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Spezifika der Demographischen Entwicklung Bulgariens in der Zeit 1878–1912

Author(s): Shtelian Shterionov / Language(s): German Issue: 1-2/2021

Within the humanities, the study of human potential is one of its main directions, in which the individual appears both as a subject and as an object of study. In this context, an essential element of this direction is the disclosure of the demographic characteristics of society. The clarification of one of them – the specifics of the demographic development of Bulgaria in the period 1878–1912, is the aim of the presented study. Summarizing the analysis of the specifics of the demographic development of Bulgaria in the period from 1878 to 1912, we can conclude that the outlined trends in the dynamics of the main demographic processes and structures, although formed during the period under study, had a lasting impact, influencing the demographic state of the country in the subsequent historical epoch.

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The Bulgarian-Greek Easter in 1911: Festive Spirit and Daily Politics

Author(s): Zorka Parvanova / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2021

The article examines Bulgarian-Greek relations in the process of rapprochement after 1909 through the prism of public attitudes and moods. Under the pressure of the extremist Ottoman policy of the Young Turk regime in Constantinople, the governments in Athens and Sofia were forced to find a way to overcome their deep mutual contradictions. The achievement of a cooperation agreement in the name of their equally endangered national interests went through reconciliation between the Ecumenical Patriarchate and the Bulgarian Exarchate, the Greek and Bulgarian deputies in the Ottoman Parliament, the national organizations of the two communities in the European provinces, the public opinion in both countries. The spring Christian holidays in 1911 gave rise to a new spirit in the relations between Bulgarians and Greeks, a vivid illustration of which are two events – the Easter visit of Bulgarian students to Athens and the joint celebration of the May Day Flower Festival in Serres. However, the inertia of decades of mistrust, suspicion and conflict predetermined the ambiguous reaction in the various circles of Greek and Bulgarian society to the emerging and, as it has turned out, very fragile union.

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PERCEPTIMI I LUFTËS SË ÇANAKALASË TE SHQIPTARËT

Author(s): Nuridin Ahmeti,Adnan Shala / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 50/2020

One of the wars that happened between 1915-1916 is the Battle of Çanakkale, which is also known as the Battle of Gallipoli. As it is known, in this war in one side were England, France, Russia, and in the other side there were the Ottoman Empire, Austro-Hungary, and Germany. One of the most important facts for our research is that many people of different nationalities from different countries of the world participated voluntarily in this war in the side of the Ottoman Empire, Austro-Hungary, and Germany. Among the volunteers who responded positively to the call and participated in this war were the peoples of the Balkans, especially from places that were part of the Ottoman Empire. The Balkans and Albanians who were part of the Ottoman Empire till 1912, and even though Albanians were not part of the Ottoman Empire any more after that year, they were among volunteers who answered the call for war participation. Although more than 100 years have passed since the war has happened, still this war exists in the memory of Albanians. One of the reasons why this war still exists in the memory of Albanians is the folklore aspect and its impact. Even nowadays songs about Çanakkale continue to be created by composers and singers, and due to this fact they are transmitted from generation to generation and always kept in the memory of people. In this study, we will investigate how this war is perceived by Albanians in folklore today, whether this war is presented in the history textbooks of Albanians, and whether this war is included in the academic work of Albanian writers. In this study it will be answered to many questions, and some of these questions are as follows: whether there is a difference in perception between the public (usual people) and intellectuals regarding the Battle of Çanakkale during and after communism. If there is a difference, what are the reasons for it? And on the other side, why this war still exists in folklore? The methods that will be used in this research are comparative and analytical methods, and the sources used to support the study are songs about the Battle of Çanakkale sung by Albanian singers, and the textbooks and published studies in Kosovo’s scientific journals.

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Gender and Ethnicity: Life Stories of Jewish-American Immigrant Women in the First Half of the Twentieth Century

Author(s): Anca-Luminita Iancu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

In the first half of the twentieth century, immigrants left oral and written testimonies of their experience in the United States, many of them housed in various ethnic-American archives or published by ethnic historical societies. In 1942, the Yiddish Scientific Institute in New York City encouraged Jewish-American immigrants to share their life stories as part of a written essay contest. In 2006, several of these autobiographical accounts were translated and published by Jocelyn Cohen and Daniel Soyer in a volume entitled My Future Is in America. Thus, this essay examines the autobiographies of two Jewish-American immigrant women, Minnie Goldstein and Rose Schoenfeld, with a view to comparing how their gendered identity (as women and as members of their families) has impacted their choices and lives in their home countries and in the United States in the first part of the twentieth century.

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RAHATLAMA BİRLİKLERİ: FEMİNİZM ÇERÇEVESİNDE BİR ANALİZ

Author(s): Hatice ÇELİK / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2020

Japanese occupation of the Korean Peninsula and its rule there between 1910 and 1945 had serious impact on the Korean society and at the memories of its people. This impact has political and socio-cultural reflections. Between two countries (at this point it would be better to use three countries since it is necessary to add North Korea too to the issue), there are some problems coming from the colonial rule, and sometimes they become more visible and lead to tension. One of those issues is the “comfort women”. In this paper, it is aimed to analyse how the comfort women issue has come out, how it affects the international relations of the related countries and finally how the issue is addressed from the international law perspective. This analysis will be constructed based on a feminist theory perspective mainly concentrating on the war rapes and women’s forced participation at this process. The study aims to contribute to the literature in the way that; both it is one of the few examples in Turkish literature on comfort women issue and it is one of the few examples of case study with feminist perspective.

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MİHRİ MÜŞFİK’İN KADIN PORTRELERİNDEKİ KIYAFETLERİN GİYİM SANATLARI AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ

Author(s): Yasemin Yasa,Hüseyin Elmas / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 81/2021

Developments in many areas in Turkey started with the westernization movements in 19th century. With these westernization movements, important steps were taken in education and women's social rights. Women whose education level increased also started to develop themselves in art. Some learned to paint by taking private lessons from the artists, and others by studying at the Sanayi-Nefise Mektebi (School of Fine Arts). Women struggling to become an artist-woman improved themselves in the field of painting with the İnas Sanayi-Nefise Mektebi (School of Fine Arts). Especially Mihri Müşfik, one of the important names of the women's movement, elevated the woman to the position of the performer by removing the woman from being an object. In this study, in the paintings of Mihri Müşfik with the theme of women Women's clothes were examined in terms of Clothing Arts and similar aspects of the fashion of the period and today's fashion were tried to be revealed. The literature was searched, and it was interpreted by making use of the relevant sources and periodicals.

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OSMANLI’DAN CUMHURİYET’E ARTVİN VİLAYETİ’NİN SİYASİ, SOSYAL VE EKONOMİK DURUMU

Author(s): Ahmet Atalay / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 10/2020

The captivity years of Artvin and its liberation from enemy occupation is different from other provinces which were occupied by enemies. Despite the fact that these events took place a short time ago, this situation has been overlooked by researchers. While investigating the occupation and liberation of cities, firstly, the cities should be classified as cities occupied before the Armistice of Mudros and cities occupied after the Armistice of Mudros. Secondly, cities should be categorized as the cities which achieved their liberation through their local communities’ own struggles against enemies with the help of the Grand National Assembly and the cities which were liberated by the Turkish Army. However, Artvin cannot be classified into either of these categories because the residents of Artvin, who lived in captivity for fortytwo years, never broke their ties with their motherland. Firstly, they formed militia forces and fought against the Russians. Secondly, some of them stood by the members of the Special Organization (Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa), who were operating against the Russians in the region. Thirdly, some residents provided moral and material support including human resources for the Turkish Army in the region regardless. Furthermore, the residents of Artvin sent their children of military draft age to almost every front where the Turkish Army fought both in World War I and the Turkish War of Independence. The number of people from Artvin province who become martyr in these fronts was 225 according to the Ministry of Defense. According to the data obtained, this study deals with the political, social and economic situation in Artvin from the '93 war (1877-1878 Ottoman-Russian War) until the period of famine which broke out in 1930, which affected the whole world, and it was seen that despite all the difficult conditions, the residents of Artvin province made every sacrifice they could in order not to be left out of Turkey.

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KARADENİZ BÖLGESİ’NDE MİLLİ MÜCADELE’NİN ÖRGÜTLENMESİ: SİVİL VE ASKERİ TEŞKİLATLANMALAR

Author(s): Mehmet Okur / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 10/2020

There were reactions rose from all over Anatolia while the government of Istanbul remained silent to the invasions that started with the Armistice of Mudros. The people of each region or province had formed various organizations that generally under the name of Müdafaa-i Hukuk, held congresses and formed armed defense units to defend their territories. The Black Sea Region was of great importance in terms of being the place where such national organizations were established. These organizations enabled the National Movement to spread throughout the country in a short time, especially in providing the logistical support required in wars on the Western Front. In this period, the Ottoman navy was completely interned, all kinds of logistical support required for the resistance became almost impossible, and the Pontus gangs massacred, the people of the Black Sea contributed greatly to the order of the region with the civil and military organizations they established. Thus, the National Movement was institutionalized and gained time for the establishment of stronger defense structures. These structures, which were built both on land and in the sea, along the coast from Hopa to Zonguldak, provided order in the Black Sea Region. Moreover, these organizations played a major role in winning the national struggle by transporting ammunition from the Eastern Front to the Western Front and from Russian ports to Turkish ports.

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KASTAMONU MİLLETVEKİLİ YUSUF KEMAL BEY’İN MİLLÎ MÜCADELE DÖNEMİNDE AVRUPA EKSENLİ DIŞ POLİTİKA ÇALIŞMALARI

Author(s): Hüsnü ÖZLÜ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 10/2020

Yusuf Kemal Bey witnessed the political and military events during the last period of the Ottoman State, but never lost his hope and believed that a new Turkish State could be established in place of the collapsed state. He was elected as the Kastamonu parliamentarian to the last of the Ottoman’s chamber of deputies and he came to Ankara after the occupation of Istanbul and joined the First parliament. Yusuf Kemal Bey gave 67 speeches in total, 36 of which were in secret sessions, during his first parliamentary period both as a member of parliament and a foreign minister. The large majority of those talks contains foreign policy issues. He emphasized the importance of international political agreements, securing the Eastern Border of Turkey, attached importance to the announcement and promotion of the national case to the whole world during the National War of Independence and after the victory. Yusuf Kemal Bey tried to lead up to the agreement with the Russians and signed the Moscow Agreement on 16 March 1921 and the Ankara Agreement with France on 20 October 1921 as the Head of Delegation. The most important feature of the foreign policy implemented by the Ankara Government in this period is that the war and diplomacy were carried out together and it was an example for the countries that fought against imperialism in the 20th century. This policy aims to establish a national state within national borders. Yusuf Kemal Bey was a politician who prepared the agreements that determined the main framework of the Turkish foreign policy during the liberation and establishment period of the New Turkish State and he especially did struggle with European states by himself. He was one of the most important politicians and scientists who accompanied Mustafa Kemal Pasha during this period. In this article, the activities of Yusuf Kemal Bey in the First parliament regarding foreign policy. It was evaluated by making use of the parliamentary documents of that period and especially Europe-Oriented foreign policy studies were emphasized.

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THE POLITICAL EMPHASIS OF THE GEORGIAN-OSSETIAN ETHNIC CONFRONTATION OF THE 1918-1921 AND THE COLONIALIST NATURE OF THE SOVIET RUSSIA

Author(s): Aleksandre Mgebrishvili / Language(s): English Issue: 50/2021

The confrontation of the Ossetians residing in Georgian territories against the Georgian population had taken intense nature during the first decade of the past century, whereas it had become seldom, that Ossetians had raided local population and conducted violent acts, which aimed at weakening the defensive capabilities of the country, dismantling the economy, destruction of the material-cultural sites, intimidation and driving to despair of the local population. It is thus worth noting that the Georgian side, on the one hand had hesitated to undertake critical measures, whereas, on the second hand, they had asked to impose some sanctions against the Ossetians. The reactive wing of the strengthened Ossetian ethno-element had started the anti-state activities and had abused the trust of the Georgian Democratic republic. The events had occurred as according the given scenario for some time, as there had been open demonstration of the aggression, they had treated the Constituent Assembly of Georgia unmannerly, had shown hostile attitude and undermined the sovereignty of the newly established republic. The government had forced to use military operations against the rebels in order to counter their illegal actions and establish order. The operation had been overseen by Giorgi Kvinitadze and Valiko Jugeli. It could be noted that the military actions of 1918-1920, which is widely known as Ossetian rebellions, was in fact actions of the Ossetian Bolsheviks backed by the Russian government, which had nothing to do with the peaceful Ossetian population’s attitudes towards Georgia, as no Ossetians residing in Georgia had taken part in the mentioned actions. Every measure taken by the Bolsheviks had aimed at weakening the Georgian statehood, which would ease the way for the Russian government to widen their sphere of interest.

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Obraz Kresów Wschodnich w tekstach historii mówionej

Author(s): Damian Gocół / Language(s): Polish Issue: 44/2020

The author assumes that KRESY (former Polish Eastern Borderlands) is a characteristic culturem of Polish culture. He considers culturems as concepts which are important for self-identification, and assumes that identity has a shape of a narrative. Consequently, he recognises that the culturem KRESY may have a significant impact on shaping the identity of people associated with the former lands of the Second Polish Republic, so-called Kresy Wschodnie. This article analyses three oral history texts from the author’s files. They reveal a strong connection between the image of KRESY and the Polish home (especially the manor house) and the roots of Kresowiak identity in national liberation traditions (especially the January Uprising). This image is characterised by a certain degree of idealisation: KRESY are viewed as a place of peaceful coexistence of numerous nations and cultures. The image of KRESY has changed over time. After the Polish-Bolshevik war, it was a place of lawlessness; after the creation of the Border Protection Corps (Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza, KOP) it was a place of peace. The Second World War was a turning point marking the end of Polish Kresy.

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Halep’ten Rio de Janeiro’ya I. Dönem TBMM İzmit Milletvekili Mehmet Fuat Carım (1892-1972)

Author(s): Funda Selçuk Şirin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: Spec.issue/2020

Having a Caucasian rooted family, Fuat Carım was born in Aleppo due to his father’s occupation. He completed his higher education in Mülkiye which was one of the period’s most prestigious schools in the most turbulent period of the Ottoman Empire. Fuat Carım incited to the pursuit of salvation of the Empire by virtue of the trouble that the Ottoman Empire in, initially, in the Balkan geography. His path crossed with the Unionists while he was studying at Mülkiye and this relation continued increasingly in the proceeding years. In the years of World War I, he took place in the bureaucracy and he became kaimakam of Adapazarı in 1917. He was active in the conflict against the guerilla activity in the region with Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa in the years when there were important development taking place. He became İzmit deputy in 1st Parliament in Grand National Assembly of Turkey and he vigorously joined in the National Struggle. He took Red-Green War of Independence Medal due to his service. He became consul general of Moscow and Kazan between 1922- 1924, thus, his undulated career in Foreign Office which would last approximately 35 years began. In this process, both of his private and occupational life included rather interesting and significant developments. He met important names and witnessed a lot of momentous occasion in the years when he was in Foreign Office. His last place of duty was Rio de Janerio. He gets to be a sui generis and impressing figure with his character in the Foreign Office. His career involves many works and he was also acknowledged with translations.

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REVIEWS

Author(s): Joanna Nalewajko-Kulikov,Stephan Lehnstaedt,Joanna Wojdon,Maciej Górny,Piotr Kuligowski,Urszula Augustyniak,Rafał Rutkowski / Language(s): English Issue: 121/2020

Review of: Rafał Rutkowski- Theodoricus, De antiquitate regum Norwagiensium. On the Old Norwegian Kings, ed. and comment. Egil Kraggerud, trans. Peter Fisher, The Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture in Oslo, Oslo, 2018, XCVIII + 394 pp.; series B: Skrifter, 169 Urszula Augustyniak- Martin Faber, Sarmatismus. Die politische Ideologie des polnischen Adels im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert, Deutsches Historisches Institut Warschau, Wiesbaden, 2018, 526 pp.; series: Quellen und Studien, 35 Piotr Kuligowski - Morgane Labbé, La Nationalité, une histoire de chiffres. Politique et statistiques en Europe centrale (1848–1919), Presses de Sciences Po, Paris, 2019, 382 pp. Maciej Górny - Balázs Trencsényi, Michal Kopeček, Luka Lisjak Gabrijelčič, Maria Falina, Mónika Baár, and Maciej Janowski, A History of Modern Political Thought in East Central Europe, ii: Negotiating Modernity in the ‘Short Twentieth Century’ and Beyond, Part 1: 1918–1968; Part 2: 1968–2018, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2018, 472 and 392 pp., selected bibliography, indices Joanna Wojdon - Joanna Hytrek-Hryciuk, Między prywatnym a publicznym. Życie codzienne we Wrocławiu w latach 1938–1944 [Between the Private and the Public. Everyday Life in Wrocław in the Years of 1938–1944], Via Nova, Wrocław, 2019, 319 pp. Stephan Lehnstaedt - Barbara Engelking and Jan Grabowski (eds), Dalej jest noc. Losy Żydów w wybranych powiatach okupowanej Polski [Night Without an End. Fate of Jews in Selected Counties of Occupied Poland], 2 vols., Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów, Warszawa, 2018, 871 + 835 pp. Joanna Nalewajko-Kulikov - Magdalena Ruta, Without Jews? Yiddish Literature in the People’s Republic of Poland on the Holocaust, Poland and Communism, edited by Jessica Taylor-Kucia, Jagiellonian University Press, Kraków, 2017, 452 pp.; series: Studies in Jewish Civilization in Poland, 2

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HOW DO LOCAL CONDITIONS INFORM SOCIO-POLITICAL LANGUAGE? THE CONCEPT OF ‘INTELLIGENTSIA’ IN ŁÓDŹ PRESS BEFORE THE MID-TWENTIETH CENTURY

Author(s): Kamil Śmiechowski / Language(s): English Issue: 122/2020

This article seeks to answer the question of whether the local conditions or determinants influence the socio-political language. Within the context of the nationwide discourse in the nineteenth-century Kingdom of Poland, an analysis follows how the concept of ‘intelligentsia’ functioned in the local press from the industrial city of Łódź. A source analysis leads to the conclusion that in the specific circumstances, of which the social mix was a constituent, certain notions of a defined meaning in the countrywide context may be interpreted in a manner divergent from the rule. As the social structure of Łódź was becoming more and more similar to that of Warsaw and other big cities, the differences in the definitions of the term ‘intelligentsia’ were gradually smoothening out.

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Recenzje

Author(s): Marek Sioma,Adnrzej Kastory,Hubert Wilk,Zbigniew Girzyński,Dariusz Fabisz,Rafał Kolano / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2020

Review of: 1. Piotr M. Majewski, Kiedy wybuchnie wojna? 1938. Studium kryzysu, Warszawa 2019, Wydawnictwo Krytyki Politycznej, ss. 572. Review by: Marek Sioma; 2. Andrzej Friszke, Marek Kornat, Ryszard Stemplowski, Dwie epoki. O celach w polskiej polityce zagranicznej 1918-1939 i 1989-2015, Warszawa 2020, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, ss. 228. Review by: Andrzej Kastory; 3. Aneta Nisiobęcka, Z Lens do Wałbrzycha. Powrót Polaków z Francji oraz ich adaptacja w Polsce Ludowej w latach 1945-1950, Warszawa 2018, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, ss. 399 + il. Review by: Hubert Wilk. 4. Review by Zbigniew Girzyński; 5. Zbigniew Girzyński, Między Londynem a Warszawą. Polacy we Francji w polityce rządu uchodźczego i władz Polski Ludowej w latach 1944-1956, Toruń 2018, Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, ss. 868. Review by: Dariusz Fabisz; 6. Mariusz Sawa, Ukraiński emigrant. Działalność i myśl Iwana Kedryna-Rudnyckiego (1896– 1995), Lublin 2016, Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu Oddział w Lublinie, ss. 379. Review by: Rafał Kolano

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Recenzje

Author(s): Arkadiusz Stempin,Mirosław Szumiło,Anna Pachowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2020

Review of: 1. Jörn Leonhard, Der überforderte Frieden. Versailles und die Welt 1918–1923, München 2019, C.H. Beck Verlag, ss. 1531, 88 zdjęć, 15 map. Review by: Arkadiusz Stempin; 2. Andrij Rukkas, Razem z Wojskiem Polskim. Armia Ukraińskiej Republiki Ludowej w 1920 roku, Warszawa 2020, Wydawnictwo IPN, ss. 696. Review by: Mirosław Szumiło; 3. Anna Ambrochowicz-Gajownik, W cieniu Lazurowego Wybrzeża. Konsulat polski w Marsylii w latach 1919–1940, Warszawa 2019, Wydawnictwo Neriton, ss. 308. Review by: Anna Pachowicz

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Recenzje

Author(s): Dariusz Faszcza,Jakub Polit,Mateusz Rodak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

Review of: 1. Andrzej Krzak, Wojny bałkańskie 1912–1913, Warszawa 2017, Wydawnictwo im. Stanisława Podobińskiego Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie, ss. 349. Review by: Dariusz Faszcza; 2. John J. Mearsheimer, Tragizm polityki mocarstw, tłum. Piotr Nowakowski, Jan Sadkiewicz, Kraków 2019, Universitas, ss. 507, mapy. Review by: Jakub Polit; 3. Oleh Razyhrayev, Policja Państwowa w województwie wołyńskim w okresie międzywojennym, Warszawa 2019, Wydawnictwo IPN, ss. 455. Review by: Mateusz Rodak

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Recenzje

Author(s): Włodzimierz Suleja,Magdalena Semczyszyn,Marcin Kaczkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

Reviews of: 1. Wielka Wojna w polskiej korespondencji zatrzymanej przez cenzurę austro-węgierską. Materiały polskich grup cenzury z lat 1914-1918, kwerenda, wstęp, opracowanie i przypisy Paweł Brudek, Jan Molenda, Jerzy Z. Pająk, t. 1-5, Warszawa 2018, Instytut Historii Polskiej Akademii Nauk. Review by: Włodzimierz Suleja; 2. Wołyń i Galicja Wschodnia pod okupacją niemiecką 1943-1944, red. Łukasz Adamski, Grzegorz Hryciuk, Warszawa 2019, Wydawnictwo Centrum Polsko-Rosyjskiego Dialogu i Porozumienia, ss. 429 oraz Wołyń i Galicja za drugiego Sowieta, red. Łukasz Adamski, Grzegorz Hryciuk, Warszawa 2019, Wydawnictwo Centrum Polsko-Rosyjskiego Dialogu i Porozumienia, ss. 674. Review by: Magdalena Semczyszyn; 3. Sadao Asada, From Mahan to Pearl Harbor. The Imperial Japanese Navy and the United States, Annapolis 2013, Naval Institute Press, ss. 388. Review by: Marcin Kaczkowski

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Galicia in the Realm of Habsburg Mythology

Author(s): Tomasz Gąsowski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The disappearance, breakup, or perhaps the dissolution of the Habsburg monarchy into nonexistence in the last several days of the “Great War” did not mean that time and history disappeared without a trace. For it left a rich and varied heritage consisting of intertwined collective and cultural memories that transform over time into a mythology. An important place in that Central-European, Habsburg mythology is taken by the myth of Galicia. The evidence of its existence and vitality is in its emergence several years ago, as unexpected as it was intensive, in the commercial realm. That was made possible by drawing references on heritage, remembrance, and myth, and not by a knowledge – even elementary – of the reality under this banner. The Kingdom of Galicia was wiped out from the territory it used to occupy by the disaster of two wars. Yet a memory of it, evidently strongly rooted, managed to survive that unfavourable time and today it is still very much alive, even though greatly transformed. The time that has passed, together with all the historical tremors during that time, resulted in a kind of deconstruction from which a new, mythical form of Galicia emerge. It began to live its own peculiar life which has hardly anything in common with the original. The realm in which its presence is best visible today is what can be broadly called “commercial use.” The cultivation of the current, predominantly commercial functionality of Galicia is only rarely accompanied by a reflection on the sense or reason for the cherishing of its mythology, which is what is actually taking place. Are the material benefits – because there must be some – a sufficient justification for the glorification of the Austrian partition in contemporary Poland?

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Three Histories of One Slovakia. Polish Interwar Writings on the Slovaks’ Situation in the Face of the Collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy

Author(s): Adam Świątek / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The aim of this article is to show the attitude of Polish interwar literature (political commentary, historiography) towards the role of Slovaks in building the First Czechoslovak Republic and their situation in the state they shared with Czechs. The collected material has been divided into three categories: pro-Hungarian, pro-Czech (pro-Czechoslovak) and pro-Slovak, but the author also notes an interest in Slovakia related to the Slavic studies conducted during the Second Polish Republic. The works discussed in this article attempted to compare the Slovaks’ situation under the Hungarian rule and in Czechoslovakia; to answer the question whether the Czechoslovak nation existed; and to suggest with whom the Polish state should see its future on the international arena (support Hungary’s aspirations to recover Slovakia, establish good relations with Prague, or support the Slovak nationalist movement against Czechs).

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