Doktrina Fašizma

Author(s): Benito Mussolini / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 10/1934

Kao svaka zdrava politička koncepcija, Fašizam je u isto vreme i praksa i misao: on je akcija u kojoj je doktrina imanentna. Ta doktrina je nastala iz sistema istorijskih sila, oba je s tim sistemom intimno povezana i deluje iznutra. Oblik Fašizma, prema tome, oclgovara okolnostima mesta i vremena, ali on u isto vreme: ima : jednu idealnu sadržinu koja ga izdiže na formulu istine u višoj istoriji misli. Ne može se vršiti duhovni uticaj na svet, kao ljudska volja koja vlada nad ostalim voljama, ako se ne shvati i ona prolazna i partikularna stvarnost, nad kojom se ima vršiti taj uticaj, i ona druga permanentna i univerzalna stvarnost, u kojoj prva ima svoje biće i svoj život.

КОМПЛЕТНО ИЗДАЊЕ КЊИГА XXV. БРОЈ 8. 1932

Author(s): Milan Ćurčin,Čedomir A. Popović,B. Borko,Arsen Wenzelides / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian Issue: 08/1932

The Sanjak-Beg Abashidzes’ land ownership-land use in Adjara during the rule of the Ottoman and Russian empires

Author(s): Turmanidze Otar / Language(s): English,Georgian Issue: 1/2024

The Sanjak-Beg Abashidzes from Batumi settled in Adjara from Imereti, namely from Saeri-Stavo of Argveti, in the 16th century. Adj­ara was then conquered by the Ottomans. The Abashidzes converted to Islam here and entered the service of the Ottoman state. The Ottoman Sultan gave them lands and estates and gave them the title of Sanjak Beg of Lazistan.The Abashidzes were large landowners in Adjara. The article discusses the land ownership and land use issues of the Sanjak-Beg Abashidzes of Batumi. After the implementation of the agrarian reform (Tanzimat) in the Ottoman Empire, the Agha-Begs no longer had private property. In return, they were assigned hereditary pensions, but the Abashidzes, like the rest of the Agha-begs of the Ottoman Empire, were left with the right of ownership and use.During the Ottoman rule, there was a continuous struggle bet­ween the state agencies and local landowners regarding land and estates. This struggle continued during Russian domination. During this period, the Sanjak-Beg Abashidzes from Batumi started mass sale of land and estates. They were also engaged in leasing and mortgaging pieces of land. The income in a form of natural products or money received from this was the main source of their existence. The article discusses the legal status of the Sanjak-Beg Abashidzes of Batumi. It is emphasized that during the Soviet regime they suffered severe economic and political oppression.

AT THE EASTERN BORDER OF THE VERSAILLES SECURITY SYSTEM – MILESTONES OF THE POLITICAL-DIPLOMATIC AND MILITARY RELATIONS BETWEEN ROMANIA AND POLAND BETWEEN 1919 AND 1932 –

Author(s): Dan Prisăcaru / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2018

During the interwar period, the common factor of the relations between Romania and Poland was represented by their major interest in countering an unprovoked attack from Soviet Russia – USSR. Meanwhile, the rich medieval tradition, the cultural, political and spiritual interferences provided the basis of the mutual relations between the two countries. Romanian-Polish relations were supported and encouraged by France, which was interested in achieving and maintaining a “cordon sanitaire” against the Bolshevik/Soviet threat. They were influenced by political and diplomatic leaders of the two countries, in Poland, Marshal Józef Pilsudski, and in Romania, King Ferdinand, Queen Mary and Nicolae Iorga. Romania and Poland evolved into a complex and sensitive geopolitical space, that of Central and Eastern Europe, acting politically, diplomatically and military to build relationships based on mutual recognition of borders and support from France and the United Kingdom.

ANTI-ROMANIAN PROPAGANDA IN BASARABIA IN THE SPRING OF 1918

Author(s): Lucian Drăghici / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2018

The unification of Basarabia with Romania led to increasing anti-Romanian propaganda carried out by the internal and external forces that opposed to the decision democratically adopted by the legitimate representatives of the inhabitants of Basarabia at 27 March/9 April 1918. Agents from the East or among the local population tried to lead Basarabians into believing that the Romanian authorities opposed the reforms, especially the agrarian reform and the universal suffrage. The leaders of the Basarabian Romanians and the civil and military representatives of the Romanian state made significant efforts to eliminate the effects of the anti-Romanian propaganda theses. Unfortunately, many of these theses are still used today in the media and online, highlighting the negative aspects of the Romanian presence in Basarabia at that time and deliberately ignoring the martyrdom of the Romanians from Basarabia during the Soviet occupations.

O utjecaju vjerskog faktora na odnose između Bošnjaka i Srba od uspostave Beogradske mitropolije 1831. godine do 1945.

Author(s): Admir Mulaosmanović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 2/2023

This paper traces the development of the Orthodox Church institutions in Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina during the de-Ottomanization process of Southeastern Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries. I focus on the Muslim population’s responses, primarily by institutions and intellectuals, to events that followed the autonomy of the Belgrade Metropolitanate gained in 1831. The Orthodoxy’s increasing influence and the declining influence of Islam on social trends and the formation of political ideas and approaches are also detected. The ‘Eastern question’ still has significant protagonists in the Balkans, so these relations have their geopolitical implications. Given the holistic approach, attention is paid to this relationship in the wider Balkan and even global context due to clear links in social movements during the de-Ottomanization of the Balkans, beyond Bosniak-Serb relations. The analysis also includes the consequences of certain religious and popular teachings within these universal missions on the ideological and cultural conflicts.

Husref Tahirović, Dr. Isak Samokovlija: Život u bijelom mantilu.

Author(s): Omer Merzić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 52/2023

Review of: Husref Tahirović, Dr. Isak Samokovlija: Život u bijelom mantilu. Sarajevo: Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, 2023, 200 str.

Русская литературная собака (Материалы к биографическому словарю)

Author(s): Alexander L. Sobolev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 10/2023

This unconventional dictionary, having over 100 entries, is the first attempt ever to list dogs that belonged to Russian turn-of-the-century and 20th-century writers (for example, Alexander Blok, Anton Chekhov, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Maximilian Voloshin, etc.).

Маргиналии к Маршаку

Author(s): Georgiy A. Levinton / Language(s): Russian Issue: 10/2023

The article is an attempt to find, in Soviet poetry exemplified by poetry for children, reminiscences and allusions to classical or modernist poetry. Thus, Marshak’s typically Soviet propagandist poem “Nash gerb” (“Our Coat of Arms”) is traced back to Cherubina de Gabriac's poem of the same title. Children’s verse by Marshak, as well as some lyrical and satirical poetry, comprise the main material of the paper. Some examples of Marshak’s influence on posterior Russian poetry are analyzed.

Leeripraktika õigeusu kirikus Eestis 1866–1940

Author(s): Andrei Sõtšov / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 1 (84)/2023

This article examines the history of formation and development of catechesis in Estonian Orthodox congregations in 1866–1940. Catechesis, originally a form of youth work in the Lutheran Church, was borrowed and “domesticated” as an educational practice by the Orthodox Eparchy of Riga, and later by the Estonian-speaking congregations of Estonian Apostolic-Orthodox Church, as early as in the second half of the 19th century. The first part of this article is retrospective to the introduction of catechism classes as a form of catechesis for church youth in the Estonian Orthodox congregations in Riga Eparchy until 1917. The second part of the article explores the development of catechism teaching in the EAOC congregations and the discussion concerning the catechism and youth work in church periodicals in 1918–1933. The third part deals with the EAOC catechism teaching practice, including the development of youth work during the silent era in 1934–1940.

ŠEJHUL-ISLAM MUSTAFA HAJRI-EF. I FETVA O VELIKOM DŽIHADU

Author(s): Dženan Hasić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 97/2024

The article presents a brief review of the life of shaikh al-Islam, Mustafa Hayri Efendi (1867-1921), who happened to be the head of the Ottoman Meshihat at the time of the beginning of the First World War with an emphasis on his fatwa on big jihad. In 1914, when the Ottoman Empire joined the alliance of Germany and Austria–Hungary against Russia, France and England, he issued a fatwa about the great jihad. Since the Ottoman Empire was still, though in its last years only formally, a state managed by the rule of the Shariah, it was required of the religious head of the state, shaikh al-Islam, to issue a fatwa regarding the jihad. The fatwa obligates all the Muslims of the Muslim world, thus including the Bosniaks, against the enemy of the Ottoman Empire. The religious head of the Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina at the time was Džemaluddin-ef. Čaušević. Fatwa was read in public in Sarajevo, on December 11, 1914, before over 3000 people after the jummah salah, in Gazi Husrev-bey’s mosque, and before the troops of the AustroHungarian army in Bosnia and Herzegovina in March 1915.

Zénó Vernyik, Cities of Saviors. Urban Space in E. E. Cummings’ Complete Poems

Author(s): Lívia Klára Szélpál / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Review of: Zénó Vernyik, Cities of Saviors. Urban Space in E. E. Cummings’ Complete Poems, 1904-1962 and Peter Ackroyd’s Hawksmoor. AMERICANA eBOOKS, University of Szeged, 2015, 170 pages

Wartime Provisioning, the People, and the State in Habsburg Central Europe during World War I

Author(s): Jiří Hutečka / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the scholarship and processes that made the home front and the question of provisioning a central issue in a series of economic, social, and political crises in Central Europe. In particular, it focuses on those issues that played a role in the downfall of the Habsburg monarchy. Using the dual perspective of a general survey supported by specific examples from the microcosm of wartime Moravia, it shows how the government (mis)managed production, supply, and consumption, and how these efforts fundamentally altered the relationship of the state to its citizens, and vice versa, resulting in a complete breakdown of loyalty to a government perceived as an utter failure. In doing so, the text summarizes the current state of knowledge and identifies gaps that need to be filled with further research to make the existing picture both more complex and complete.

Robert Saudek — intelektuál ve spárech válečné propagandy

Author(s): Barbara Köpplová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2024

The text traces Saudek’s activities during his stay in the Netherlands, from 1915 to 1921. For most of this period Saudek cooperated with the Austro-Hungarian embassy in The Hague and ran his own correspondence office. At the same time, he worked for the Hollandsch Nieuwsbureau (HNB), an outwardly neutral news agency founded with considerable help of the German embassy in The Hague. Robert Saudek succeeded in convincing the diplomats in The Hague and the Viennese authorities that he was the real owner of the HNB agency.

„Pohulianka“: vakarinio Vilniaus priemiesčio pavadinimo kilmė ir ribų kaita 1790–1940 metais

Author(s): Aelita Ambrulevičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 53/2024

The article examines the origin of the name “Pohulianka”, the western suburb of Vilnius, and establishes the chronology of the usage of this name from the first mentions in city plans to its disappearance from the topography of the city due to the Lithuanianization of urbanonyms in 1939–1940. Based on cartographic and written sources, the dynamics of the suburb boundaries are analyzed in the context of the changing urban name in 1790–1940.

Lietuvių jėzuitų įsikūrimas Amerikoje: veiklos kryptys ir problemos XX amžiuje

Author(s): Ignas Stanevičius / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 53/2024

The article examines the directions and challenges of the activities of Lithuanian Jesuits in exile from 1931 to 1990. The study utilizes archival Jesuit documents such as annual meeting reports, meeting protocols, correspondence, and memoirs. In 1948, with the approval of the Jesuit leadership in Rome, the Jesuits established a viceprovince that brought together all the priests separated from the native Lithuanian Jesuit province. The challenges of emigration compelled the monks to adapt to the everyday life of the new world, nurture the spirit of Jesuit life, and preserve their national identity. Jesuits continued their missionary work beyond the borders of the vice-province, undertaking missions in Canada, South America, and Uruguay. The expansive geographical scope of their activities raised concerns regarding the spiritual calling of the Jesuits themselves. Simultaneously, the decrees of the Second Vatican Council had a parallel influence, prompting Jesuits to reconsider their affiliation with the order.

Татары Великого Княжества Литовского в Соединенных Штатах Америки

Author(s): Siarhiej Miskiewicz / Language(s): Russian Issue: Spec/2023/2023

At the end of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century, Tatars of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania started migrating to new lands and countries including England, Argentina and America. They were looking for work and the USA became their preferred country. Many Tatars returned back to homeland, but most of them stayed in America and succeeded. Tatars from Ivje, Navahradak, Mir, Kleck, Tavsiuny, Milkuny, Śviańciany, Dokšycy, Uzda, Śmiłavičy, Minsk, Vilnia and other settlements of Russian Empire before the World War I founded their registered society in New York in 1907. It was the first Muslim organization in the USA. They also founded the Muslim mizars in the Maple Grove and Cedar Grove cemeteries in New York. They started teaching children and bought a building for mosque in 1930. Tatars provided the annual dances and picnics, organized the funding (dues, fees, fines, loans, donations) for payment of expenses, helped the Society members (death and illness benefits) and Muslims in other countries including the former homeland (Ivje in 1922, Niekrašuncy, Warszawa in 1945 and etc.). They published a newspaper, the prayer books. They took part in the main historical events in the USA: the World War I, the World War II, Korean and Vietnam wars, post-war occupation of Germany, etc. Unfortunately, the Society had been developed until 1960s (member quantity was more than 300) and now it is in decline due to assimilation and migration. This article is devoted to the Tatar society of the USA. It is based on the results of study of family collections, oral stories, archival documents (Ellis Island cases, certificates of birth, death, marriage, draft) and pictures. The organization structure, the names of the famous Tatars and the Society board members (presidents, vice-presidents, secretaries, treasurers, imams, teachers, bank account holders, funeral committee members, etc.), the information about two cemeteries are revealed and provided.

Vloga šivalnega stroja v socialni in gospodarski zgodovini vsakdanjega življenja v 19. in prvi polovici 20. stoletja

Author(s): Nataša Henig Miščič / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2024

The article focuses on the sewing machine’s role in economic and social history. First, it examines the long development and the marketing and advertising techniques that enabled the sewing machine to find a place in people’s everyday lives. The second part of the article explores the Slovenian territory, the development of the education system, and, consequently, the development of the seamstress profession.

Neporočene matere med normami in prakso

Author(s): Ana Cergol Paradiž / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 1/2024

In the Habsburg Monarchy, the civil rights of illegitimate mothers and children were primarily regulated by the Austrian Civil Code of 1811. Under this code, illegitimate children did not enjoy the same rights as legitimate ones. Nevertheless, the illegitimate father was obligated to provide for them. The extent to which this progressive principle in Austrian law was practically implemented remains uncertain. This study investigates the frequency with which illegitimate mothers pursued legal recourse when fathers refused financial responsibility for their children. Additionally, it examines how often these mothers successfully obtained paternity recognition. The paper addresses these inquiries by analysing one hundred preserved custody court files from the District Courts in Rakek, Lož, and Cerknica between 1899 and 1945, alongside other relevant civil law documents.

Василий Шарапов и художественная жизнь Палеха второй половины 1930-х — начала 1940-х гг.

Author(s): Dmitry Igorevich Polyvyannyy / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2023

The essay is dedicated to Vasiliy Sharapov (1917—1942) — student of Palekh Art School named after M. Gorky in 1933—1938 and associate of the State Museum of Palekh Art in 1938—1941. The eight years of his study and work in Palekh embrace the time of significant change in the education of the new generation Palekh painters and in their activities under the Fellowship of Palekh artists, which replaced the Artel of ancient painting in 1933. The artists had to reorganize their relations with the governmental and municipal institutes at all levels, including the Palekh district formed in 1935. The adaptation of the forms and contents of their art production to the ideological standards of the “socialist society” and the new aesthetic needs of Soviet people took place. Sharapov’s notes, letters, articles in the local press are considered against the background of the archival documents and publications of his contemporaries – journalists, art critics and historians of art. This approach allows to consider the young museum associate as one of the important “backstage persons” in the artistic life of Palekh in the second half of the 1930s and the beginning of the 1940s. The main attention is paid to Sharapov’s search of the ways to overcome the crisis, in which, as he supposed, found itself the Palekh painting after 1936, and to elaborate new theoretical approach to the Palekh art combining classical views and Marxist philosophy. His articles on Pavel Bazhenov (1904—1941), whom Sharapov considered one of the main persons of the contemporary Palekh art in fact put the beginning to the complex evaluation of the works. The article is followed with brief biographic reference on the persons – contemporaries of V. Sharapov mentioned in the text.