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A presentation of “Bulgarian Naval Officers Training Abroad (1882-1944)” by Asen Kozhuharov, Head of the Naval Tactics Department, Nikola Vaptsarov Naval Academy
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The first part of the article contains short biographical notes, and the second – analysis of some of his publications on the new Bulgarian history. The aim is to trace the path of the young scientist, formation of his personality and his development to the heights of academician.
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The changed political reality — the establishment of the State Duma in Russia in 1906 — made active a public discussion about a ratio of guarding and liberal elements in business of the state arrangement. The idea of naturalness and «the rule of law» of the autocratic power found unexpected refraction in consciousness of the art elite trying to comprehend the value and functions of new political institute, to understand a measure of its historical correctness. Based on the principles of historicism and system, applying tools of historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods, the author reveals evolution of perception by artists and literature of realities of the Duma practice of 1906—1907. Interest in new state institute in many respects was defined by hopes for civil consent, political and cultural and moral improvement of the Russian life. One of the main functions of the Duma seemed to artists in peacemaking and search of conciliatory line between various political forces and opinions, at unconditional respect for traditions of the Russian statehood, religion, culture. Without denying importance and political importance of new institute, figures of the Russian culture noted such evident qualities of the Duma practice as tendency to a phrase mongering and “theatrical” effects, inability to offer a part of political ambitions for the sake of nation-wide need, the aspiration to approve a policy priority over culture, claims for spiritual one-man management. Moderate conservatives (Octobrists) who could undertake search of balance of interests were slow and shy. The increasing public skepticism concerning opportunities of the State Duma to become the instrument of national reconciliation and consent became a result of the Duma impressions of 1906—1907.
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The paper studies the concrete, daily life in the Julian March during the two World Wars. Senožeče, a village with 750 inhabitants, was chosen as the model for this analysis. Special attention is given to the political, social, cultural and psychological factors that motived the members of the Slovene minority to take membership in the National Fascist Party (PNF).
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The results obtained through population censuses undertaken in the Austrian districts of the Habsburg monarchy in the years 1869, 1880, 1890, 1900 and 1910 are used within an analysis of changes in the economic (professional) structure of the population employed in the sectors of industry and handicrafts. Data have been computed for the Slovene ethnic territory as a whole, and comparisons have been made between the progress of individual Slovene provinces on one hand, and within separate branches of industry and trade, on the other.
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The review of: Franc Rozman, Miroslav Stiplovšek: Prve rudarske stavke na Slovenskem (1883—1923), Delavska enotnost, Ljubljana 1983, 89 str.
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Simpozij Vloga delavskega časopisja v akulturaciji priseljencev iz vrst delavskega razreda v atlantskih ekonomijah v letih 1880—1930, v Königsteinu, 12.—15. februarja 1985
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The treatise describes the activities of the women's branch of the General Labour Union »Vzajemnost« and its successor »Svoboda«, and the echo reflected in the socialist press.
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The review of: Rudolf Neck, Arbeiterschaft und Staat im ersten Weltkrieg 1914-1918. (A. Quellen) I. Der Staat (1. Voni Kriegbeginn bis zum Prozes Friedrich Adlers, August 1914-Mai 1917), Wien 1964. 331 strani — II. Vom Juni 1917 bis zum Ende der Donaumonarchie im November 1918. Wien 1968. strani 736 (Veroffentlichungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung in Osterreich, 3 in 4).
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U tekstu se obrađuje obilježavanje stogodišnjice stvaranja Jugoslavije 1918 — 2018. godine. Iako je naglasak na hrvatskim medijima i javnosti, društvu i historiografiji, u tekstu se govori i o načinu na koji se o Jugoslaviji govorilo u Sloveniji, Bosni i Hercegovini, Srbiji, Crnoj Gori i Makedoniji. Pritom je u svim državnim politikama bivših jugoslavenskih republika moguće primijetiti zajednička obilježja, ali i određene specifičnosti u njihovom sadašnjem odnosu prema Jugoslaviji. Stvaranje Jugoslavije i jugoslavensko iskustvo naime u cjelini uvelike doživljavaju “prijelomnim” i “sudbonosnim”, uz dominiranje negativnog bilanciranja i nerijetko postavljanja pitanja je li se ono uopće moralo dogoditi. No i tijekom stogodišnjice bila su o tome vidljiva vrlo različita i suprotstavljena mišljenja, kako među povjesničarima tako i u medijima i javnosti, čineći temu Jugoslavije i dalje polemičnom i interpretativno otvorenom.
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Reviews of: 1. Adam Pribićević, MOJ ŽIVOT, Srpsko kulturno društvo »Prosvjeta«, Zagreb 1999, str. 240 Review by: Sofija Božić 2. Dr Nikola Žutić, KRAJIŠKI SOKOLI, SOKOLI SRPSKE KRAJINE 1903-1941-1991, Udruženje Srba iz Krajine i Hrvatske - Srpsko kulturno društvo »Zora«, Beograd 1998, str. 121 Review by: Momčilo Mitrović 3. Dr Zdravko Antonić, ČUBRILOVIĆI 1914. I KASNIJE, Balakanološki institut SANU, Beograd 1999, str. 432. Review by: Milan Lazić 4. Dr Aleksandar Spasić, dr Svetislav Kostić, dr Nikola Živković, BELA PALANKA I OKOLINA U NARODNOOSLOBODILAČKOM RATU 1941-1945, Savez boraca NOR-a - Skupština opštine, Bela Palanka 1997, str. 323. Review by: Milan Koljanin 5. Dr Venceslav Glišić, dr Momčilo Pavlović, dr Predrag Marković i Milomir Aćimović, SINDIKATI BEOGRADA 1945-1998, Veće saveza sindikata Beograda, Beograd 1999, str. 536 Review by: Nikola Žutić 6. DESETI KONGRES ISTORIČARA JUGOSLAVIJE (15-17. januar 1998), Zbornik radova, Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva, Beograd 1998, str. 861. Review by: Miroljub Vasić 7. LATINSKA AMERIKA U DVADESETOM VEKU, Jugoslovensko udruženje latinoamerikanista, Beograd 1999, str. 480 Review by: Svetozar Mužijević 8. SUEDOSTDEUTSCHES ARCHIV, XL/XLI, Muenchen 1997/1998, str. 294 Review by: Zoran Janjetović
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The Belgrade Women’s Society was founded in 1875 under the patronage of Princess Natalija and with the aim of organizing or taking part in national, economic, educational and humanitarian activities in the country. Throughout the county the society had branch organizations and its own institutions, such as women’s schools for various trades, the Schoolechildren Cafeteria, the Market, Boarding School and the »St. Ana« Ladies’ Home. Beginning with 1879, the members of this society published their own magazine, called »Domaćica«.
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Yugoslavia was formed in 1918 by the integration of existing separate states, Serbia and Montenegro and former Austro-Hungarian provinces: Slovenia, Croatia, Dalmatia, Bosnia and Hercegovina and Vojvodina i.e. Banat, Bačka and Baranja. Due to the ethnic conglomeration and historical circumstances, two opposing tendencies prevailed concerning the organization of the state: one, to organize Yugoslavia as a unitary state, the other, that Yugoslavia should become a confederacy. In the first case, care was taken to ignore ethnic borders, and in the second, to create separate national states within these ethnic borders. The 1921 Vidovdan constitution divided Yugoslavia into thirty-three regions whose organs had a certain autonomy, while a law Issued in 1929 and confirmed by the Constitution of 1931 divided the country into nine administrative areas (banovina). In both cases borders were defined according to economic, geographic criteria, ignoring the ethnic factor. Ten years later, in 1939, Banovina Hrvatska was formed as a »corpus separatum« or anasymmetric federation, mainly by ethnic criteria: its borders included, besides Croatia and Dalmatia also parts of Bosnia and Hercegovina and Vojvodina. In 1940 a project was made to form separate »Serbian Lands«. This contribution was based on published and unpublished sources (texts of constitutions, laws) and literature, and is part of a wider topic concerning the borders of Yugoslavia.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the activities of the ministries of internal affairs, education, justice, provincial and county assemblies, provincial and district departments of culture, city dumas during the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917 – 1921, regarding the cultural heritage protection in Ukraine. Methodological principles of research: historical method, which allowed to observe the genesis of the activity of state authorities and local self-government in the cultural heritage protection sphere; methods of analysis and synthesis, its application assisted for legal analysis of key normative acts and power decisions; method of comparative analysis – made it possible to compare the cultural heritage protection policy in the Ukrainian People's Republic during the period of the Ukrainian Central Rada and the Directory and in the Hetman Pavlo Skoropadsky Ukrainian State. Scientific novelty. The emphasis was placed on the main steps and measures of state authorities and local self-government (there was no separate Ministry of Culture in Ukrainian governments during the period from 1917 to 1921) regarding the organizational and methodological support for the cultural heritage protection and the development of relative educational work, aimed at raising organizational and cultural level of the people. It was argued that in the conditions of constant military operations and a deep economic crisis, the Ukrainian authorities at that time pursued a purposeful state policy not only to protect the cultural heritage in their own territory, but also to return the cultural heritage of Ukrainians illegally exported from Ukraine. Conclusions. The analysis of the activities of the higher authorities, the ministries of internal affairs, education, justice, provincial and county assemblies, provincial and district departments of culture, city dumas during the period of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917 – 1921 allows to concluding on the generally consistent policy to ensure the cultural heritage protection in Ukraine. However, because of the lack of a particular governing body in the relevant sphere (ministries of culture) and frequent power changes, more attention was paid to the cultural heritage protection by local self-government bodies, which participate significant public support. A number of important problems of the memorial sphere, which had to be solved by the authorities a hundred years ago, are also relevant today, so the experience of their successful solution deserves attention of contemporaries.
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In 1914, before the First World War, the Austrian state police and military intelligence created a new type of imperial surveillance system in the Habsburg Monarchy to track spies. In1938, after the Nazi take-over of Austria, the Gestapo took control of the state police and also reshaped the Kriminalpolizei and Sicherheitswache to suit Nazi policy. Were there elements in preventative policing under the Habsburg Empire and later political systems that made it easier for the Nazis to reshape the police? Or were the crimes committed by the Viennese police under Nazism only possible because of Nazi restructuring and ideology? Instead of astraight-line progression or a sudden Nazi radicalisation, this paper argues that four different political systems required new policies, while the force itself struggled with internal problems at certain points. However, since the police is a social and cultural institution,there were also prejudices and investigative practices that persisted across eras. Part I of this study traces transformations in the police from 1914 to 1934, while Part II, which will be published in the next issue of S.I.M.O.N, will cover Austrofascism and Nazism.
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Purpose of the Article. To explore the conceptual orientation, organization-functional structure, the forms and methods of the Ukrainian People’s Republic (UPR) diplomatic activity during the Directorate period aimed for the propaganda of the cultural and arts heritage of Ukrainian for abroad with the target to form the positive image of Ukrainian state and its affirmation in the system of international relation of that time. Methodology. The methodological basis of the research consists from the compiled application of the set of methods of scientific knowledge: general scientific (philosophical) methods; special scientific methods; branch methods of the historical science, the methods of the other socio-humanitarian sciences. In particular, using of the historical-systematic method allowed to explore the cultural diplomacy model in the unity of its organizational and essential forms, and is the status of the foreign policy apparatus subsystem of the Ukrainian state. Scientific novelty. The article based on the archive-documental sources presents an attempt to conduct the generalizing research of the system of cultural-informational activity of Ukrainian diplomacy on behalf of the development of the new sovereign state in the system of international relations. Conclusions. During the Directorate period in the frames of diplomatic and international-informational activity, some germs of Ukrainian cultural diplomacy have been formed. Its model of that time consisted of the special MFA departments and informational-propaganda office, the specialized units of the diplomatic representatives abroad. The first nationwide or offices legal documents were created, which were determined as the international information-cultural activity orientation, as the specific tasks of the state offices activity in these spheres. The concert tours of art istic collectives were organized, the state tried to set up the book publishing, exhibitions activity, cinema-photo propaganda. Even in the difficult financial-material conditions, the feasible informational-cultural assistance to the Ukrainians abroad or on the ethnical territories occupied by the foreign states was provided. The positive experience of the Ukrainians abroad involvement to the spread of the knowledge about Ukrainian cultural-civilization heritage was created.
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The purpose of the Article is to clarify the place and role of religious and secular education in the process of intercultural dialogue in the formation of the legal culture of the transitional period in the state, in particular, the period of activity of the First Czechoslovak Republic. Methodological basis - the basis of the methodology of the research is the general theoretical methods, principles, and approaches to the definition of the Constitutionally-legal consolidation of the state and church status in the First Czechoslovak Republic. In particular, the formallogical method was used to study the conceptual apparatus defined by the article's theme. Functional and comparative legal methods are used for comparative analysis of legal culture and legal consciousness in the First Czechoslovak Republic. In the process of studying legal culture and legal awareness as an element of culture in the state a structural and functional method was used. The most important is the historicalretrospective method. This method has allowed to specify the previously mentioned methodological principle of historicism and to know the laws of the genesis of legal culture and legal consciousness in the First Czechoslovak Republic. The scientific novelty consists in the systematic analysis of the factors that influence the cultural and educational process in the formation of a citizens' sense of justice. At the same time, it was first established that the main factor of the historical and cultural process in the First Czechoslovak Republic, the formation of legal culture and legal consciousness was Catholicism. It was he who also influenced the Constitutionally-legal consolidation of the right to education and upbringing, a change in the educational ideal took place: the spiritual life of man became the subject of in-depth study and acquired the highest priority of religious significance. Conclusions. In the First Czechoslovak Republic, the cultural-educational process served as a paradigm of intercultural dialogue for people of different ethnic, linguistic and religious backgrounds. The role of education in this context is defined as a strategic resource for improving the well-being of individuals in the formation of tolerance and mutual respect in the process of observance of fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens. Intercultural dialogue, in this case, is a combination of components, in particular, spiritual and secular education, in shaping a person's respect for language, religion, culture, and world outlook.
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During this first period of its existence, the Bulgarian-Czechoslovakian Reciprocity Society went through many obstacles, through downturns and peaks, but throughout its twenty years of activity it steadily pursued the goal set at its establishment – to contribute to the rapprochement between the two peoples – Bulgarian and Czechoslovak. It made every effort to accomplish its goal by organizing lectures, celebrations, parties, concerts, excursions, publishing articles in mass print and in special editions, for two years it managed to maintain the printing of a magazine of the same name, etc. The attitude of the Czech governing authorities to the members of the Reciprocity and their work in bilateral cultural relations can be judged by the fact that in 1927 the President of the Society Prof. V. Zlatarski and Secretary Lyuba Kasarova were among the first Bulgarians to receive Czechoslovak state honors – Orders. They were sent to them through the legation in Sofia by President T. G. Masarik personally.
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