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„Hiszpania! Jakież czarodziejskie słowo, jakże uroczo brzmi ten wyraz!”… Obraz Hiszpanii na przełomie XIX i XX wieku w polskich listach z podróży

Author(s): Aleksandra Ewelina Mikinka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2021

Modern Polish ideas about the Iberian Peninsula can often be summarised in slogans: azure sky, beautiful women, bullfighting, Don Quixote from La Mancha. Has this image of Spain been with us for centuries, or has it been “produced” by modern mass tourism? The aim of this article is to analyse travel texts from the 19th and 20th centuries describing journeys around the Iberian Peninsula and an attempt to answer the question of what Spain looks like in the eyes of Poles deprived of their own statehood. Is it terra incognita, an exotic country with a rich history, in which travellers find a reflection in architecture and customs, fascinated by Madrid, Barcelona, and Salamanca? Or maybe it evokes disappointment? The article compares travel letters by four Polish travellers and historians: Aleksander Hirschberg, Adolf Pawiński, Józef Wawel-Louis, and Stanisław Starża. The analysis of the letters was divided into thematic blocks: historical Polish-Spanish relations, perceptions and impressions, opinions about Spaniards and Spanish women, and cultural controversies (corrida, cockfighting).

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Królestwo Boże (Józefa Czapskiego podróż do Hiszpanii w roku 1930)

Author(s): Andrzej Franaszek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2021

The author of the article describes a trip to Spain made by Józef Czapski in 1930. This outstanding painter and essayist, witness to the Katyń massacre, co-creator of the Parisian magazine Kultura [Culture] and Polish intellectual life in exile, at the time of visiting Madrid and its nearby areas for nearly two months was still a young artist, looking for the painting poetics closest to his soul. The visits to the Prado brought him two great discoveries: the works of El Greco and Goya. For Czapski, El Greco is a captivating example of religious painting and simultaneously – fidelity to the vision, the way of seeing the world. Goya fascinated Czapski with the thematic and stylistic range of his art – from “official” court portraits to dramatic records of nearly surreal visions, reflecting the artist’s fundamental belief in human depravity. The trip to Spain also had another meaning for Czapski – it was in a way a journey in the footsteps of St. Teresa of Avila, broadly: a reflection on the role of mystical experience in the spiritual life of man. From these two perspectives: artistic and religious, the encounter with the Spanish culture appears to be one of the more important and fateful episodes in the biography of Józef Czapski.

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Kremer, Tarnowski, Rydel – związki nie tylko tekstowe

Author(s): Renata Stachura-Lupa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2019

The paper shows connections between Stanisław Tarnowski and Lucjan Rydel and his family. Tarnowski was a disciple of Józef Kremer, while Rydel was a pupil of Tarnowski. Kremer’s views on art, to some extent, shaped Tarnowski’s aesthetic thought, especially when it comes to the perception of beauty and creative act. Kremer accompanied Tarnowski at the beginning of his scientific career. Rydel used to attend Tarnowski’s speeches in his gymnasium period, and then as a student of the Jagiellonian University. He belonged to a narrow group of Young Poland writers, whose work was appreciated by the critic. He included papers about Rydel in Przegląd Polski. In 1899 Tarnowski welcomed a debut volume by Rydel, appreciating his ‘inherent gift, acquired skill, good taste and musical ear, as well as playing with the difficulty of form,’ which contributed to ‘truly brilliant results.’ He praised the author for ‘his honest feelings’, at the same time noticing the dominance of sadness in his poetry, which was supposed to be typical of ‘young’ poetry, reflecting the depressing mood in the nation, caused by ‘the state of the motherland.’ In 1901 in Przegląd Polski he published a dissertation Nowe kierunki dramatu i „Zaczarowane koło” Lucjana Rydla, in which he made an ‘analysis’ of his disciple’s art. What he found particularly valuable was the method of presenting the countryside, which proved he was well-acquainted with its reality. However, it was only the trilogy Zygmunt August that he regarded as a masterpiece and ‘the best historical tragedy we’ve ever had’.

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Wojenne diagnozy literatury i kultury polskiejw Intermediach rybałtowskich Bolesława Leśmiana

Author(s): Joanna Niewiarowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2020

The paper contains an analysis and interpretation of essays by Bolesław Leśmian from 1915 to 1916, published in Myśl Polska in the section ‘Intermedia rybałtowskie’. These texts, which concern literary life, are considered in reference to the tradition of minstrel literature and against the background of war changes and cultural diagnoses. This perspective makes it possible to perceive Leśmian not only as an insightful diagnostician, who is familiar with philosophical-cultural issues (which has been proved by researchers), but also a critic of contemporary times and change initiator, who was able to recognise his own situation and literary identity against a broad sociological-cultural background, and took an effort inborder to change his own position andbsome rules which were relevant in the Polish literary field.

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Carska cenzura zagraniczna wobec publikacji Stanisława Tarnowskiego (1871–1914)

Author(s): Janusz Kostecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2019

According to the criterion of the number of books of a given author, which were attempted to be brought from behind the cordon to the Empire in the examined period, Tarnowski was one of the most popular authors. At the same time, he belonged to artists whose achievements during this period were questioned the largest number of times. The work of Stanisław Tarnowski was controlled by the Russians particularly harshly. In his works, he perceived the Catholic religion and national culture as unique, and the consequence was undisguised resentment and even contempt for communities professing other value systems. In censorship offices, therefore, two opposing narratives collided, which are now defined as nationalist and xenophobic: “Polish-patriotic” (present in Tarnowski’s texts) and Great Britain (in subsequent editors of the Censorship and Printing Act). Its regulations, due to “local conditions”, were treated by the officials in any event in a broad and presentistic way, but - contrary to popular opinion - I believe that individual decisions of Russian officials resulted not only from the pursuit of the destruction of the memory of the conquered nation, but were often directed primarily for the defense of native values: the honor of the Russians and the powers of power, as well as the Orthodox religion.

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Baťa’s Zlín and literature: art and media at the service… of progress and as a service to progress

Author(s): Barbora Svobodová / Language(s): English Issue: 17/2019

Baťa’s Zlín represents a complex phenomenon that cannot be reduced to the business sphere only. It was, in essence, a modernist avant-garde project unique for its kind in the context of Central Europe in the first half of the 20th century. The Baťa shoemaking company very much influenced and determined nearly all of the events in this East Moravian town and the whole region itself, and it also had an idea of the forms and functions of artistic production. While in the field of architecture, urbanism and design, progressive artistic tendencies were strongly applied in the spirit of corporate philosophy, Baťa’s taste in literature was, as it appeared on the pages of the company periodicals Sdělení and later in Zlín and in the production of publishing house Tisk Zlín, very conservative. Baťa encouraged his employees to develop reading literacy and self-study, founded a company library, but at the same time, books were considered in a sense of Czech National Revival as a means of educating, teaching, and cultivating workers. Literary works were to communicate clearly understandable and positive messages; on the other hand, they were also supposed to entertain the readers and enable them to relax. Within the framework of the main newspapers published by the company, the Literary Patrol section with the recommendation of specific titles was included from the beginning, and also examples of fiction and non-literary texts were published in Baťa’s press together with excerpts from manuals devoted to personal development. Especially in later years, much space was devoted to travel reports. In the mid-1920s, the company acquired a publishing and bookkeeping concession and began publishing its own publications. During the relatively short period of time, despite repeated calls the authors who would start creating Baťa bestsellers were nowhere to be found. Even J. A. Baťa appealed to writers to do this in his speech at the Writers’ Congress held in Zlín in 1936, and he also tried to motivate them by having the company began to award literary and journalist prizes. But few original books could meet Bata’s literary demands, and today we can only speculate how the situation would have developed if it had not been violently interrupted by historical events.

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Typografia to uderzenie, forma, kształt, konstrukcja… Szczuka, Strzemiński, Berlewi, Hiller, czyli polska awangarda artystyczna w projektowaniu graficznym druków pierwszej połowy XX wieku w Polsce

Author(s): Jacek Ladorucki,Jacek Ladorucki,Jacek Ladorucki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2018

The aim of the article is to analyse the selected examples of avant-garde books and to present the means of graphical expression in the design concepts of the most important creators of the Polish graphics art if the 20th century. It is also important to point out the element of the cultural interpretation of the phenomena from the borderline of arts, literature and artistic performance connected with the context of time, space and breaking the social barriers. The art of avant-garde has presented a book as an object of social use and anthropologically adapted to a man. Artists such as Mieczysław Szczuka, Teresa Żarnowerówna, Henryk Berlewi, Władysław Strzemiński, Karol Hiller had in an original way composed the space of artistic communicates, the internal space of literature and dynamized the canons of typography.

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Náš Yellowstonský park? Státní ochrana přírody a veřejnost v českých a slezských Krkonoších od konce 19. století do druhé světové války

Author(s): Stanislav Holubec / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2023

The article deals with the role of the state in nature protection in the Bohemian and Silesian Giant Mountains (Krkonoše, Riesengebirge) from late 19th century to 1938. It argues that the issue of local nature conservation should be seen in the broader context of the development of nature conservation in Central Europe. It also shows that the main motive behind conservationists’ calls for a stronger role of the state after 1900 was the growing perception of tourism as a threat for the mountains. The state’s involvement in nature protection increased after World War I when it established natural reservations and issued nature protection decrees. At the same time, however, the growth of mass tourism led the state to plan and build roads and implement other economic plans that were highly damaging to nature. In addition, there were military and strategic motives that led states to build roads and border fortifications in the 1930s.

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Stosunek społeczeństwa polskiego i mniejszości narodowych do obowiązku służby wojskowej w czasie wojny z Rosją bolszewicką (luty 1919 – listopad 1920)

Author(s): Leszek Kania / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2020

The article is devoted to the protection of the combat capability of the Polish Army front troops from negative phenomena lowering their morale and discipline during the war with Bolshevik Russia in 1919–1921, and the attitudes of the Polish society and national minorities towards fulfilling their military service. After regaining independence, the war for independence and eastern borders had to be fought with a traditionally aggressive neighbor, Bolshevik Russia, which wanted to take advantage of the limited capabilities of a country ruined by wars, the enormous internal difficulties of a state united from three partitioned districts, the apparent attractiveness of the Bolshevik ideology and the multi-ethnicity of the society, which to some extent became susceptible to the populist slogans of the invader. During this war, the Polish Army was troubled by desertion of soldiers from the battle line and by mass evasion of military duty by men with a national minority background. Units fighting at the front were agitated by the propaganda apparatus of the Red Army, whose intention was a moral decay of the Polish Army.

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Causes and Military Implications of the Emigration of the Muslim Population from Romania to the Ottoman Empire / Republic of Türkiye (1878-1939)

Author(s): Metin Omer / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2023

This paper aims to analyse to what extent the emigration of Turks and Tatars from Romania to the Ottoman Empire / Republic of Türkiye had military causes. The chronological limits of the study are the year 1878, when Dobrogea entered the borders of the Romanian state, and the year 1939, when the Second World War started. The analysis is divided into two parts. The first part explains to what extent military service in a Christian army was a cause of emigration and discusses whether the authorities in Bucharest succeeded in integrating Muslims into the Romanian army. In the second part, the interwar period is examined. The study shows that performing military service in a Christian army was no longer the main cause of emigration, but there were local abuses by some representatives of military institutions. These were investigated and action from the central authorities was called for, but the phenomenon, which had complex causes, could not be stopped. This part also explains the attraction that the transformations in the Republic of Türkiye and the military and political skills of its founder, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, had on the Turks and Tatars of Dobruja. A final aspect analysed is the involvement of the Ministry of National Defence in the regulation of the emigration process. The main sources used in the study are unpublished archival documents from Romania and Türkiye, newspapers and magazines of the Turkish-Tatar community, and the national press.

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Artysta teatralny i filmowy Aleksander Bożydar Żabczyński (1900-1958) pod lupą aparatu bezpieczeństwa PRL

Author(s): Bożena Koszel-Pleskaczuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2022

Theater is not only a place where one can admire artistic craftsmanship - it is also an institution that can act as a moral compass. Acting was a form of art, therefore, actors influenced the way the society perceived reality. One of the most famous actors in the history of Polish film and theater is Aleksander Bożydar Żabczyński. He was also one of the artists that were very much a subject of interest of the security services of the Polish People’s Republic. The security services wanted to infiltrate the artistic circles, which included surveillance of Żabczyński himself. Thanks to the obtained information, the authorities wanted to prevent the groups from undertaking any anti-government actions.

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Marta Chojnowska, Małgorzata K. Frąckiewicz: Prawosławni łomżyńscy. Opracowanie ze słownikiem nazwisk w cyklu Mniejszości narodowe i etniczne w XIX i początkach wieku XX w Łomżyńskiem

Author(s): Henryk Duszyński-Karabasz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2023

Review of: Marta Chojnowska, Małgorzata K. Frąckiewicz: Prawosławni łomżyńscy. Opracowanie ze słownikiem nazwisk w cyklu Mniejszości narodowe i etniczne w XIX i początkach wieku XX w Łomżyńskiem. Polskie Towarzystwo Historyczne Oddział w Łomży. Łomża 2020, ss. 182.

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How to Reflect on 20th Century Man Facing Dramatic Situations and Hard Choices?

Author(s): Aurimas Švedas / Language(s): English Issue: 51/2023

This article seeks to answer the question what ideas formed in the field of history theory can help de-velop a new interpretation of 20th century history, people facing difficult situations, the decisions they made, and, finally, traumatic individual and collective memory. The turbulent 20th century history and the memories about it is controversial; therefore, when contemporary Lithuanian society endeavors to discuss certain events, phenomena, and personalities and tries to come to a consensus on their immortalization – disagreements inevitably arise. In the process of research, it transpired that in contemporary historiography concerning the purpose and meaning of a historian’s work, as well as the responsibility to society of researchers of the past, several points are emphasized: (1) in the 21st century, historians have to find a new way of dealing with the complex issues of history; (2) scholars must recognize a responsibility for people who lived in the past and live the present, as well as to strive to show in the present perspective the fates of those who lived in the past; (3) the study of the past should contribute to the development of “intercultural competencies” which contemporary man lacks and which help him to understand The Other (past and present man); (4) to achieve these goals, historians need to transform their discipline into a “profes-sion of understanding” that promotes inquisitiveness and openness to the world; (5) researchers of the past, when confronted with attempts to turn them into politicians or judges, have to leave the past open to new questions and interpretations; (6) those who study the past must engage in theoretical (self-)reflection that is necessary to perform the function of a critic that is so vital to society; and (7) historians need to think about the importance of the pres-ent dimension confronting complex historical issues. Historians work with collective memory to address the issues of self-awareness in time which face society. Researchers into the past also seek to initiate a dialogue between the people of the past and present. The conduct of the dialogue and its quality depend to a large extent on the level of the empathy that has been developed. Introducing empathy as a method for exploring knowledge about history and the present, this article draws on the ideas of George R. Collingwood, a British historian, archaeologist, and philosopher.

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Das Deutsche Volksblatt für Galizien als Spiegel der Identitätskonstruktion und sprachideologischer Debatten zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts

Author(s): Stefaniya Ptashnyk / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2023

This article deals with the question of how the Galician Germans’ national identity and cultural togetherness were constructed in the press. Texts from the Deutsches Volksblatt für Galizien (DVG), the press organ of the Union of Christian Germans of Galicia, serve as empirical material. They allow the reconstruction of one of the numerous strands of discourse regarding the identity of the Galician Germans. As the analysis shows, the construction of this identity was based on three central aspects: origin, values, and cultural commonalities. Among the latter was the common German language which, in discourse at the beginning of the 20th century, represented an important cultural asset and a significant component of collective identity. As a consequence, the DVG called for attention to the preservation and maintenance of the German language in family, school and church contexts.

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Polykulturalität als Positionierungsstrategie siebenbürgisch-sächsischer Literaturperiodika (1907 – 1939)

Author(s): Sofie Dobbener,Heimo Stiemer / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2023

The most important Transylvanian-Saxon literary journals of the first half of the 20th century, Die Karpathen (1907-1914) and Klingsor (1924-1939), were published in Kronstadt (rom. Brașov, hun. Brassó). Both declared their commitment to the task of cultural mediation between Hungarian, Romanian, and German ethnic groups which, at the time, made up the complex demographic structure of the city. Despite the same social and political environment, the journals operated in different spaces. While Kronstadt was part of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy before the First World War, afterwards it was part of Greater Romania, where there was an increased Nazi radicalization of German-speaking minorities in the 1930s. From a field-theoretical perspective, this paper considers how the journals positioned themselves in the context of polycultural conditions. The results are subsequently compared with a quantitative-statistical analysis of the publication history. In this way, the function of polyculturalism in their literary positioning strategies is reconstructed both on a rhetorical and a publication-practical level.

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ЖЕНЩИНЫ-ТАТАРКИ КАСИМОВСКОГО КРАЯ В ПЕРВОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ ХХ в.

Author(s): Alfiya G. Gallyamova,Ilnara Khanipova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2023

The purpose of the article is to analyze the transformation of the behavioral patterns of Kasimov Tatar women in the first half of the XX c. The specific task is to reveal the role, to show the achievements of the Kasimov Tatar women in the context of the history of the city of Kasimov and the country in the first half of the XX c. The main sources are published scientific and popular science publications; documents from the State Archives of the Russian Federation introduced into scientific circulation for the first time; materials of the Kasimov newspaper “Red Sunrise”. Based on the aggregation of these data, the activities of women from national minorities in the system of education, art and science, as well as in social and political life are covered. Particular attention is paid to outstanding personalities, whose names have become widely known outside the Kasimovsky district, namely the teacher S. Kh. Bulatova, mathematician S. Kh. Shakulova, opera singer Z. G. Bayrasheva, writer and statesman Z. Kh. Burnasheva and others. The authors conclude that among the Kasimov Tatar women there were professionals who broke the stereotypes about Tatar women, who were open to modernization processes and actively participated in their implementation.

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Российский подоходный налог на фоне социально-политических событий 1917–1920-х гг.

Author(s): Olga Mihajlovna Morozova,Tatjana Igorevna Troshina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 43/2023

The introduction of income tax in Russia has a long history, but not all stages of this process have been covered in scholarly publications. Due to the low efficiency of the tax institutions of the post-revolutionary governments, their law-making activities and attempts to collect income tax in 1917–1921 remain under-researched. What little the Soviet and White governments had in common was their willingness to base their fiscal practices on the imperial legislation. The practice of application revealed differences. The Bolsheviks consistently developed the existing framework, trying to find forms of tax collection appropriate to the country’s situation despite a long phase of failure in their attempts. Not only the central authorities, but also the county councils and congresses were given greater freedom in rulemaking. In contrast to this experience, the opponents of the Soviet power, didn’t work out the contours of the emergency financial system. The decrees and orders of the White governments were only created to respond to inflationary processes. The construction of the peacetime tax system continued under the extraordinary conditions of economic crisis and famine. The Soviet government and the People’s Commissariat of Finance did not abandon the idea of the income tax, considering its presence a sign of maturity of the tax system and the guarantee of stability of revenue receipts in the budget. At the stage of the class struggle in the economic sphere in the 1920s, it was used as a tool to restrain the growth of bourgeois elements in trade and production. The introduction of this type of tax in the agricultural collective sector lasted for decades. Sporadic attempts to use it in the 1920s were unsuccessful. It was not until 1992 that it took the form of a personal income tax.

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Почему не распалась Российская Федерация в 1991 г.?

Author(s): Boris N. Mironov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 44/2023

Parade of the sovereignties of the autonomous republics in 1990–1991 led to the disintegration of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia and Moldova and brought the Russian Federation to the brink of collapse. The main centers of separatism in the Russian Federation were Chechnya and Dagestan, but separatist sentiments and movements were widespread in Ingushetia, Tuva, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Yakutia and Buryatia. In the 1990s from 31 to 75 points of ethno-territorial tensions in Russia were recorded. Researchers expresses different points of view on the reasons for the development of nationalism in the autonomous republics. According to one of them, in the republics, under the influence of Moscow’s national policy, ambitious national elites were formed, which became the driving force behind the development of separatism. In this article, this point of view is tested on the data of the all-Union population censuses of 1926, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989. The analysis of the national composition of the governing bodies in 1917–1989 allows us to propose the following periodization of the process of indigenization of management in autonomies: 1) 1917–1939 — intensive increase in the ethno-political status of the titular peoples and national minorities in general and negative discrimination against Russians, 2) 1940–1956 — democratic alignment of ethnic statuses, 3) 1956–1989 — moderate increase in the ethno-political status of the titular peoples and non-Russian ethnic groups in general and negative discrimination against Russians. Increasing the representativeness and role of non-Russian ethnic groups and the decline in the representativeness and role of Russians in the administration of autonomies were the main trends in the Soviet period.

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MOBILIZING THE MUSLIMS: OTTOMAN-GERMAN PROPAGANDA IN WORLD WAR I

Author(s): Ceren Uçan / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

On 2 August 1914, the Ottoman Empire and the German Empire agreed on an alliance, and the Ottoman Empire officially entered into World War I on 29 October 1914 as one of the Central Powers. In November, jihad was proclaimed by the Ottoman Sultan. The Ottoman and German governments published pamphlets, leaflets, and newspapers to mobilize Muslims in India, Egypt, and other dependencies of the Allies. They aimed to incite mutiny among native populations in their armies, foster Pan-Islamism, or create pro-German sentiments. While some of the propaganda materials invited Muslims to holy war, others used the Caliphate and the Ottoman Empire as a bridge to reach the Muslims. This article examines German and Ottoman propaganda to mobilize Muslims against the Allies.

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BİRİNCİ DÜNYA SAVAŞI’NIN ARDINDAN OSMANLI ORTADOĞUSU’NDA YENİ DÜZEN ARAYIŞLARINDAN BİR KESİT: İRAN’IN MUSUL SİYASETİ (1918-1926)

Author(s): Ramazan Sonat / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2023

This study focuses on the strategies and activities developed by Iran towards Mosul, one of the most important centers of the Ottoman Middle East, from 1918, which symbolizes the last year of the First World War, to the Ankara Agreement signed between Turkey and England in June 1926. Although the Mosul issue has been examined in world historiography with a Turkey and Britain-centered approach, within the framework of the invisible face of the issue, Iran has attached geopolitical and geostrategic importance to Mosul, with the aim of filling the power vacuum that emerged here after the end of the First World War. As a matter of fact, the study broadly touches on the struggles that Iran has entered into with the UK and Turkey for Mosul. Thus, the study has devoted itself to explaining what the solution of the issue means in terms of regional dynamism by introducing the existence of a third power other than Turkey and the UK in the Mosul issue into academic writing. In addition the study argues in the conclusion that although the First World War officially ended in 1918, its repercussions continued for a long time in different parts of the Ottoman geography such as Mosul and even extended to the present day.

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