Новое о селитроварении в Украине

Author(s): Sergei A. Skoryi,Dmitry V. Karavayko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2009

The article publishes a unique complex of kilns dated by the late Middle Ages and meant for saltpeter-making, which is the main component of the black powder. The complex was studied by the authors in 2005-2006 within the western fortified section of the Belskoe settlement dated by the Scythian time (Dnieper’s forest-steppe left side, Vorskla River basin).The materials are considered in the context of available data, first of all, written records, telling about saltpeter-making in Ukraine, where one of the main centers of saltpeter-making was located in Poltava region in 16th-19th centuries.The archaeological evidence published here is a significant contribution to our knowledge of making such a strategic product as saltpeter.

Псковский пригород Вороноч

Author(s): Serge V. Beletsky / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2002

“Voronoch” or “Voronach” – one of the suburbs of the Pskov Republic in XIV-XV cc. The town was situated in the South-Eastern part of the Pskov land, near the Pskov-Lithuanian border. The historical records normally mention the town of Voronoch in the context of military activities in XIV-XVII cc.The archaeological study of Voronoch knows a number of attempts – in 1951 (S.A. Tarakanova), 1956 (P.A. Rappoport and N.N. Gurina), 1969 (V.D. Beletskii), 1980-1981, 1998, 2002 and 2003 (S.V. Beletskii). It has been revealed that the City’s Kremlin in XIII-XVI cc. was a settlement near the village Voronich close to the manor of Trigorskoe. The settlement Voronich 1, almost equivalent in size to the existing village, was in XIII-XVI cc. a Great posad (settlement) of the medieval town; the modern set-up of streets in the village corresponds to the description of the Great posed from a scribe’s book of 1585-1587. Settlements Voronich 2-3 in XIV-XVI cc. made up the town’s posed of Cosma and Damian, set on the right bank of the Sorot’ in front of the settlement.The digging and the recovered finds documented presence of the artefacts of XIII-XVI and XVIII-XIX cc. on the town place and settlements, with very scarce materials of XVII c. This corresponds to the desolation of the city’s Kremlin noticed by the chronicles and a sharp decrease in the number of population on posads during the Livonian war (after 1581). The location of the town also yielded a scarcely preserved layer of the late I – early II millennia AD.

NOVE SPOZNAJE O OLTARNOJ SLICI SV. MARTINA IZ ŽUPNE CRKVE U VARAŽDINSKIM TOPLICAMA

Author(s): Venija Bobnjarić-Vučković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 29/2018

The painting of St. Martin is dated to the 18th century and presumed to have originally belonged to an earlier wooden and polychromed altar from the time the church and its furnishing were renovated in the 1760s. In the late 19th century, the old altar was replaced by Francesco Robba’s altar of St. Catherine from Zagreb Cathedral, and since then the painting had on several occasions changed its location on the altar. It was first situated on the new altar as the main altarpiece, to be moved in the 1930s to the altar attic. Finally, in the 1970s it was completely removed from the altar and stored in the parish rectory, where it has remained kept to this day. Ludbreg Conservation Centre of the Croatian Conservation Institute carried out comprehensive conservation work on the painting of St. Martin from 2012 to 2013. In the course of these efforts, once the darkened varnish was removed, the author’s signature was uncovered with the year the painting had originated. This discovery corrected the painting’s dating to 1852, while the author was revealed to be Johann Beyer from Austria, who painted a series of altarpieces in Croatia from the 1840s to 1860s, including a painting for Svibovec near Varaždinske Toplice. Based on the records collected, it can be assumed that it was on this occasion that a new altarpiece was commissioned for the Baroque altar of St. Martin in Varaždinske Toplice. The painting was fully restored by relining the canvas with a new fabric to strengthen the support, a new stretcher and decorative frame were made, and upon the completion of conservation, it was returned to the parish rectory in Varaždinske Toplice. The work was financed by the Croatian Ministry of Culture.

„Opus pulchrum“. Pôsobenie Spoločnosti Ježišovej v Banskej Bystrici (1648 – 1773) v kontexte umeleckých objednávok pre tamojšiu komunitu

Author(s): Barbara Hodásová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2019

A book from the Anglo-American environment by the respected Canadian historian Paul Shore with the title Narratives of Adversity: Jesuits in the Eastern Peripheries of the Habsburg Realms (1640 – 1773) can be regarded as the starting point for my study. The book made a significant impact on the academic community, especially in the English speaking countries. Shore’s work presents a narrative of the activity of the Society of Jesus in the former Kingdom of Hungary during the Early Modern period, and is based mainly on the stories of specific members of the order, or minor stories and curiosities, especially „in the peripheries of the Habsburg Realms”. Since I very strongly disagree with the conception of Paul Shore’s work, the study is an attempt to create a parallel narrative on the activities of the Society of Jesus in Banská Bystrica in the period 1648 – 1773. The sources for this concept were detailed research on the textual sources both in local archives and in the Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu Roma, as well as investigation of the surviving visual works from the categories of fine art and architecture in relation to my professional profile. Such a concentrated view and the partially uncovered realities of the activities of the Society of Jesus in Banská Bystrica made Paul Shore’s articulated and constantly mentioned „Eastern peripheries of the Habsburg realms” and the adversities of members of the order look ever more indefensible. Various visual traces of the activities of the Jesuits in Banská Bystrica can be described as significant Baroque works created in the international Central European framework thanks to various patrons from various European regions. They undoubtedly represent the successful construction of a Central European Baroque sacred landscape and the visual identity of the Catholic space of the Habsburg Monarchy.

Wybrane aspekty dobroczynności w protestanckim Gdańsku (XVI-XVIII w.)

Author(s): Adam Szarszewski,Piotr Paluchowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2018

Account books of the Musical Chapel of Lviv Uniate Bishop Leon Szeptycki (1760–1779)

Author(s): Ivan Yuriyovych Kuzminskyi / Language(s): English Issue: 03 (38)/2018

This article explores the newly discovered account books of the Lviv Uniate Musical Chapel of the Bishop Leon Szeptycki. The main stay of this musi­cal chapel was the architectural complex of the Cathedral of St George in Lviv. Today, two account books are stored in the department of old books and manuscripts of the Andrey Sheptytsky National Museum in Lviv in the archives of the Lviv bishops; they cover the years 1760–1779. In the first two parts of the article, the author investigates the issues of the founding of the musical chapel and its place of activity. In the third part, there is a list of musicians who were members of this chapel over the years. In addition to the names and surnames, their positions, years of employment, musical instruments which they played and details of their biography are indicated. In the next part, there is a list of pupils of the chapel. It appears that the total number of pupils ranged from 2 to 14. Adult musicians and pupils played various instruments: harpsichord (“kla­wicymbaly”), clavichord (“klawikort”), organ, violin, alto, viola da gamba (“kwartviola”), cello (“basetla”), oboe, bassoon, trumpet and horn; there were singers as well. In the fifth part, the author specifies in what way the Lviv Uniate musical chapel was financed. In the next part, both the church and the secular musical repertoire of the musical chapel are described. In this section, also information from the Warsaw periodicals are used. In the seventh part, the collaboration of the Uniate music chapel with other chap­els and monastic orders, Jesuits, Dominicans and Conventual Franciscans is explored. In the last part, the author examines the information about the human settlements that are found on the pages of the account books.

Francis Bacon, Jan Baptist Van Helmont and Demetrius Cantemir. Family resemblances of auctoritas in Early Modern Europe

Author(s): Sorin Ciutacu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The present paper stakes out the destiny of certain ideas on scientific methods and epistemic and ontological representations that spread in 17th century Europe like a cultural epidemiology of representations against a deist, theosophical, empiricist and occult maze-like background. Our intellectual history study evaluates the family resemblances of auctoritas of three polymaths: Francis Bacon, Jan Baptist Van Helmont and Demetrius Cantemir along the cultural corridors of knowledge. If Francis Bacon was a theoretical founder of doctrines and Jan Baptist Van Helmont was a complex experimenting spirit, Demetrius Cantemir was an able disseminator of philosophy in South Eastern Europe and a creative synthetic spirit bridging the Divan ideas of Western and Eastern minds caught up in the busy exchange of ideas of the Republic of Letters.

Institutionen der Geschichtspflege und Geschichtsforschung in Schlesien. Von der Aufklärung bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg. Hrsg. von Joachim Bahlcke und Roland Gehrke. (Neue Forschungen zur Schlesischen Geschichte, Bd. 26.)

Author(s): Lucyna Harc / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2019

Review of: Lucyna Harc - Institutionen der Geschichtspflege und Geschichtsforschung in Schlesien. Von der Aufklärung bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg. Hrsg. von Joachim Bahlcke und Roland Gehrke. (Neue Forschungen zur Schlesischen Geschichte, Bd. 26.) Böhlau Verlag. Köln u. a. 2017. 461 S., Ill. ISBN 978-3-412-50781-7. (€ 55,–.)

Jiří Vysloužil: Musikgeschichte Mährens und Mährisch-Schlesiens vom Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts bis 1945. Übers. von Věra Vysloužilová. (Wiener Schriften zur Stilkunde und Aufführungspraxis, Sonderbd. 7.)

Author(s): Ulrike Schröder / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2019

Review of: Ulrike Schröder - Jiří Vysloužil: Musikgeschichte Mährens und Mährisch-Schlesiens vom Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts bis 1945. Übers. von Věra Vysloužilová. (Wiener Schriften zur Stilkunde und Aufführungspraxis, Sonderbd. 7.) Böhlau. Wien u. a. 2014. 292 S., Ill., Kt. ISBN 978-3-205-79528-5. (€ 49,–.)

Der Einfluss des habsburgischen Familiantengesetzes auf das generative Verhalten der Juden in Böhmen

Author(s): Michaela Kral / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2019

Das Ziel des Familiantengesetzes von 1726 war primär die staatliche Kontrolle über die Anzahl der jüdischen Bevölkerung. Seit dem Erscheinen meiner Miszelle, in der es um dessen Auswirkungen auf das Alltagsleben der böhmischen Juden und einen Einblick in die habsburgische Sozialgeschichte ging, haben sich neue Erkenntnisse und Fragestellungen ergeben. So macht Věra Leininger auf sich wiederholende Verordnungen zum Familiantengesetz aufmerksam, die auf dessen jeweilige Missachtung schließen lassen. Ähnliches stellen auch Philipp Lenhard und Martina Niedhammer fest. Jede Gesetzeslücke sei genutzt und kein finanzielles Opfer gescheut worden, um eine offizielle Heiratsgenehmigung zu erlangen.

House of Networks: the Polish-Lithuanian Senate (1569–1795) as Parliamentary Representation of the National Social Network (of Women?)

Author(s): Marek Jerzy Minakowski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The Polish-Lithuanian Parliament of 1569– 1795 consisted of three houses: The King, Senate and House of Representatives. The King and Representatives were elected in general election. The members of the Senate were arbitrarily appointed by the King for a lifetime tenure. There is an extensive literature on the forming of the Polish-Lithuanian elite of power in the 16th–18th centuries. The article proves that the literature missed several vital aspects of the issue. Even if the appointments to the Senate were arbitrary, they reflected the real position of politicians in the country’s social network, as if the social network were the real ruling power in the country, influencing the King’s decisions. And the status of politicians was better connected to the network position of their mothers and wives than to their surname and male line.

ГЕНДЕРНАЯ ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИЯ В РОССИЙСКОМ КУЛЬТУРНОМ ДИСКУРСЕ: ОТ СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЬЯ К ПРОСВЕЩЕНИЮ

Author(s): Elena Anatolyevna Ovchinnikova,Sergey Aleksandrovich Troitskiy / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2019

The article examines the process of transformation of ideas about gender identity on the material of Russian culture of XVI c. and the beginning of the XVIII c. The main goal of the work is the analysis and description of differences in the concept of gender and age characteristics; as well as the description and analysis of the process of the formation of female discourse as independent. According to the authors of the study, the identification of a man and a woman from the point of view of belonging to the home (gender, family) as a whole, which is characteristic of the traditional culture, does not imply an independent gender identity, but only a functional one. At the same time, the fixation of the functions of the wife and husband, as well as servants and children (“Domostroĭ”) leads to the fact that the custom acquires a normative character and, as a result, each of the functions acquires legal independence, which makes it possible, on the one hand, to transfer the structure of the home (as the relationship of functions) to other cultural phenomena (for example, the state), as A. Kurbsky does. On the other hand, the independence of individual functions, the possibility of their absence in the system, the features of such points of view are demonstrated by Ivan IV. Nevertheless, one should admit that on the whole they retain traditional semantic patterns. However, it is this approach that allows independent female images to emerge in the XVII c. embodied by the teachers of the schismatic Morozova and Urusova or princess Sophia. At the beginning of the XVIII c., a complete reformatting of the cultural sphere takes place and one can speak of an independent female discourse as well as the male one. In the second half of the XVIII c., a man and a woman were already perceived separately, although, for example, for M. Shcherbatov it was the result of “damage to morals”.

Erzsébet Apró, Ágnes Tóth (Hrsg.), Archivführer zur ungarndeutschen Geschichte in den Komitatsarchiven Ungarns 1760-1950

Author(s): Wolfgang Kessler / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2014

Review of: Archivführer zur ungarndeutschen Geschichte in den Komitatsarchiven Ungarns 1760-1950. Hrsg. von Erzsébet Apró und Ágnes Tóth. (Schriften des Bundesinstituts für Kultur und Geschichte im östlichen Europa, Bd. 44.) Oldenbourg. München 2013. 1094 S. ISBN 978-3-486- 71207-0. (€ 98,–.). Reviewed by Wolfgang Kessler.

Великое Княжество Литовское в белорусской историографии ХХ в.

Author(s): Andrey Lyubyj / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2020

The article deals with the analysis of the formation and development of the Belarusian historiography of the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Special attention is paid to forming of scientific schools for the study of history of the 13th – 18th centuries in Belarusian territory, a formation of a national historical narrative in textbooks and encyclopaedias, as well as a role of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the development of the Belarusian state and the Belarusian nation in the Middle Ages and early Modern times. The author offers a periodization of the studying history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in Belarusian historiography. He estimates the current research level regarding the Grand Duchy of Lithuania' history in the different Belarusian scientific centers.

Piese săsești din colecția Muzeului de Etnografie și Artă Populară Orăștie

Author(s): Daniela Cristina Șendroiu,Iustina Bogdan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 10/2019

Die vorliegende Arbeit versucht die sächsische Stücke die sich in der Sammlung des Ethnographie- und Volkskunstmuseums Orăştie befinden, so detailiert wie möglich zu beschreiben. Wir sehen hier Kleidungsstücken aus der Feiertagsvolkstracht, Textilien für das innere der Wohnung und ethnographische Keramik. Zur ersten Kategorie gehören 2 männliche Schafpelze, wenig geschmückt, mit Lederstreifen und farbiges Baumwollgarn (Taf. I/1-2), 2 Frauenwämse für die Feiertage (Taf. II/1-2), besonders schön bearbeitet, mit Stickerei – Blumen in lebendigen Farben, ein Männerhemd für Feiertage und 7 Bänder die zu dem Kopfschmuck gehören. Viel älter als diese Volkstrachtsstücke sind die Gefäße aus Keramik (Taf. IV-VI), die in unserem Museum aufbewahrt sind. Der besondere Wert dieser Stücke steht in der Technik in der sie geschmückt sind – und zwar die Zgrafititechnik – die Töpferei wo sie gemacht wurden (Saschiz) und in der Tatsache, dass sie am Ende des XVIII. Jahrhunderts und Anfang des XIX. Jahrhunderts datiert sind. Zwei davon sind flache Teller, mit spezifischen Motiven der Töpferei Saschiz, schön dekoriert: mit Motive die Vögel darstellen (ein Vogel, dass ein Rebhuhn zu sein scheint) und Blumenmotive (Tulpe und Grantapfelblume). Dieselbe Dekoration befindet sich auch auf den kleinen Trinkgefäßen die wir beschrieben haben, die Kännchen genannt sind.In Anbetracht der Tatsache, dass heute die Zahl der Sachsen in Orăştie und der Umgebung in ständigem Rückgang ist, betrachten wir es für nötig, den besonderen Wert, den diese Stück haben, vorzuheben, weil man zur Zeit in ihren Häusern keine solche Gegenstände findet.

Splendid Encounters VII: Conflict and Peace-Making in Diplomacy (1300–1800). Premodern Diplomats Network

Author(s): Suna Suner,Reinhard Eisendle / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

Splendid Encounters VII: Conflict and Peace-Making in Diplomacy (1300–1800). Premodern Diplomats Network, Conference, 27–28 September 2018, Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania

ON NACIJA AND NAROD: A CONTRIBUTION TO A DRAFT PHILOLOGY OF THE NATION

Author(s): Desmond Maurer / Language(s): English Issue: 87-88/2019

For any foreigner grappling with the national question in Slavic south-eastern Europe, there inevitably comes a moment when the significance and structure of the semantic pairing of narod and nacija must be investigated, particularly where there is a need for a nuanced understanding or translation of political, journalistic and academic texts.

TRT Repertuarında Bulunan Hicaz makamındaki Dinî Eserlerin Besteci, Usûl ve Form Açısından İncelenmesi

Author(s): Ferdi Karaönçel / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 63/2019

In this study, the distribution of religious works composed in Maqam Hijaz and included in TRT repertoire in terms of composers, forms, and rhythm were examined for the period between the 18th century, when the first religious work in Maqam Hijaz was identified, and the 21st century. The number of works, composers, the variety of rhythm and forms used in the Maqam Hijaz were determined and given in tables under the headings by the centuries for the period between the 18th century and the 21st century. The research data were obtained by reviewing TRT Turkish Arts Music vocal works repertoire and related literature. In the literature review stage, the scientific articles and the books, including the theoretical ones, related to the subject were reviewed.

Les savants Benkő József et Johann Georg Kleinkauf sur l'environnement, l'economie et la population de la Transylvanie a la fin du XVIIIeme siecle

Author(s): Dorin Rusu,Dorin-Ioan Rus / Language(s): English,Romanian,French Issue: 29/2019

The article dwells on the works of Benkő Jószef (1740-1814) – Transsilvania. Sive Magnus Transsilvaniae Principatus olim Dacia Mediterranea dictus (Vienna, 1778) and Johann Georg Kleinkauf – “Beschreibung einiger Berge und Höhlen in Burzenland und Zekelland” and “Chorographie von Burzenland”, both published in Siebenbürgische Quartalschrift, in 1793 and 1795, respectively. Comparatively with Benkő’s Transsilvania, a descriptive complete work on whole Transylvania, Kleinkauf’s geographic work is limited to areas located in Țara Bârsei and Secuime/ Szeklerland. Benkő’s Transsilvania was written in Latin and so it is more accessible to the specialized researchers, whiles Kleinkauf’s articles were written in German, more for the Saxon milieu. The two geographers mixed their theoretical, practical and technical knowledge, their works and researches passing the frontier between denominations and specific fields. Both the authors were teachers during their life. Their descriptions show the readers practical knowledge on lively and inanimate treasures of Transylvania, according to practical needs and contemporary techniques of commerce, mining, farming, and administration. This research’s perception in the natural history gives birth to a debate belonging to political history, with regard to record all the trading utilizations of the natural products.

Tradycja katechizmów i podręczników katechetycznych w Wielkopolsce

Author(s): Jan Szpet / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

The 1050 anniversary of the first bishopric in Poznań has become an opportunity to reflect on the contribution of the representatives of Great Poland to catechetical activity in Poland. The article presents several outstanding personages and their works: catechisms as well as textbooks for catechesis and religious education. The circumstances in which these works were created and their merits are described.