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The review of: Şehbenderzâde Filibeli Ahmed Hilmi, Hangi Meslek-i Felsefeyi Kabûl Etmeliyiz? Dârü’l-Fünûn Efendilerine Tahrîrî Konferans, sad. ve yay. haz. Kemal Kahramanoğlu - Ali Utku, (Çizgi Kitabevi Yayınları, Konya, 2016), 227 s.
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The review of: Talip Ayar, Osmanlı Devletinde Fetvâ Eminliği (1826 - 1922), (Ankara: Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Yayınları, 2014) 266 s.
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The review of: Selçuk Akşin Somel, Osmanlı’da Eğitimin Modernleşmesi (1839-1908) İslâmlaşma, Otokrasi ve Disiplin, çev. Osman Yener, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2010, 342+95 s.
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The article deals with the scientific contributions of Petar Dinekov to the biography of Marin Drinov, as well as the documents published by him from the archive of the great Bulgarian scientist. A series of articles, studios and books of the then young author, which were published in the 1930s and early 1940s in various scholarly journals and popular magazines and newspapers, are mainly analyzed. With them P. Dinekov appeared in front of the reading audience, established himself as an author and at the same time contributed to the construction of a more complete and documented image of M. Drinov and to the discovery of his place, role and importance in the development of the Bulgarian historical science, linguistics, folklore and ethnography. Dinekov’s publications also address important aspects of Drinov’s social and political activity.
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Prof. Marin Drinov died in Kharkov in February 1906. As a token of respect for his services as a scholar and public figure, the Bulgarian government decided that his mortal remains should be transferred to and buried in Bulgaria. Professor Ivan D. Shishmanov, Minister of Education, was charged with this task. He in turn instructed Prof. Vasil Zlatarski and Pencho Slaveikov to arrange the transfer of the bones of the great scientist and public figure. For various reasons, this was done in 1908.
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As a historical scholar, Professor Marin Drinov attached great importance to the auxiliary historical sciences and especially to paleography, which deals with written sources for medieval history. As a researcher throughout his life, he studied a vast amount of written documents. His desire was to encourage his contemporaries in Bulgaria to start collecting such sources from the Bulgarian lands. To this end, in the late 1870s, he compiled a short “Guide”, which published the magazine “Letostruy”, in which he gave brief guidelines on how to carry out this activity.
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The paper examines the attitudes of the Austrian Jesuits to antisemitism in the interwar period. This question is highly relevant for the study of antisemitism and the Holocaust, because of the strong influence of Catholicism within Austrian society and the prominent role played by Austrians in the Holocaust. The scientific literature has argued that the Austrian context was of central importance to the formation of both antisemitic and anti-antisemitic views among Catholics. However, the dynamics and internal nuances within high ecclesiastical circles have remained understudied. The present research indicates the permanence of an entrenched anti-Jewish tradition as well as the start of a novel reconsideration of this very tradition within the Jesuit Order in Austria. By analyzing tensions in the positions of the Austrian Jesuits, this research contributes to a better understanding of the continuity and rupture in antisemitism in Austria in the period immediately prior to the Holocaust.
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In the summer of 1907, the Inner Macedonian-Odrin Revolutionary Organization (IMORO) undertook a large-scale rebels’ action in Macedonia to expel Serbian and Greek troops from the area. The most significant manifestation of this action was the battle at Nozhot Peak, Prilep region, which ended with a heavy defeat for the Bulgarian bands. The main focus of the article is the fact that the rebels’ action was carried out thanks to the funds of the Bulgarian government, which provided IMORO with an impressive amount of weapons and ammunition. The failure was due both to faults in the overall strategic plan and to the vigorous resistance of Serbia, which coordinated its activities with the Ottoman Empire at various levels. After the defeat at Nozhot Peak, the IMORO campaign weakened significantly, but the continued dispatch of bands and weapons aided the Bulgarian population in Macedonia in its fight against foreign armed propaganda.
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The theme of Macedonia occupies an important place in Bulgarian literature. Poems, short stories, novels, dramas, essays, travelogues are devoted to it. Suffice it to mention the names of writers such as Ivan Vazov, Peyo Yavorov, Anton Strashimirov or Dimitar Talev. Interest in the subject, especially in the lyrics, is strongly influenced by the particular historical situation (uprisings, wars, and other extreme events). At the same time, writers born in Macedonia such as Simeon Radev, Aleksandar Balabanov, Atanas Dalchev and others play a significant role in Bulgarian literature and literary criticism. The article presents these two aspects. It shows the specifics of reflecting the topic in particular historical periods. Emphasis is placed on literary facts from the period between 1878 and 1944, the time when the theme of Macedonia was most authentic.
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The article is about the memoir book by the Bulgarian poet Yavorov – Haidushki kopneniya (Haidouk Longings). It is placed in a broad cultural context – the struggle for Macedoniaʼs liberation and the resonance and journalistic activity around these events in Bulgaria. Yavorovʼs book is not a veritable memoir, because it has a powerful lyrical stream. On the other hand, the influence of the novel genre is quite strong in it. The article analyzes important compositional features of this text. They are interesting because when Yavorovʼs memoirs first appeared in the periodicals, they were of one kind, which changed after they were assembled and organized as parts of a single text (Haidushki kopneniya).
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Taking the Bulgarian throne in critical years for the country, Prince Ferdinand I was forced to ensure not only his personal survival, but also to quickly prove his great diplomatic and psychological skills in order to win the battle for the hearts of the largest and most influential stratum – the officer corps. In less than a decade, he was able to displace the talented dictator Stambolov and make dependent on his judgment the bulk of senior army command without directly interfering with army work and training. With this success, Prince Ferdinand proved his talents as a psychologist, ruler and tactician.
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The author focuses her attention on two major problems related to the charity sector in Bulgaria: its ambiguous public perception and the role of the state and its institutions in building its public image. Unlike education, which the society invariably recognized as a value, and all its development initiatives were considered laudable, a number of other causes did not enjoy such success. Some were slowly gaining popularity, others were perceived with outright distrust or even rejection. The reasons are mainly related to the then level of maturity of the civil sector, to the modernization of society as a whole. State and local governments in major cities worked to promote philanthropic events. Thus, the understanding of charity as a laudable and trustworthy activity, which educated citizens in public solidarity, mutual assistance and empathy, began to prevail in society.
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Un thème important de l’historiographie roumaine est le rôle culturel et scientifique de l’intelligentsia transylvanienne, à l’est et au sud des Carpates, au cours du XIXe siècle, jusqu’à la Grande Union de 1918. Mémoires, correspondance, articles de presse, biographies sont des sources multiple, qui offre une explication importante des motivations, des sentiments, des attitudes et des actions de l’intelligence transylvanienne, afin d’intensifier le lien culturel et spirituel avec l’intelligentsia moldavienne, banatienne, bessarabe et bucovinienne. Les racines de cette connexion sont profondes, dans l’histoire des siècles précédents. La prise de conscience de la vision de la nation, depuis la période des Lumières, puis romantique, signifiait l’établissement d’identités communes, liées à l’origine ethnique, l’histoire, la langue, la patrie, la foi chrétienne, la culture, la tradition, les coutumes, etc. Les clercs, les érudits et les professeurs d’école étaient les plus réceptifs à l’établissement de liens concrets entre toutes les provinces habitées par les Roumains. Les raisons liées à la présence des Transylvains dans le sud et l’est des Carpates, afin de faire, notamment, un travail culturel et éducatif, ont été diverses : des persécutions des autorités, à l’appel de bonnes personnalités, par les dirigeants, boyards ou dirigeants des institutions public ou privé. Près de chaque grande ville des Principautés, un enseignant de Transylvanie a été établi : Ion Maiorescu à Craiova, Aaron Florian et Axente Sever à Bucarest, Simion Bărnuțiu et Alexandru Papiu Ilarian à Iași, Aron Pumnul à Cernăuți, et d’autres. Certains des Transylvains ou des Banat n’avaient que des initiatives éducatives, culturelles et publicistique d’autres se sont également aventurés dans le tourbillon d’actions politiques, risquant leur liberté et leur vie. Le militantisme national de l’intelligentsia transylvanienne visait à l’émancipation nationale, au-delà des frontières politiques, émancipation qui signifiait la préservation de l’identité nationale, en tant qu’acte de justice sociale et politique, dans des conditions de domination étrangère, incompatibles avec l’âge des nationalismes. Les polémiques, l’hostilités ne manquaient pas, causées par des divergences d’opinion ou la fierté personnelle. Le solidarité entre les représentants de l’intelligentsia était lié de leur compatibilités spirituelles, culturelles et politiques, au-delà des différences de mentalité entre les générations ou de la spécificité mentale régionale. L’esprit de l’intelligentsia transylvanienne, ainsi que celui de toutes les provinces historiques, s’est manifesté, non seulement par le partage des connaissances, par la vigueur et le courage des opinions, la défense des valeurs nationales, mais aussi par l’implication messianique « au sens de la mission, du saint devoir! » dans les affaires publiques. Leur activité publique dépendait, dans une large mesure, des lois, des normes et des décisions politiques des autorités, des autorités locales aux autorités gouvernementales et monarchiques.
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This paper aims at presenting the acts of book and document censorship within the library of «Griechisch-orientalische kaiserlich-königliche Obergymnasium in Suczawa», the first high school from southern Bukowina, founded by imperial decree on the 30th of June 1860, in which German was the tuition language, today known as Colegiul Național “Ștefan cel Mare” from Suceava. This study is based on original archive documents, previous studies on the topic and documents from the school library. Relying on historical research approaches, the phenomenon of book censorship is analysed during all polical regimes that succeeded in the nearly 160 years of existance of the school library. The paper points to the restrictions imposed during the Austrian rule (1860-1918), the cleansing and even total distruction of the most valuable books belonging to the Romanian heritage during the totalitarian regimes after the Great Union of 1918, the reorganisation of the special collections, the restriction of the public accessibility to certain titles. This paper, alongside previous ones on the same topic, is meant to contribute to the understanding of the complex phenomenon of censorship in Romanian libraries.
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My article deals with the (mostly medieval) German architectural heritage in present-day Estonia and with the history of monument preservation in the Baltic region in connection with the Baltic German identity. The central area of interest for me are the representations and constructions of this heritage in the texts written about monument preservation. With the Enlightenment and Romanticism of the late eighteenth century, the first Baltic German scholars—literati began to show interest in old houses and works of art. The University of Dorpat (Tartu) was re-established in the early nineteenth century, but local affairs were not included in its teaching curriculum. Because of this, many Baltic Germans felt compelled to research the regional history and historical monuments themselves. During the nineteenth century, numerous learned societies were established, some of which focused specifically on cultural heritage, for example the Gesellschaft für Geschichte und Altertumskunde der Ostseeprovinzen Russlands (Society for the History and Archaeology of the Baltic Sea Provinces of Russia), which was founded in 1834 and was based in Riga. In a situation where the Russian state and the Estonian and Latvian populations were also undergoing a process of cultural and national awakening, material heritage became a key element in the development of a Baltic German identity. With a shared patriotic agenda, the learned societies gave new impulses to monument preservation and, around 1900, they published a number of popularizing texts.
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Review of: Lucyna Harc - Institutionen der Geschichtspflege und Geschichtsforschung in Schlesien. Von der Aufklärung bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg. Hrsg. von Joachim Bahlcke und Roland Gehrke. (Neue Forschungen zur Schlesischen Geschichte, Bd. 26.) Böhlau Verlag. Köln u. a. 2017. 461 S., Ill. ISBN 978-3-412-50781-7. (€ 55,–.)
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Review of: Hanna Kozinska-Witt - Hanna Grzeszczuk-Brendel: Eine Stadt zum Leben. Städtebau und Wohnungsreform in Posen in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Übers. von Sandra Ewers. De Gruyter/ Oldenbourg. Berlin – Boston 2018. 412 S., Ill., Kt. ISBN 978-3-11-054804-4. (€ 44,95.)
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Review of: Exploring Loyalty. Hrsg. von Jana Osterkamp und Martin Schulze Wessel. (Veröffentlichungen des Collegium Carolinum, Bd. 136.) Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Göttingen – Bristol, CT 2017. VI, 240 S., Ill. ISBN 978-3-525-37317-0. (€ 50,–.). Reviewed by Tomáš Nigrin.
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Research on Jews who converted to Christianity before and during the Holocaust has been scarce until recently, although since the 1980s survivors’ testimonies began to mention such experiences more often. This article offers a first general overview of 97 testimonies found in the Fortunoff Video Archive of Holocaust Testimonies that describe the experience of conversion of Holocaust survivors. Based on the information provided by these testimonies it 1) analyses the attitudes of Christian and Jewish institutions and individuals towards converts and 2) explores the way in which the experience of conversion impacted the sense of belonging and Jewish identity of the survivors.
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