors and other teachers of higher and secondary educational institutions, as well as students are considered in detail. The position of the intelligentsia in national and religious issues is analyzed. It is concluded that at the beginning of the XX century the social composition of the Russian intelligentsia was all genealogical and heterogeneous. The political views and economic situation of the intellectuals also differed. The intelligentsia was ideologically differentiated into different political groups, leading a fierce confrontational struggle with each other about choosing the path of social development, about methods of achieving their goals. Lacking a solid social support, the intelligentsia tried to attract to its side both new (workers, employees) and traditional (peasantry, urban philistinism) layers, introducing into their consciousness a multi-vector ideology, various party programs. At the beginning of the twentieth century such a flood of information about the ways and methods of Russia’s transformation poured into the split traditional consciousness that it was unable to not only comprehend it, but also even just to “digest” it. The shake-up of traditional consciousness performed by the intelligentsia in the conditions of confrontation between the government and society turned out to be fraught with powerful political and social cataclysms that brought Russia to the brink of a national catastrophe.

Seminaria nauczycielskie na terenie Królestwa Polskiego w rosyjskiej polityce oświatowej po powstaniu styczniowym

Author(s): Dariusz Szewczuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 56/2023

The activities of government teachers’ training colleges in the Kingdom of Poland in the years 1866–1915 served to prepare candidates for teaching work in elementary schools. The model of education and upbringing of future teachers adopted in the seminars was to guarantee the implementation of the Russifi cation policy in elementary education. The graduates of the seminary not only gained useful pedagogical knowledge there but also were subjected to intensive educational eff orts aimed at turning them into teachers faithfully carrying out the orders of their superiors. The tasks set by the Russian authorities translated into the way of organizing didactic and educational work carried out in teachers’ training colleges and required the appropriate selection of teaching staff responsible for educating pupils.

Wydziały teologiczne na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim 1918–1939

Author(s): Małgorzata Przeniosło,Marek Przeniosło / Language(s): Polish Issue: 56/2023

There were two theological faculties at the University of Warsaw: the Faculty of Catholic Theology and the Faculty of Evangelical Theology. There was also the Seminary of Orthodox Theology. Such a solution was not present at other Polish interwar state universities, where only faculties of Catholic theology were established (apart from the University of Poznań, where such a faculty did not come into existence). The Faculty of Catholic Theology at the University of Warsaw was intended only for graduates from theological seminaries, while at the other state universities, the laity of both sexes was also eligible to apply. Compared to the entire University of Warsaw, its theological faculties were the smallest structures regarding the number of students and researchers. The involvement of the staff in scientifi c work varied considerably, but the approach to lecturing was usually very competent. The student’s diligence was not at a high level. A vast majority of students did not graduate from the university on time, though this was true for most disciplines at all universities. The relations between the two theological faculties at the University of Warsaw were not painless. Also, the Ministry of Religious Aff airs and Public Education leaned towards combining all three theological structures of the University of Warsaw into one, which eventually did not materialize, and the faculties remained separate entities until the outbreak of World War II.

Institutul „Notre Dame de Sion” din București. O emblemă a învățământului particular bucureștean de la sfârșitul seolului XIX și începutul secolului XX

Author(s): Mihaela Constantinescu Florea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 91/2024

The Institute "Notre Dame de Sion" in Bucharest was a private school for girls founded in 1898 with intensive teaching in French. The educational institution was founded by the Order of Nuns "Notre Dame de Sion", which is why it was also called the French Catholic school for girls. The girls' pension functioned in rented premises until 1912, when the building on Pache Protopopescu Boulevard was built, a school space that corresponded to the school requirements for the twentieth century. This school organized courses for primary and secondary school, with its own curriculum subject annually to the approval of the Ministry of Cults and Public Instruction. The Institute ceased its activity in 1948, when, through the nationalization process, the school came into the possession of the state, but the new communist regime kept the school destination of the building; the school's last headmistress, Marie Clemens de Sion, was arrested and taken to the prisons of the communist political regime.

Viața și activitatea învățătorului Ștefan Ștefu (1882-1914)

Author(s): Maria Alexandra Pantea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 91/2024

Ştefan Ştefu is an important figure of his generation, trained on the benches of the Arad schools, who at the beginning of the 20th century fought for the emancipation of the Romanians. He worked as a schoolmaster in different localities, knowing well the problems of Romanian society. He also stood out in the musical field, being a supporter of Romanian choral music, an important element that strengthened national sentiment when the Hungarian political class was implementing harsh Hungarianization measures. Like other contemporaries, Ştefan Ştefu was mobilized in 1914, arriving at the front in Poland, from where he never returned.

Начало на морска България (1879 – 1912) – трудният път на прогреса

Author(s): Todorka Stoyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

Until the wars of national unification, the navy and maritime industries developed largely spontaneously, without clear strategy and objectives, with constant opposition from some politicians. The transformation of Bulgaria into a maritime country is a slow and difficult process, also related to a change in the way of thinking. In Bulgaria, as in many other countries, the creation of the military fleet became an engine for the development of other maritime activities and industries.

„Сенки от статия Плевен“. Плевен и Плевенско – еволюция на границата между две столетия (1890 – 1900)

Author(s): Dimitar Petrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

After 1878 the restored Bulgarian state set on the way of its European development. Historians determine this development as quite turbulent and the years between the XIXth and XXth century – as economical paragon. Analyzing Pleven model in this article we try to present the current situation of post-Liberation Bulgarian society, as well as the achievements and efforts made by central and regional Bulgarian authorities for the country’s modernization. The main source used is the reports of the Pleven district governors from the comment period, which enrich the knowledge of the socio-economic trends of the era, give a general idea of the period and are a valuable source for this period of Bulgarian history. Looking at modernization processes not infrequently at the center of research in urban centers, while smaller settlements remain on the periphery. For this reason, in the following lines, in addition to Pleven, as the center of one of the counties in the country, we will also consider some of the processes near this town and settlement, thus obtaining a more complete picture of the processes taking place during this period. Analyzing and focusing on the period between these two decades on regional scale, we can easily determine that this development has not been easy at all, that it has been frequently hindered and opposed on behalf of the conservative Pleven citizens.

От черешовото топче до Одринската епопея. Еволюцията или революцията на българската артилерия

Author(s): Stoyan Nikolov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

The paper examines the evolution of the Bulgarian artillery, its organizational development in the late 19th and early 20th century and the high points of its use in the course of the Balkan War and in particular in the implementation of the Adrianople operation.

ALI KADRIA: NACIONALIZMI SHQIPTAR NË VITET 1912-1924

Author(s): Aton PANCHEV / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2021

Review of: SALI KADRIA: NACIONALIZMI SHQIPTAR NË VITET 1912-1924, Tiranë: Kristalina-KH, 2019, 680 F.

POLJOPRIVREDNO OBRAZOVANJE U CRNOJ GORI 1875‒1941.

Author(s): Svetozar Savić / Language(s): Montenegrine Issue: 4/2022

During 1874, agricultural conditions in Montenegro gradually changed. The Princely Montenegrin Agricultural School in Danilovgrad was opened in 1875, but was closed the following year due to the outbreak of war (1876). Twenty students applied for the first school agricultural course. The following subjects were studied at the school: fruit growing, silkworm breeding, animal husbandry and farming. The lower princely Montenegrin agricultural school in Podgorica was opened in 1893, and ceased to operate in 1898. The focus of the classes was on plant production, animal husbandry, silkworm breeding and beekeeping, but also forestry. Twenty- five students who completed their education also received employment in the civil service.After the First world war, a very difficult situation prevailed in the whole kingdom regarding the teaching of schools. Some political parties (Montenegrin Party, Radical Party) had in their programs views on the establishment of vocational schools, especially craft and agricultural. Regarding the opening of an agricultural school in Montenegro, the biggest problem was the location of the future school. with a lot of problems, it was only in 1933 that the Special Agricultural School for Southern Cultures „Topolica” was opened, lasting one year, which in 1939 grew into a two-year one, and was called the Special Lower Agricultural School for Southern Cultures. The school was located in the building of King Nikola‘s castle in Topolica in Bar.

Chińsko-polski dialog kulturowy od XIII do początku XX wieku

Author(s): Li Yinan / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2024

The cultural dialogue between Poland and China can be traced back to the 13th century, the time of Mongol invasions of Europe, and can also be linked to the activities of the missionary Benedict of Poland. Particularly important place should be attributed to the Jesuit Michał Boym and his fascination with learning about the life, customs, flora, fauna and medicine of China, as well as his sense of research and substantive scholarly preparation. Concurrently, Chinese researchers, historians and politicians spread knowledge about Poland in China by a number of historical and geographical studies about the world; at the same time, essayists and reformers drew practical knowledge from Polish historical fate and made their compatriots aware of the need to modernize China. Those first attempts to learn about both cultures had a significant impact on the contemporary cultural dialogue between Poland and China.

Guardian of the Straits: Ottoman Naval Battles at the Dardanelles (1656-1915) and Implications for Turkey’s Maritime Security

Author(s): Halil Ersin Avci / Language(s): English Issue: 34/2024

This article examines four major naval battles (1656, 1657, 1807, and 1915) that took place in the Dardanelles during the Ottoman Empire period. The study analyzes the historical context, causes, course, and consequences of these battles, emphasizing the strategic importance of the Dardanelles. Furthermore, in light of the lessons drawn from these historical events, the article offers recommendations for modern Turkey's maritime security policies. By highlighting the importance of strait defense, naval power, technological superiority, and international cooperation, the article aims to contribute to Turkey's future maritime security strategies.

Трагови османске културе у урбаној инфраструктури и живој заједници обреновићевског ниша (1878–1903)

Author(s): Milan Ranđelović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2024

Even though the Europeanization of Niš under the Obrenović dinasty (1878–1903) was a continuation of the Ottoman westernization, carried out in Niš during the late Tanzimat (1856–1878), it was not only a continued adoption of the advanced achievements of European culture and society. In Niš, under the Obrenovićs, the effort was also spent on removing everything that belonged to the culture and heritage of the Ottomans, and replacing it with Serbian, so that the city would catch up with other developed cities in the Principality of Serbia, in terms of appearance and the way of life of its inhabitants. This paper aims to show how deep the roots of the Ottoman influence were in Niš during the reign of the last Obrenovićs, through the most visible characteristics of its urban layout and the daily life of its inhabitants (habits, language, and clothing). Since the preserved archival materials written in the language of the administration mostly do not contain data on the mentioned aspects of everyday life, the research used the narrative records of authors who stayed in Niš during this period and left their observations about it.

Ратник, обавештајац, политичар: прилози за биографију пуковника Танасија Динића до 1941. године

Author(s): Rade Ristanović,Miloš Žikić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2024

Colonel Tanasije Dinić’s personality and contributions are principally associated with the era of the Second World War, during which he held a prominent role as a collaborator and served as one of Milan Nedić’s ministers. Th is article seeks to undertake a historiographical reconstruction of Colonel Dinić’s activities within the borders of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia leading up to the onset of the Second World War. Th e authors underscore three distinctive phases in Colonel Dinić’s life. Th e initial section of the study meticulously examines his wartime experiences, commencing from his enrollment in the Military Academy’s Lower School and extending to the early years subsequent to the establishment of the SHS Kingdom. Th e subsequent section of the article delves into Colonel Dinić’s signifi cant contributions to the establishment, expansion, and management of an intelligence network with a specifi c focus on Albania and Bulgaria. Th e third section of the article extensively addresses Colonel Tanasije Dinić’s tenure as a member of the Yugoslav Radical Community (JRZ) and the National Assembly. Th e scholarly foundation of this section rests upon pertinent literature and archival sources, which have been systematically employed to craft the narrative presented in the paper

Старини в землището на село Искър, Плевенско

Author(s): Tosho Spiridonov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2024

The article examines two issues – the history of the village, through the analysis of the origin and development of the village and the presentation of the antiquities in its land. The origin of the village is around the middle of the 19th century, as evidenced by a photo of a family from around 1940, in which the oldest woman is 100 years old. The toddler is the current resident, and is now 80 years old. In the yard of the same person is also the only dugout known to me so far, in which the current owner was born. The second part presents a reconstruction of the Roman aqueduct that supplied the ancient city of Escus. Until now it was only tentatively known, now this is supported and documented by fragments of the water pipe found in the village. In addition, the text mentions the presence of a Villa rustica, which was located at the eastern end of the village in the town of Manastira. Evidence for this is the partially destroyed flat necropolis and burial mound (destroyed in the 1950s) from the Roman era, which are located southwest of the villa. There is evidence of an earlier life at the height of the Samodiv Mound, where there is a burial mound of the Thracian ruler of the settlement located in the area. The author witnessed a large part of the events in the history of the village.