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Poszukując obrazu historii. Średniowiecze we francuskiej sztuce XVIII stulecia

Author(s): Szymon Cierpisz / Language(s): Polish Issue: XIII/2015

The aim of this article is to show some basic iconographical problems that early modern artists had when they wanted to present a historical theme in their works. Despite the growing number of articles and books focusing on the historical consciousness and reflection on the history in the early modern times, we still observe a deficiency in analyses of a visual side of the history in art. Basing on several catchy judgments of Vasari or Moliere, it is often said that since the Renaissance, the Middle Ages with their art and culture were at least neglected, if not despised. We can state however that both artists and aesthetes often underlined importance of old artworks, which has been expressed clearly by Bernard de Mountfacon, who in the preface to his great work describing French monuments wrote that they “help to enlighten history and customs of the first kings”.

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ТРАДИЦИИ БЛАГОТВОРИТЕЛЬНОСТИ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ЖУРНАЛИСТИКЕ

Author(s): Ludmila Petrovna Gromova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2015

The paper examines the emergence and development of charity traditions in Russian journalism during the 18th and 19th centuries. As early as the dawn of journalism in Russia, the publishers were committed to support the insolvent reader by offering lower-priced subscriptions, sending various supplements and presents, and providing assistance to persons affected by wars or natural disasters. Furthermore, they financially encouraged their authors. Charity as a social function played a significant role in the activity of many publishers and editors, who shaped the public opinion about the necessity of targeted aid to those in need.

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Historyczno społeczne aspekty starzenia się i starości, red. Małgorzata Stawiak-Ososińska i Agnieszka Szplit, Agencja Reklamowa TOP – Drukarnia Cyfrowa, Kielce 2014

Author(s): Bożena Zboina / Language(s): Polish Issue: 26/2015

A Book Review

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The Cold Water Ordeal (Swimming) in Witchcraft Accusations and Trials in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Sixteenth-Eighteenth Century

Author(s): Jacek Wijaczka / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

One of the medieval trials by ordeal, the cold water ordeal, regained popularity in the Early Modern Period and served as an important element in witchcraft trials. Floating on water was seen as a decisive proof of guilt and resulted in the accused being handed over to the torturer. This paper discusses the use of the water ordeal in Poland in the sixteenth–eighteenth century, primarily by municipal courts. Among the issues mentioned in the paper there is also the question of the stage of the trial in which the water ordeal was used and whether the accused were undressed before being subjected to the ordeal.

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Становлення теорії синтаксичного зв’язку в українському мовознавстві (ХVІІ – початок ХХ ст.)

Author(s): Natalia V. Kobchenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 53/2018

In Ukrainian linguistics, there are no historiographical papers offering an adequate description of the origin and development of the syntactic connection theory. Elsewhere, I have already proposed a periodization of the research on syntactic connections from the time of the appearance of first Slavic grammars until today, which distinguishes five historical stages. The purpose of this analysis is to characterize particularly the first three periods of the development of research on syntactic connections – from the 17th century until the 1930s. The first stage (17th–18th centuries) is the beginning of the syntactic connection theory. The syntactic chapters in the grammars of this period deal with studying the ability of some parts of speech to combine with other words. The second stage (19th century) is the period of approval of terminology and formation of the ground for deepening the syntactic connection theory. All scholars of the period defined two possible realizations of the syntactic connection – agreement and government. The third stage (the beginning of the 20th century until the 1930s) was the period in which the morphological criterion prevailed. The typical symptom of this observed in the period is consideration of syntactic connections between pairs of words in isolation from the rest of the sentence components. The crucial research perspective opened up by the study is to explain in detail the development of research on syntactic connections from the 1940s until today

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Trzy historie o celebrytach

Author(s): Adrian Wesołowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2019

Is fame a valuable problem for historiography, or will it always remain in the domain of marketing experts? The English celebrity history, well-developed in the West, would react with a fervent refusal to any attempts at considering fame being thought ahistorical. This article is a review of three current works pertaining to the problem. Additionally, it attempts to determine whether a Polish historian can use its contents as fair examples of the current trends in celebrity history.

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Музика в житті київських воєвод та губернаторів (ХV–ХVІІІ cтоліття)

Author(s): Ivan Yuriyovych Kuzminskyi / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 41/2018

Purpose of the article: In the surroundings of the Kyiv voivodes and governors, one of the most influential officials of the city and surrounding administrative territories, in the 15th–18th centuries formed a special cultural environment, where music was also given a certain place. The main purpose of our study is to characterize the musical life of these environments in the language of historical documents. In addition, to determine the functions and composition of musical chapels, musical repertoire, instruments, identify musicians, and so on. The methodology of the research is to apply predominantly general-historical methods: historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical-typological and historical-systemic. Scientific novelty: The musical life of Kyiv voivodes and governors has never been the subject of a special study. The collected materials, first presented in such configuration, deepen and specify the knowledge about the secular musical culture of Kyiv in the 15th–18th centuries. Conclusions: The musical culture of Kyiv of the 15th–18th centuries has not yet been sufficiently well studied, but almost completely forgotten knowledge and ideas about secular Ukrainian music of this time are gradually resurfacing. In addition, our research partially eliminates the artificial problem of Ukrainian historical musicology – the ways of reception of professional European musical culture in Ukraine, because, as can be seen from the collected documents, musical chapels existed in Kyiv during all this period, and judging by musical instruments and repertoire, they embodied the Western European musical theory and practice. The musical chapels of the voivodes differed little from those that existed in other areas of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In the service of voivodes and governors there were both local and foreign singers and instrumentalists, which contributed to the spread of foreign musical achievements in the city. Subsequently, the presented direction of the study can become a model for the analysis of musical chapels in other Ukrainian historical areas.

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Балаклава: введение в историческую топографию османского города 1475—1774 годов на Крымском полуострове

Author(s): Sergei Gennadievich Bocharov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2019

The article discusses the main points of the historical topography of the town of Balaklava, located on the Crimean Peninsula coast, which was part of the Ottoman Empire between 1475 and 1774. The author offers a graphic reconstruction of the general plan of Balaklava for the last quarter of the 18th century, the final stage in the life of this Turkish town. All basic elements of the historical topography of the late medieval town were recreated. The quarterly development plan and street network were reconstructed. The Ottoman city consisted of three fundamental parts: a fortresses with military and residential buildings, the town territory outside the fortifications and the unfortified suburbs. Localized were four city mosques, three Greek churches, one Armenian temple, a bathhouse, five fountains supplying the town’s population with water, one hotel — caravanserai, a market square with shops and coffee houses, shopping arcades, the main cemeteries of the town, a tile factory and vineyards in the northern suburbs. At the final stage of the Ottoman rule on the Crimean Peninsula, the total urban area of Balaklava was 10.2 hectares, including the ruins of the fortress of 3.3 hectares, the main territory of the town with an area of 5.8 hectares and the northern suburbs occupying 1.1 hectares.

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Онтологічний аспект залучення до творчості Й.С. Баха та до символіки духовної християнської музики

Author(s): Galina Viktorivna Volkova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2018

Goal – to identify the spiritual and moral guidelines of a great musician according to the notions about the spiritual values of modern Ukraine in the presentation of the theme "Creativity of J. S. Bach" in a music school at the level of V class. The methodology - cultural, interdisciplinary approach, as well as musicological hermeneutics in the interpretation of semantic fillings of creativity J.S. Bach. The scientific novelty - for the first time in the practice of studying the theme "Creativity of J.S. Bach" emphasis is placed on the denominational peculiarities of Pietism-Lutheranism, which differ, due to objective historical circumstances, by parallels to the religious-orthodox principles that are understood to a large extent by those who study. Conclusions - nomination of ritually organizing the stimulus of expression, justified by the deep religiosity of the composer and direct support of him in the adopted Lutheran life melodies of hymns in the analysis of works of Bach recommended for study in the musical school (in this case it is Cantata No. 21 and Prelude and Fugue C-dur from the first and second The Well-Tempered Clavier). The latter capture in the artistic whole the moral and behavioral complex, which is indicative for the Lutheran-Pietist, and which has a collision with the Orthodox ethics of the joy of perception of the world as the basis for moral orientation in the world. Special meaning is emphasizing in the text and in the music recommended for showing in the lesson of Cantata No. 21 of the aspect of rejection of disbelief, that is, the departure from negative emotions as incompatible with church affection, in the execution of the highlight of the presentation, and in the perception – of sensitivity to it. This same attention to the temptation and to the emotional positive expression is important in the hearing-perception of the Invention (two-voiced C-dur and F-dur) and the Prelude and Fugue C-dur (I v. of The Well-Tempered Clavier). Thus, the educational and cognitive complex is connected with the moral-educators, as it is laid by the music of J.S. Bach.

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The Problem of National Identity in the Ecclesiastical Catholic Culture of Austria of the XVIII Century

Author(s): Kateryna Mykolayivna Palamarchuk,Larysa Mykolayivna Lyashenko / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The purpose of the article is to consider the development of the ecclesiastical culture of Catholic countries (Austria, Germany, Poland) on the example of Austria of the XVIII century. It is important to point out and analyze the specific features of the Austrian national culture and its uniqueness in the hierarchical system of the world religious cultures. Methodology. To achieve this purpose, the following logical and semantic research methods were used: historical-dialectical (for the analysis of historical and cultural processes in Austria of the mentioned period), literary studies (for the consideration of church liturgical works) and a method of theoretical generalization that allows us to consider the Austrian church art in the context of the ecclesiastical culture. Scientific novelty. Despite the existence of a number of studies devoted to Catholic culture in the field of art and culture, in Ukrainian science this topic did not become the subject of a comprehensive study. The connection between the European and Ukrainian ecclesiastical traditions is important for understanding the Catholic national culture and art. This led to the choice of the topic of this work. Conclusions. A specific feature of the Catholic ecclesiastical culture is its confessional differentiation. It was formed under the influence of the historical and geographical conditions of the society. The Austrian national component in the ecclesiastical culture of Catholic countries as a system of aesthetic national values is closely linked with the establishment and preservation of Catholic national traditions. This means that Austrian church art and ecclesiastical culture are important components of the hierarchical system of religious culture, which main value lies in the socioreproductive creative activity of artists in the sphere of consciousness. This in its turn is closely related to the transcendent sphere of activity, as well as to the high artistic level and artists‘ skills. That‘s why, like in other national cultures, the ecclesiastical culture of Austria has a national-religious character.

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Декоративно-живописні елементи народної картини в українських інтер‘єрах козацької доби

Author(s): Larysa Feliksivna Eivas,Irina Mykolayivna Udris / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2019

The purpose of the article. The article dwells upon the problem of studying the works of the national painting of the nonreligious nature of the ХVІІ - early XIX centuries carried out by domestic experts at the time of the formation of the Ukrainian art science. The methodology of the study is to use methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, as well as hermeneutical and comparative approaches. The study of the process of identifying national traits and evolution of the Ukrainian secular painting of the Cossack times as part of the contemporary interior is presented through the analysis and synthesis of the works of representatives of the Ukrainian art science of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A small proportion of non-church (secular, domestic) subjects in the national painting heritage of the outlined period explain relatively insufficient attention to the study of secular theatrical painting in Ukraine at the time of the formation of domestic scientific art studies. The scientific novelty of the research is to analyze the publications of well-known researchers of the 1890s and 1910s, K. Shyrotsky, D. Scherbakivsky, F. Ernst. The scientific views and evaluative characteristics concerning the most popular subjects of the secular painting of the period have been revealed, in particular, concerning the folk painting "Cossack Mamai"; the role of painting as a component of the Cossack dwellings arrangements is traced. Conclusions. The approval of national ideas in the Baroque era art - the hallmark of spiritual and cultural activities - is interpreted as a vivid manifestation of national self-affirmation of Ukrainians in the writings of various scholars. The materials under study provide feeling the general atmosphere of interest into the problem of national style by representatives of the young science of the art of those times and understand the nature of their further research vector.

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The Inverse Forms of Women's Activities in the Traditional Ukrainian Culture of XVI-XIX Centuries

Author(s): Serhii Viktorovich Sherbynyn / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Purpose of Article. The purpose of the article is to research some inverse forms of women's activities in the traditional Ukrainian culture of XVI-XIX centuries. Methodology. The methodology of the article is based on the interdisciplinary approach, which includes the following methods: analysis, synthesis, historical-comparative, legal-comparative and culturological ones. Scientific Novelty. The scientific novelty of the article is the analysis of the inverse forms of the women activities in the traditional Ukrainian culture of XVI-XIX centuries such as the woman’s right for matchmaking, the woman in army and woman in the urban corporative culture. Conclusions. Thus, in the Ukrainian culture, the women played various roles such as a mother, sister, and a homemaker. Despite those positions, the historical and social circumstances made the woman to realize themselves in political, social and economic activities. Such processes were manifested in the inversion between male and female social roles. The most popular embodiments of it are the women’s right of the matchmaking, women military service and craft professions.

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„Istočno pitanje“ i balkanski odgovori u idejno-historijskoj perspektivi

Author(s): Safet Bandžović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 83-84/2020

Prošlost i sadašnjost su nerazdvojne, jedna tumači drugu. Mnogi procesi „dugog trajanja“ prevazilaze lokalne okvire i regionalne granice.To se odnosi i na složeno „Istočno pitanje“, njegov sadržaj i rukavce koji prelazi granice više stoljeća. Mada je veliki dio svog razdoblja Osmanskocarstvo držalo i do jedne četvrtine onoga što se naziva Evropom, nije smatrano članom evropskog međunarodnog sistema. Ono što je na Zapadu poznato o ovom carstvu, muslimanima i Balkanu, naročito ono što je govorila nauka, ali i ono što je govorila kvazinauka i popularna literatura, nikada nije bilo beznačajno. „Istočno pitanje“ je „višestoljetniproces sukobljavanja Istoka i Zapada, Prednje Azije i Europe, kršćanstvai islama, dviju kultura i civilizacija“. U biti, to je „nastojanje da se Osmanlije i islam izbace iz Evrope“. Stav da su muslimani „tuđinci“ u Evropi dio je mentaliteta poznatog pod imenom „Istočno pitanje“, koje je u Evropi živjelo od Kučuk-Kajnardžijskog mira 1774. do Lozanskogugovora 1923. godine. Mentalitet „Istočnog pitanja“ je nastavio da živi i dalje. Može se koristiti kao „referentni okvir“ za sažimanje i razumijevanje historije muslimana Balkana do kraja XX stoljeća. Ono što je na Zapadu poznato o Osmanskom carstvu, muslimanima i Balkanu, posebno ono što je govorila nauka, ali i ono što je „nudila“ kvazinauka i popularna literatura, nikada nije bilo beznačajno. Nema nacionalizma bez stereotipao “drugima”, bez njih nema stereotipa o “sebi”, niti interesnih manipulacija. Tomovi naučno utemeljenih djela ništa, pak, ne mijenjaju u odnosu prema historiji ukoliko su društvene i političke okolnosti takve daje poželjna drugačija “svijest” i “kultura sjećanja”. Načini prikazivanja historijskih događaja mogu da oblikuju i viđenja aktuelnih društvenih dešavanja. Historija se nikada ne ponavlja doslovno, iako se neke paralele teško mogu izbjeći.

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Les paysans et la pauvreté dans le kaza d’Edirne durant le XVIIe et les premières décennies du XVIIIe siècle

Author(s): Stefka Parveva / Language(s): French Issue: 1-2/2019

The study aims to add touches to the study of one of the problems of the 17th – first decades of the 18th century – the intensified processes of impoverishment among the rural population. The main documents attempting to determine the poverty parameters of villages and their inhabitants in the territory of kaza of Edirne are two avarız defters, compiled in 1676 and 1685/1686, as well as numerous sultan orders, petitions and complaints of the population, kadı huccets, marginal notes in liturgical literature, etc. The study analyzes the main causes and mechanisms of rural impoverishment. The quantitative parameters of poverty among taxpayers at the level of the kaza as a whole and on level of the individual nahiye are reconstructed. The study seeks to answer the following questions:Was there a connection between the religious characteristics of the population and its property status, and between the geographical location of the village in particular and the nahiye as a whole?What was the ratio between poor villages and taxpayers and those who managed to cope with their tax obligations; in other words, between those who produced a scarce agricultural product and those who produced in sufficient quantity or with a surplus?The article examines the behavior of peasants in the context of increasing taxation and increasing poverty.

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Money and Prices in the 18th – 19th Centuries. Bulgarian Historiography on the Monetary History of the Balkan Provinces of the Ottoman Empire

Author(s): Hristiyan Atanasov,Nikolay Nenovsky / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2019

The paper’s aim is a historiographical review and an analysis of the basic works published by Bulgarian scholars and devoted to the topic of money and prices in the Ottoman Balkans during the 18th and 19th centuries. This period is very important, both in a more general context – from a European and Ottoman perspective, as well as from a Balkan and Bulgarian point of view. We have used a chronological approach and have outlined two periods in our study – between 1878 and 1989 (the time of the Third Bulgarian Kingdom and the subsequent communist regime in Bulgaria) and from 1990 until today (i.e. the period after the democratic changes). The reviewed studies are divided into two main groups: (i) historical studies on money and prices and (ii) numismatic ones. We have given priority to some smaller publications, as they are less known to Bulgarian and foreign researchers. In general, larger studies are known to scholars dealing with the region’s monetary history.

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Странстващи и уседнали селски търговци в провинция Румелия в края на ХVІІ–ХVІІІ век

Author(s): Stefka Parveva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2019

Studies in the field of trade show that the main contingent of traders originated in urban communities and worked on urban and international markets. But as far as nine out of ten of the subjects of the sultan in Bulgarian lands were peasants, it is logical to assume that some of them earned their living in the field of trade. In this regard, it should be noted that the issue concerning the involvement of peasants as professional traders in the economic life of the Ottoman Empire has remained poorly investigated in the historiography on the subject. The study seeks to outline an approximate portrait of the itinerant and settled rural merchants who participated in the trade, both between a town and a village, and among different regions of the empire at the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Features of their family and property status have been reconstructed on the basis of individual case studies. Issues related to the legal regulation of their business activities are analyzed. The assortment and volumes of the goods sold by them are also investigated. The author examines the problems related to the commercial practices of association of rural traders and crediting such traders. Conclusions were drawn regarding the involvement of institutions in regulating business and relations between traders and their families, partners and creditors; the level of their literacy; the role of their journeys on the level of awareness of the communities in which they operate; the importance of their professional activity in the formation of the modern traders in the Bulgarian society from the pre-Tanzimat period. The study relies on unpublished Ottoman-Turkish documents – estate inventories of deceased merchants, litigations on associations and loans, sultan fermans, petitions and complaints, tax registrations, as well as promulgated laws, travelogues, and more.

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STARI DRVENI NADGROBNI KRIŽEVI NA KATOLIČKOM GROBLJU TUTNJEVAC U ŽUPI ŠPIONICA

Author(s): Marko Matolić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 11/2019

This work was the result of a field study aimed at locating, recording, photographing and describing old, tombstones, wooden crosses in the Catholic cemetery in Tutnjevac, which belongs to the parish of Spionica in church and administrative terms. The settlement of Spionica has a centuries-old continuity, it is mentioned in the first half of the 16th century, while the first author's well-known record of a Catholic cemetery in the town of the same name dates from 1772. The wooden crosses that are the subject of this work date from the second half of the 20th century, but they undoubtedly have a longer tradition, which was interrupted under various circumstances at the end of the last century. At the cemetery, in November 2017, we found twelve such crosses, among which there is a differentiation between male (6 pieces) and female (6 pieces). Making such crosses is one of the types of vernacular art that will not be seen in situ.

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ICONOMIA BISERICEASCĂ, UNUL DINTRE TEMEIURILE JUSTIȚIEI PENALE ÎN MOLDOVA

Author(s): Cătălina Chelcu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 56/2019

The research topic is actually an episode of what we may call the “survival” of Byzantium in the political culture of the Romanian Principalities. The field of Law was one of the controversial aspects of this issue. My incursion into the characteristics of the imperial Byzantine ideology is meant to explain certain political behaviours of the reign in Moldavia, mainly in the legal practice in late 18th century and the first decades of the 19th century. The Byzantine political tradition present in the Romanian Principalities until the 18th century entailed a reprisal of the governing principles of the Empire. The princes of the country continued to get on the Moldavian throne “with God’s mercy”, a title preserved by those who occupied the princely see in the 18th century and the first decades of the 19th century. The princely institution was affected severely by the Turkish-Phanariote regime of the 18th century but, at the level of the domestic princely policy, the institution per se did not undergo significant changes. In terms of legal practice, historical sources attest – as shown throughout my paper – that the princes preserved their right of jus gladii, namely of sentencing to death the persons guilty of several criminal acts. The princes would use this right, as always, as they saw fit (my italics). As we get to the 19th century, death sentences are ever rarer. Most penalties were limited to mine labour, preceded by mutilations and – quite often – by beatings. How can one explain the change in paradigm? On one hand, by the fact that – for criminal power – the loss of an asset or right as a punishment method became far more effective in terms of attaining punitive purpose. On the other hand, we must consider the consolidation of the princely institution, given that it imitated the ideological imperial Byzantine model, based on the image of a good and merciful prince. I believe that these explanations prove valid because legal practice attests fully the reprisal of the Byzantine ideological foundation of oikonomia in governing the country, with the two essential principles: philanthropy and leniency.

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Ukraine 101

Author(s): Margarita Novikova / Language(s): English Issue: 01+02 (40)/2020

Review of: „Ukraine in Histories and Stories: Essays by Ukrainian Intellectuals.” Edited by Volodymyr Yermolenko. Publisher: Internews Ukraine / Ukraine World, Kyiv: 2019. Review by: Margarita Novikova

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The History of the Organs in the Cistercian Abbey in Kraków-Mogiła

Author(s): Piotr Matoga / Language(s): English Issue: 01 (36)/2018

The history of the organs in the Cistercian Abbey in Kraków-Mogiła has not been studied so far. The article elaborates this topic based on the results of an archival query. Most of the sources are preserved in the Cistercian Archive in Mogiła. Examining them, the author discusses the history of instruments in the monastic church and in the former St Bartholomew church. On the basis of the sources, it was stated that at least in the 18th century the monastery church was equipped with two pipe organs. This fact has not been pointed out so far by researchers. The following article is supplemented by archival photographs.

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