Akcje ratunkowe jako kreator współpracy międzynarodowej w Arktyce do 1945 r.

Author(s): Janusz Lizut / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2014

The article discusses selected rescue operations in the Arctic from a historical perspective. It focuses on events that in practical terms initiated international cooperation in this area. Against the background of the development of rescue techniques and equipment, the history of attempts to increase the chances of survival in extreme conditions is outlined. The author also examines how rescue operations influenced popular awareness, stimulating the creation of a favourable climate for institutional cooperation.

ロシア革命とサハリン ― 日露関係から日ソ関係へ（1917-1922 年）―

Author(s): Yaroslav Shulatov / Language(s): Japanese Issue: 67/2020

Sakhalin occupies a special place in the history of relations between Russia and Japan. Depending on the times, the island has been a battlefield or a place for cooperation; the rivalry over Sakhalin was often an agenda-setting factor for bilateral relations. The island could be set as a sort of “crossroad,” where Russia and Japan interacted variously; a “mirror,” reflecting the condition of Russo-Japanese contact. The situation over Sakhalin was particularly dynamic in the first half of the twentieth century. The island became the last battlefield in the Russo-Japanese War, and then the final crucial problem at the peace conference. According to the Portsmouth Peace Treaty, Sakhalin was divided between the two empires, which created a precedent of revising the Russo-Japanese borderline with military force—since 1905, it has been changed only by wars. Still, the demarcation of a new border took place in a peaceful atmosphere, symbolizing the cooperative trend in the bilateral relations after the war. The situation seemed to have been resolved. Yet the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917 rendered Sakhalin the subject of Russo-Japanese bargaining again. Then, with the outbreak of civil war in Russia, Japan took an active part in intervention, deploying the largest contingent of troops to Siberia and the Far East. The center of Sakhalin Oblast, Nikolaevsk, was occupied by Japanese troops in 1918. After the clashes with partisans and annihilation of the Japanese garrison and its inhabitants in 1920 (the “Nikolaevsk Incident”), Japan occupied Northern Sakhalin, making it the hostage of settlement with Russia. After the USSR was established and Soviet-Japanese negotiations launched officially, Sakhalin became the key problem, particularly at the final stage. After reaching a compromise on this issue, the Peking Convention was signed in 1925. A new “Soviet” Russia repossessed Northern Sakhalin, and the USSR was officially acknowledged by Japan, which carved out concession rights for Sakhalin oil and coal, effective until 1944. These events became the subject of attention by many prominent scholars, including John Stephan, Teruyuki Hara, Takashi Murakami, Naoki Amano, etc. However, mostly due to lack of archival sources, the period of 1917-1922 remains insufficiently researched, particularly from the viewpoint of diplomatic history. What place did Sakhalin occupy in the negotiations between Japan and its Russian counter-partners, especially given the enormous dynamics of changes and diversity of political actors involved? This article analyzes the role and evolution of the Sakhalin issue in Russo-Japanese relations after the collapse of the Russian Empire in February 1917 to the establishing of the USSR in late 1922. The author conducts multi-archival research and examines the position of the provisional government, the Kolchak administration, Russian military circles, and local authorities, as well as the Bolsheviks and Soviet officials in Moscow and the Far East, providing analysis of the complicated “mosaic” over Sakhalin in Russo/Soviet relations during the abovementioned period. The article uses various declassified files mostly from Russian archives (AVP RI, AFP RF, RGIA, and RGASPI), as well as materials of the Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (Gaimushō Gaikō Shiryōkan) and published documental collections. The issue of Sakhalin appeared on the table of negotiations with Japan soon after the February Revolution. Japan worried about the US involvement in developing the island’s resources, and encouraged the provisional government to exclude American capital and provide the Japanese with prerogatives, but Petrograd was reluctant to do so. The Russian military also took a cautious stance towards Japan, suspecting it of using Russia’s weakening position and expanding its influence over her eastern territories including Sakhalin.

Saving the Selves or Saving the Others? Responses to Old Catholicism in Late Imperial Russia

Author(s): Mikhail Suslov / Language(s): English Issue: 41/2020

This paper examines Messianic thought in Russia through political and theological debates on the Old Catholic movement. The Old Catholic Church emerged as a reaction to the first Vatican Council (1870) with the program of reconnecting with the Lutheran, Anglican and Orthodox Churches on the theological foundation, laid out by the Church fathers and Church councils of the first ten centuries of Christianity. The Old Catholic question, which initially appeared as one of purely ecclesiological and perhaps theological interest, was broadly aired and discussed by literally every significant Russian public figure in the 1870s–1900s. Although Old Catholicism per se and its relations with the Russian Orthodox Christianity have not been successful to date, it induced the crystallization of a network of sympathizers in the Russian Empire. For them, Old Catholicism was a means to voice their discontent with the official Church and to shape their alternative visions about Russian Orthodoxy in world history. The Old Catholic movement stirred up religious and geopolitical hopes and initiated important ideological and theological discussions, which revolved around such questions as, what is Russia’s role in the world, and how can religious principles be implemented in everyday life.

The Younger Lenin and Statistical Thinking before the Revolution and during the Creation of TsSU and Gosplan

Author(s): Stephen Wheatcroft / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2020

We no longer have the enthusiasm and respect for statistical thinking that was felt in the 19th Century when the smartest young brains across Europe were looking to Quetelet and his successors to explain how probability theory could be used to explain how social scientific laws could be applied to the history of large numbers of apparently independent agents. The enthusiasm that was felt by Prince Albert and his colleagues in Britain, as they promoted statistical congresses and statistical work in the mid 19th century was shared by many Russian intellectuals in the late 19th century and flowed with them into the early revolutionary period. In fact the enthusiasm of the Russian statisticians was part of the great Russian Revolution of 1917. Trotskii, who was not himself a statistical thinker, caught a glimpse of this feeling of enthusiasm in the young Lenin and his generation when he described them as seeing statistics as “the science of sciences” in a new world that would be dominated by science. Few other biographers have dwelt much on this aspect of revolutionary enthusiasm for statistical thinking of the times. It was an important factor in Lenin’s thinking until mid 1921, when faced with a series of economic, political and personal (health) crises Lenin appears to have changed his mind on these matters. It is the views of this later sick and old Lenin that were followed by Stalin and his successors, and it is the “sick” late Lenin’s views on statistics that have generally been accepted by his biographers as his views on statistics and statisticians.

A Critique of Alexander Samoilovich (1880– 1938) and the Process of an “Imperial Visitor’s” Evolution

Author(s): Anton Ikhsanov / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2020

The modern epoch is connected to the increased pace of intercultural interaction. In numerous spheres of human activity, the communication field between representatives of different cultures has become a part of everyday life. The necessity to provide an academic study of this phenomenon has led to the emergence of a specific branch of science titled “intercultural communication” and has changed the direction of anthropological studies, the methodology of history, and sociology. However, the basis for this change of approach was not only a “cultural turn” and an attempt to enrich the “toolkit” by the newest methods of social sciences. One of the foundations for this shift to a new field of studies was self-reflection by historians and anthropologists. According to Maria Todorova, the ability to acknowledge the possibility of a scholar’s self-transformation by contact with the Other (and the dual nature of this process) is an ultimate indicator of this development by any branch of science. Asian and African studies are not exceptions.

Piese de armament african din colecția Muzeului Național al Banatului (sec. XIX-XX)

Author(s): Zoran Markov / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2019

The collection of weapons of the National Museum of Banat in Timişoara currently includes ten pieces attributed with certainty to the African space, all ten objects falling into the category of cold weapons. Even though it is numerically small, the Timişoara collection includes five different types of cold weapons: 1. A Kaskara-type Sudanese broadsword; 2. A Shotel-type Ethiopian sword and a Mandingo-type West African sword; 3. Two GaboneseFang daggers, one Congolese Konda dagger and one Sudanese Khanjar dagger; 4. Two Marutse-Mambunda battleaxes; 5. A Zande-type Central African arrow quiver. The Timişoara collection covers a vast geographical area, from Sudan and Ethiopia in the east, to Mali and Gabon in the west, and from the central part of the continent, respectively the Congo area, to the south-eastern extremity of Black Africa. The Timişoara collection includes both weapons of Islamic influence, in the geographical area that separates the north of the continent from sub-Saharan Africa, and pieces typical of Black Africa, attributed to indigenous tribes who lived in the central and southern part of the continent. Islamic influence, especially Persian, is found mainly in Sudan, in Northeast Africa, where many types of cold weapons made after the Iranian model were used at the end of the nineteenth century. A special feature of African pieces is related to the materials and techniques used to make them. In the northern half of the continent, predominantly Muslim, the skins of various reptiles were used to cover the scabbard and handles (the most extravagant pieces are those covered in crocodile skin), and some less used metal-chemical techniques practiced in Europe (a process in which the calligraphic inscriptions were embossed on the surface of the steel). Among the weapons from the Black African area, the most spectacular pieces are the Gabonese daggers, which stand out with an extravagant design and superior quality of the materials used. Of the ten African weapons in the NMoB collection, two are purely ceremonial pieces, not designed for use on the battlefield. The two Sudanese weapons, the Kaskara broadsword and the Khanjar dagger, have many characteristics typical of ceremonial pieces: blunt edges, thinness and fragility of the blades, scabbards made of cardboard reinforced with textile material, then covered in crocodile skins. Regarding the dating of African weapons in the NMoB collection, we can propose a general dating ranging from the 19th century to the first decades of the following century. We also have more accurate dates of some of the pieces. is is the case of the two Marutse-Mambunda battle axes, picked up by the Czech explorer Emil Holub during his South African expeditions in the second half of the 19th century. The two pieces are also the oldest African weapons in the NMoB collection, having been inventoried in the fall of 1894. In terms of provenance, along with the Holub donation, we must also mention the batch of weapons inventoried in 1968 (Fang daggers and Zande arrow quiver), but also the parts purchased in 2009 (the Mandingo sword and the Konda dagger).The ten African weapons, which are part of the group of exotic pieces in the NMoB collection, illustrate the richness and diversity of Romanian museum collections in the military field. Unfortunately for scientific research, the collections of exotic weapons present in Romanian museums, although spectacular and attractive, are far too little known in the international specialized literature.

Социалното законодателство в България от освобождението до 1944 година

Author(s): Ivan S. Ivanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

The current study reviews and traces historically the establishment of social work respectively social legislation in Bulgaria. The purpose is to present the historical background of the Bulgarian state on solving social economic problems concerning social protection from the Liberation to 1944, as well as some of the reasons for legislation initiation from social and legal perspectives.

Marino Marin ur.,Talijanska uprava na hrvatskom prostoru i egzodus Hrvata (1918-1943)

Author(s): Zdravka Jelaska / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2001

Review of: Zdravka Jelaska - Talijanska uprava na hrvatskom prostoru i egzodus Hrvata (1918-1943), ur. Marino Manin, Zbornik radova s Međunarodnog znanstvenog skupa, Zagreb 22.-23. listopada 1997., Hrvatski institut za povijest, Društvo "Egzodus istarskih Hrvata", Zagreb 2001., 824 str.

Extraordinary Winter Weather Events in the Area of Ptuj from 1700 to 1941

Author(s): Nataša Kolar / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2020

The author of the present paper based herself on archives and printed newspaper sources to present extraordinary winter extreme weather events in the Ptuj area between 1700 and 1941. Extreme weather events have been affecting man’s everyday life since always and changing his living environment. Data about the extreme weather events that Ptuj citizens had to live through were recorded by chroniclers. All town chronicles read about severe winters, ice on the river Drava which represented the major obstacle, and consequently floods in the town in 18th and until the mid-20th century. The Ptuj citizens focused on particular on the frozen Drava in 1766, the event that was represented on a votive painting The Ice on the River Drava by a local painter, Franz Josef Fellner. Ptuj district office set up a crisis management board each time the river froze in order to monitor the foreseen danger and protect and save the citizens by following strict measures. Although the then town administration had a system of information and action due to repeated floods and frequent icy winters to quickly resolve the situation after each flood and melting ice, the town needed a lot of energy, will and financial resources to redevelop, and the reconstruction was carried out slow; the renovation processes were also slow due to additional financial burdens rather long. In 1896 the Municipality of Ptuj decided to build a new Drava embankment between the two bridges (road and railway) in the length of 236 meters. Between 1897 and 1907 river banks were strengthened with supportive walls. With this investment, they protected the lower part of the town from further floods. The Drava embankment with supportive walls between the two bridges protects the lower part of the town Ptuj from floods even in the 21st century.

IGOR KARAMAN, HRVATSKA NA PRAGU MODERNIZACIJE (1750.-1918.)

Author(s): Kristina Milković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2001

Review of: Kristina Milković - IGOR KARAMAN, HRVATSKA NA PRAGU MODERNIZACIJE (1750.-1918.), Zagreb, 2000, 319 str.

JOHN W. BOYER, CULTURE AND POLITICAL CRISIS IN VIENNA. CHRISTIAN SOCIALISM IN POWER, 1897-1918

Author(s): Stjepan Matković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2001

Review of: Stjepan Matković - JOHN W. BOYER, CULTURE AND POLITICAL CRISIS IN VIENNA. CHRISTIAN SOCIALISM IN POWER, 1897-1918, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1995., 702 str.

U ritmu poplave i gladi: problemi stanovništva novogradiške Posavine duž slijeva potoka Rešetarice do rijeke Save (1890.-1914.)

Author(s): Iva Salopek Bogavčić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 20/2020

On the basis of literature, newspapers, published and unpublished sources this paper examines famine and floods as a result of the processes that took place in the narrow area of the drainage basin of the Rešetarica Stream as far as its confluence with the Sava River. The Rešetarica rises in the northern part of the district of Nova Gradiška, in Cernik manor, which in the period from 1890 to 1914 experienced an economic upturn due to the activities of five factories. This paper examines the economic progress of the factories at Cernik manor, which exploited the forests of the manor, and its connection with and impact on the phenomenon of torrents and in consequence of flooding and famine along the drainage basin of the Rešetarica as far as the Sava River. The clearing of the forests in the manor, the appearance of torrents and the inadequate regulation of the Rešetarica resulted in floods and famine, primarily near the villages Orubica and Davor. These villages were flooded from two sides: by the Rešetarica, which flowed into the Crnac polje (plain) to the north and the Sava River to the south. Milan Kerdić, the only local spokesman of the endangered population, spoke out about poor embankments, the lack of political will and the slow regulation of the Sava River, confirming that the micro-regional issues were the reflection of an international crisis but also of the lack of political will and interest to solve the regulation issues of the Sava River.

Bulgarisch-deutsche wissenschaftliche Konferenz “Das 20. Jahrhundert. Versuch einer Bilanz” Sofia, 3-4 März 2000

Author(s): Maria Georgieva / Language(s): German Issue: 3-4/2000

Radoslav Popov

Author(s): Donka Pravdomirova / Language(s): French Issue: 3-4/2000

Bibliography

РАТНА ФОТОГРАФИЈА КАО ФОТО-ДОКУМЕНТ: ДРАГИША СТОЈАДИНОВИЋ И ЉУБИША ВАЛИЋ

Author(s): Goran Gavrić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2020

Serbian war photography came to life only during the First Balkan War, with Risto Marjanović, who came to Belgrade from the New York Herald in Paris at the request of Dragutin Dimitrijević Apis and became an official photo reporter at the Supreme Command. The entire photographic opus of Dragiša Stojadinović can be divided into five stylistically and chronologically different units, which, however, cannot be best seen as separate. The first consists of war photographs, primarily those from the First World War, which show military activities and dead bodies; the second consists of individual and group portraits with a large number of soldiers created in the interwar or passive periods of the war; in the third, photographs of prominent civilians appear; the fourth and fifth units, which are stylistically the furthest from the others, are family photographs taken after the war, but also pre-war, war and post-war photographs of which Stojadinović is not the author, in which he is personally depicted in military uniform, with his family or immediately after his arrest in “Glavnjača” and in prison in Sremska Mitrovica. Although each unit can be a photodocument, only by connecting them is a valid photo documentation obtained that fully illuminates Dragiša's entire oeuvre, especially if we take into account the fact that they are thematically different units. The photographs of Ljubiša Valić illustrating the book “Experiences of Sergeant Miladin” (1917) are by no means just an addition to the text. Valić started from a report, more precisely a war photo report, but his photographs show the war Golgotha of Serbian soldiers and civilians during the retreat through Albania in 1915-16. years gained a new quality by connecting with the text. The artist, who is both a photographer and a writer, has a difficult task to achieve the unity of photography and text, and Valić had to adapt his photographs to the book he also wrote, but based on the story of Sergeant Miladin. In this case, the text and the photo did not come from each other, they were created in parallel in the same area. With him, as with Stojadinović, one can see sincere intentions and freedom from any kind of insinuation and pressure from the side. Both of these photographers, as well as the vast majority of Serbian photographers from the First World War, tried to create as realistic a picture as possible, as much as their abilities and knowledge allowed at that time.

Служебное положение медицинской интеллигенции Иваново-Вознесенска на рубеже XIX—XX в.

Author(s): Kirill Evgenievich Baldin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

In the context of the pandemic, that has engulfed the worldpresently, scientists’ interest in the history of medicine in different historical periods is growing. The role of doctors in the life of society at different times and in different countries, in particular in pre-revolutionary Russia, becomes very relevant topic now. The purpose of the article is to identify and summarize the main features of the official position of the medical intelligentsia in Ivanovo- Voznesensk — large industrial city in Russia at the turn of the 19th — 20th century. The purpose is realized through the following tasks: to determine the special education, received by the medical intelligentsia; to analyze the algorithm of assignment of ranks to doctors in pre-revolutionary Russia; to characterize the features of the service of medical intelligentsia in wartime; to study the reward system for doctors. The author used special methods of historical research — historical-systemic and historical-comparative methods. Doctors depended on the state machine, being partially embedded in it. The extent of this dependency was different. Doctors of the state department depended entirely on it, while the situation of city and Zemstvo doctors looked freer, local governments usually was sympathetic to the needs of health care and most often did not skimp on the payment of doctors. Factory doctors felt not so free, because they depended on the whims of private entrepreneurs. It should be taken into account, that doctors often worked at several jobs, for example in the city hospital, in the factory reception and in school at the same time. During the wars, all doctors, regardless of their official position, considered themselves mobilized and honestly performed patriotic duty.

«Какой вздор!»: военный министр А. Н. Куропаткин о трудах японских националистов

Author(s): Roman Sergeevich Avilov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 33/2020

This article based on a large body of unpublished documents from the Russian State Military Historical Archive (RSMHA). The author analyzes the history of the acquaintance Russian Minister of War A. N. Kuropatkin with publications by the Japanese ultra-nationalist society Kokuryūkai in 1901. Despite weaknesses of Russian intelligence in the Far East before the Russo-Japanese War, the service was been able to obtain a highly valued materials, such as the second volume of Bulletin of Amur River Society. An analysis of this publication reveals that the authors and the journals founder, Uchida Ryōhei, had a high level of knowledge about Russian society. The Japanese discovered all the weak spots of Imperial governance, finance, economy, educational system, and domestic and foreign policies of the Russian Empire. The article shows how the Minister of War read a translation of Japanese edition and noted the authors’ conclusions. We conclude that the Japanese state was able to organize these investigations of Russia using materials from nationalist organizations that sometimes took different positions from those of the Russian government, in Russian. In contrast, Russian officials were not able to do a normal analysis of observations from official channels, And Kuropatkin often did not understand the value of such materials that were passed on to him.

Празднование первой годовщины Октября и красный террор: легитимация революционного насилия

Author(s): K. V. Godunov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 33/2020

The author explores how attitudes toward the Red Terror and activities of the Cheka were manifested during celebrations of the first anniversary of the October Revolution. Based on a study of speeches by Bolshevik leaders, propaganda materials related to the festival, discussions at various levels, and characteristics about the holiday provided by opponents and enemies of the ruling party, the author demonstrates what arguments were used for legitimation and delegitimation of the Red Terror. The author analyzes the discussion by D. B. Ryazanov and G. E. Zinovev on the correlation of terror and the holiday; characterizes the position of V. I. Lenin and other prominent Bolsheviks who used the holiday as a resource to discuss the powers of the Cheka; and describes positions of opponents to the Bolsheviks. The significance of one of the first political amnesties in Soviet history, dedicated to the celebration of the October Revolution, is described. Prominent Bolsheviks perceived the role of terror in the revolution in different ways: if V. I. Lenin and G. E. Zinovev, in the struggle to strengthen their influence, were insistent on the need to deepen terror, D. B. Ryazanov insisted that the scope of repressive politics should be limited, and L. B. Kamenev lobbied for amnesties. All of them used the celebration of the first anniversary of October to implement their projects. Research on the linkage between the Red Terror and the holiday provide insights into the specifics of the political situation in the autumn of 1918.

BIO-BIBLIOGRAFIJA MUHAMMEDA IQBALA

Author(s): Amrudin Hajrić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 17/2013

Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938) is one of the most brilliant minds that have emerged in the modern East. He wrote some of the best poems in the Urdu and Persian languages expressing in them a unique worldview that combines matter and spirit and providing an opinion on political issues of far-reaching significance. The message and insights that Iqbal offered in his works are as relevant today as they were at his time. This work is actually a reference on his life and his most important works, and also treats his political activities which have resulted in separating Pakistan from India and led to its independence. That is why Iqbal’s birthday is now celebrated as a National holiday in Pakistan.

IKBAL I NEKI NJEGOVI ISTAKNUTI INDIJSKI PRETHODNICI

Author(s): Jusuf Ramić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 17/2013

Islam was introduced to the Indian subcontinent at the end of the first Hijra century. The population of the subcontinent accepted Islam whose teachings were simple and affordable for the masses. Muslims were in power until the arrival of English colonialism, when that power has been lost. At the end of English colonialism, Muslims have emphasized two requirements. The first requirement relates to the realization of the idea of Muhammad Iqbal on the creation of a separate state for Muslims in those provinces where they were more numerous than Hindus. Then, in 1947 the Islamic Republic of Pakistan was created with its two parts: East and West Pakistan. Another request was made for those Muslims who still wanted to live within the Indian community to be allowed to spread Islam among the many ethnic groups of India. It was their choice because they thought that the displacement of the population, in fact, was running away. Today in India among Hindus live about a hundred million Muslims.