Ołeksandr Kozyr-Zirka – sylwetka niezdyscyplinowanego atamana z okresu rządów Dyrektoriatu Ukraińskiej Republiki Ludowej (1918–1919)

Author(s): Marek Bogdan Kozubel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The article is devoted to Oleksandr Kozyr-Zirka, one of the most famous atamans of the period of the Ukrainian national revolution 1917–1921. In November 1918, he joined the uprising against Hetman Paweł Skoropadski. After the overthrow of the Hetmanate, he became famous mainly for the robberies in the rear of Ukrainian Army and the pogroms in Owrucz at the turn of 1918 and 1919. His fate inspired Mikhail Bulgakov to create the character of the bloody ataman KozyrLashka, one of the side characters of the novel „The White Guard”.

When Typhus Rode a Red Horse: Weaponizing Disease During the Polish-Bolshevik War

Author(s): Christopher Blackburn / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

This work explores the role of the Red Army in the spread of typhus on Polishlands during the Polish-Bolshevik War, 1919–1920. As a result of the Bolshevikstyle of war, one of the results of the Soviet advance into Poland was the anti-typhus effort along the border and throughout the country. Polish efforts, supportedby American humanitarian groups, had made great strides in eradicating typhushowever, much of this was undone with the Bolshevik offensive of 1920. Throughboth active and passive means the Bolshevik advance drove typhus victims andrefugees across the Polish lines, while at the same time Bolshevik forces destroyedor removed sanitation equipment and supplies across the frontier.

POLITIKA E JASHTME E QEVERISË SË PËRKOHSHME TË VLORËS SIPAS DOKUMENTEVE ARKIVORE

Author(s): Gea Sulo / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 1-2/2022

The moment of declaration of Albanian’s Independence on November 28,1912, by the National Assembly of Vlora, constitutes the turning point between yesterday and the future of the Albanian Nation. The act of declaring independence laid the foundations of independent state life, but this act will be followed continuously by a series of major tasks, which belonged to the internal and external policy of the new state. It was this assembly which, with the creation of the Provisional Government of Vlora, at the head of which Ismail Qemali himself was placed as prime minister, approved the fact that the prime minister would also hold the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs. With this, we have the beginning of the work for the organization of the diplomatic activity of the new Albanian state. The first step begins with the notification of the Great Powers and the governments of the neighbouring countries on this extraordinary event of the Albanian national life. And this is done through a letter signed by Ismail Qemali himself, where, among other things, it is written that: “…Albanians are happy that they were able to join the family of free peoples of the Orient, and have no other goal than to live in peace with our neighbouring countries”. An orientation which is also related to the foreign policy of the new state. In the following days and years, the foreign policy of the new state is accompanied by feverish activity on the part of the representatives, to the Great Powers of the time, to the neighbouring countries, and even to the High Gate, demanding international recognition of the act of great independence, which was accompanied by the complete separation from the Ottoman Empire. So the recognition of the new independent Albanian state, and the first national government. Work immediately began on the preparation of a representative group for London, where the work of the Ambassadors' Conference had begun. Their diplomatic mission would be the recognition by the participants of the Conference of the Independent Albanian state. The first decision related to this aspect belongs to date, December 5, 1912, where the Minister of Foreign Affairs is in charge of preparing the diplomatic mission. On December 8, the political theses that would serve this mission were approved, and on December 9, the representative members for the Ambassadors' Conference were approved. All preparations were made so that the Provisional Government of Vlora, as representatives of all Albanians, would appear with dignity in its first confrontation in the international arena. In the multitude of documentary sources that our archive has in the fund of the Provisional Government of Vlora, in this reference we will highlight only those related to the diplomatic activity of this government. The aim is to chronologically reflect the documentary sources related only to the foreign policy of the new Albanian state.

Geneza asystencji wojskowej w II Rzeczypospolitej

Author(s): Piotr Hac / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2021

The article presents the issue of the genesis of military assistance in the Second Polish Republic. In interwar Poland, this term was understood as providing aid by the armed forces for the benefit of civil authorities, primarily in connection with ensuring public safety, or in the event of natural disasters. The text analyzes Polish and foreign experiences with the use of the army for the indicated purposes, as well as characterizes the regulations of foreign countries established before 1918 in this field. In the period from January to April 1919, basic regulations concerning the discussed issues were issued.

Tajny Wywiad Zagraniczny Abwehry w latach 1919–1933

Author(s): Florian Altenhöner / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2021

The article analyzes the role of the Abwehr’s secret intelligence service duringthe Weimar Republic. General information concerning the structure of the Abwehrand its activitiesis is provided alongside the confrontation of the myths about the“Versal regulations” and nonexistence of the Abwehr. The author presents the structure of the Abwehr, and its most important sources of information are presented(agential and technical) and its cooperation with foreign intelligence services. Theanalysis carried out leads to the conclusion that the Abwehr were a small but appreciated organization which provided the Reichswehr with important information.

Ustrój i działalność sądownictwa rosyjskiej floty wojennej w latach 1867–1914, część 2

Author(s): Leszek Madej / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

Płk. Józef Beck (1894-1944); Marek Kornat, Dariusz Wołos: Józef Beck.

Author(s): Bernard Wiaderny / Language(s): German Issue: 3/2023

Reviews of: Płk. Józef Beck (1894–1944). Żołnierz, dyplomata, polityk [Oberst Józef Beck (1894– 1944). Soldat, Diplomat, Politiker.] Hrsg. von Sławomir M. Nowinowski. (Biblioteka Oddziału Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej w Łodzi, Bd. 41.) Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. Łódź - Warszawa 2017. 472 S. ISBN 978-83-63695-20-0. (PLN 40,-.) Marek Kornat, Dariusz Wołos: Józef Beck. Biografia [Józef Beck. Biografie.] Wydawnictwo Literackie. Kraków 2020. 1148 S., Ill. ISBN 978-83-08-06961-5. (PLN 119,90.)

For a Political Portrait of Nikoloz (Carlo) Chkheidze

Author(s): Otar Janelidze / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2022

The elite of the Democratic Republic of Georgia is decorated with many famous personalities. Among them are Karlo Chkheidze, one of the founders of the Mesame Dasi (Third Group) deputy of the State Duma of Russia of the third and fourth convocations and leader of the Social Democratic faction, chairman of the Transcaucasian Seim, and then the National Council, Parliament and Constituent Assembly of Georgia. His name is closely connected not only with the revolutionary movement and the spread of Marxist ideology in the working circles of our country but also with the history of the Georgian Democratic Republic of 1918-1921. He was one of the prominent figures among those who led and laid the foundation for the new Georgian state, inextricably rooted in Western values, parliamentary democracy, freedom of speech, self-expression, and so on. in Georgian reality. Thanks to his professionalism, inner honesty, and moral authority, he was respected not only by members of the Social Democratic Party who headed the government but also by representatives of the opposition spectrum and Georgian society as a whole. Karlo Chkheidze was well known and appreciated both in the circles of the Russian and the international socialist movement. He was also an important figure in the Georgian political emigration, which continued the struggle for the liberation of Georgia abroad since 1921.

RAZVOJ MEKTEPSKE POUKE U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI DO DRUGOG SVJETSKOG RATA

Author(s): Elvir Duranović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 93/2023

The author here presents a study of the development of the maktab class since its establishment during the Ottoman rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina until the end of the Second World War. During the Ottoman period, the local maktab class education was no different from the maktab education anywhere else in the empire. Its primary goal was to teach children reading the Qur’an and basic religious studies. The first real reform of maktab education took place by the end of the 19th century with the foundation of maktabi-ibādiyyah – reformed maktab, first in main cities and later in most places in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The author here presents the documents on the bases of which the first maktabi- ibādiyyah were established and then he analyses all the reforms of the Teaching Plan and Program therein until these institutions were closed down in 1931. He particularly focuses here on the First Islamic educational survey which initiated the reform of the maktab class in elementary sibjan maktab and in reformed maktabi- ibadiyyah. These were the two types of maktab classes that existed until 1931 when a unitary Teaching Plan and program for maktab classes was adopted for all the maktabs in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This Teaching Plan and Program, with minor amendments, remained effective until the end of the Second World War.

Željko Karaula, Dubravko Habek, Prim. dr. Josip Jagodić (1897.-1973.) Pravednik među narodima

Author(s): Ivica Vučak / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 7/2022

Review of: Željko Karaula, Dubravko Habek, Prim. dr. Josip Jagodić (1897.-1973.) Pravednik među narodima, Družba „Braća Hrvatskog Zmaja” - Opća bolnica „Dr. Anđelko Višić”, Bjelovar, 2023.

Željko Karaula, Dubravko Habek, Prim. dr. Josip Jagodić (1897.-1973.). Pravednik među narodima

Author(s): Vjenceslav Herout / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 7/2022

Review of: Željko Karaula, Dubravko Habek, Prim. dr. Josip Jagodić (1897.-1973.). Pravednik među narodima, Družba „Braća Hrvatskog Zmaja” - Opća bolnica „Dr. Anđelko Višić” Bjelovar, Bjelovar, 2023.

Podpułkownik Marian Chodacki „Maracz” i jego dziedzictwo

Author(s): Mariusz Krzysztofiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

Příběh posledního lidického faráře

Author(s): Marek Šmíd / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2023

In his biography "Nejvyšší oběť: Poslední lidický farář Josef Štemberka (1869–1942)" [The Ultimate Sacrifice: The Last Parish Priest of Lidice, Josef Štemberka (1869–1942)], the church historian František Kolouch tells the life story of a Roman Catholic priest who was executed by the German occupiers on 10 June 1942, along with other male inhabitants of the destroyed Central Bohemian village of Lidice. The biography of the extraordinary personality of Josef Štemberka, who had served as a parish priest in the village since 1909, is intertwined with the political, economic and social history of the village of Lidice, the local region and the entire country from the last years of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy through the whole period of interwar Czechoslovakia, until to the fourth year of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. The author stays mainly at the level of regional history. The reviewer points out that Kolouch has managed to collect an impressive amount of mostly unpublished sources, which enabled him to reconstruct Štemberka’s fate from his youth to its tragic climax in a detailed and engaging way, while at the same time, correcting many traditional clichés. The reviewer’s objections are directed at the absence of a broader context of Church and religious history, the narrow range of the literature used, and the nonnegligible number of factual and interpretive errors.

PROTECTION OF ROADSIDE SHRINES AND CROSSES IN POLAND AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF HISTORICAL EVENTS AND IN LIGHT OF ESTABLISHED LEGAL ACTS

Author(s): Małgorzata Żak-Kulesza / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

Roadside crosses and shrines are a characteristic element of the Polish landscape. Small sacred objects are intertwined with history and the cultural context of Polish countryside and cities, arising from the need of faith, and have manifested piety for generations. Many crosses and shrines were erected as mementos of important national events, uprisings, war skirmishes, independence spurts that took place in the 19th and in the first half of the 20th centuries, commemorating national anniversaries, for instance 1918, anniversaries of Christianization of Poland, jubilees of historic events. They were also built upon old mass graves of victims of bygone epidemics. In the context of historic events, objects of small sacral architecture were met with harassment and repressions. Therefore, after regaining independence legal initiatives were undertaken by the state and the Church to save these objects. Unfortunately, not always did this type of object receive sufficient legal protection or proper appraisal. In documents they are present in the background. That is why ethnographic studies are often the only way to save their memory, and preserve the image of old crosses, statues, and shrines.

DON LUIGI STURZO PER LA LIBERTÀ DELLA SCUOLA ITALIANA

Author(s): Andrea DESSARDO / Language(s): Italian Issue: 120/2023

The article briefly presents the position of Don Luigi Sturzo (1871-1959) and of the Italian People Party (PPI, 1919-1926) regarding the freedom of school, inserting it within the political thought of the founder. For the Sicilian priest any State, even under a democratic regime, tends by its nature to interfere with the acquired rights of traditional communities, such as the family and the Church, replacing their goals with their own. In order to preserve the original freedoms, it is therefore necessary that the school be free, allowing families – even those who are economically disadvantaged – to choose for their children those institutes and programs that reflect their values the most. Don Sturzo claimed that according to the principle of subsidiarity indicated by the social doctrine of the Church in Leo XIII’s “Rerum novarum” and in Pius XI’s “Quadragesimo anno”, the State could be entrusted only with residual tasks and should support the initiatives launched autonomously by private individuals. Don Sturzo was among the first anti-fascists to leave Italy, already in autumn 1924, choosing to live in London (in 1940, when Italy entered the war, he settled in the United States, first in New York and then in Florida), being an admirer of English liberal political culture, while most of the Italian anti-fascists found refuge in France, a country which according to the Sicilian priest was irreparably compromised by Jacobin totalitarianism. The article examines both the school program of the Italian People Party in the years of confrontation with the fascist regime and the writings on school produced by Don Luigi Sturzo during and after his exile, once he returned to Italy after the end of the war and the seizure of power by the Christian Democrats, the new Catholic party that claimed to be the political heir of the PPI. Don Sturzo did not fail to criticize the new orientation of Italian Catholic politicians, in his opinion too little liberal and excessively statist. However, despite the even profound differences of opinion, the Italian Catholic politicians in government in the second half of the twentieth century all recognized their debt to Don Sturzo, operating in his name some important reforms aimed at democratizing the school and opening it up to the popular masses.

City in a Storm: Urbanism and Architecture of the Historic Centre of Prague 1830-1970

Author(s): Karel Maier / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2022

Review of: Město v Bouři: Urbanismus a Architektura Historického Centra Prahy 1830-1970, 2022 Richard Biegel, Praha: Karolinum ISBN 978-80-246-5289-4

Soviet Nationality Policy towards Kurds, 1917-1956

Author(s): Jonathan Otto Pohl / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Soviet policy towards its Kurdish minority shifted from supporting their cultural development during the 1920s and early 1930s to a more repressive policy from 1937-1956 and then back again to a more favorable position. Soviet repression of its Kurdish population reached its height in November 1944 with the deportation of a significant number of them from the areas of Georgia bordering Turkey to Central Asia. Here they were placed under special settlement restrictions limiting their movement and suffered from material deprivations resulting in a significant number of deaths. This article focuses on Soviet policy towards its Kurdish minority from the time of the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 until several years after the death of Stalin in 1956 when the Kurds in Central Asia were released from the special settlement restrictions.

Sovětská národnostní politika vůči Kurdům v letech 1917-1956

Author(s): Jonathan Otto Pohl / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2022

Soviet policy towards its Kurdish minority shifted from supporting their cultural development during the 1920s and early 1930s to a more repressive policy from 1937-1956 and then back again to a more favorable position. Soviet repression of its Kurdish population reached its height in November 1944 with the deportation of a significant number of them from the areas of Georgia bordering Turkey to Central Asia. Here they were placed under special settlement restrictions limiting their movement and suffered from material deprivations resulting in a significant number of deaths. This article focuses on Soviet policy towards its Kurdish minority from the time of the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 until several years after the death of Stalin in 1956 when the Kurds in Central Asia were released from the special settlement restrictions.

The Romanians of the Timok Valley in the debates of the commission for the frontiers of Romania and Yugoslavia, Paris Peace Conference, 1919

Author(s): George Damian Mocanu / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2022

Among many other problems remained unsolved after the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 there is the issue of the Romanians living in north-eastern Serbia, specifically between the valleys of the rivers Morava and Timok. A large population numbered in hundreds of thousands received very little attention during the conference that aimed at solving the ethnical problems of Europe. The ambiguous result of the Paris Peace Conference regarding the Romanians of the Timok Valley had dire consequences on long term for this population, hence the origins of this situation deserve a closer evaluation.

Aspects of the Bulgarian influence in the European regions belonging to the Ottoman Empire in the latter part of the 19th and the first part of the 20th century

Author(s): Emanuil Ineoan / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2022

The general characteristic of the Christian populations in the Macedonian area, regardless of whether we are talking about Slavs, Albanians, or Aromanians, in the middle of the 19th century, was the Greek influence exerted in various stages on the groups mentioned above. In fact, Bulgarian propaganda came to stop the Hellenizing fervour, offering Balkan Slavs tools for identity survival in the face of Greek assimilationist actions. For the Bulgarians, sustaining their influence in the European territories that belonged to the Ottoman Empire until the outbreak of the Balkan Wars was motivated by the historical legacy of the 10th century Bulgarian tsarate. One of the most powerful Bulgarian institutions was the Church, which once through the recognition of the Exarchate within the Ottoman Empire acquired a decisive role in the heart of the Bulgarian communities in the Balkans.