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Cartea românească veche în Imperiul Habsburgic (1691-1830). Recuperarea unei identităţi culturale - Old Romanian Book in the Habsburg Empire (1691-1830). Recovery of a Cultural Identity, Cluj Napoca, Editura Mega, 2016, 1016 p.
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Bălaş Radu, Old Târgu-Mureş: 1616-1939: The most beautiful pictures: Cele mai frumoase imagini: A legszebb képek, Tîrgu Mureş, Editat de Roger Raval Events, 2015, 194 p., il.
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U drugoj polovici 15. i 16. st. turska moć na Balkanu nalazi se u svom najvišem usponu. Balkanske države, jedna za drugom, padaju pod vlast sultanovu i turska osvajanja, poput plime, šire se sve više prema zapadu i sjeverozapadu. Srbija postaje 1459. turskim pašalukom, četiri godine kasnije Bosna, a nepunih dvadeset godina poslije Bosne i Hercegovina. Na Krbavskom polju 1493. uništena je hrvatska plemićka vojska, ban Derenčin kao «zapovjednik zarobljen i odveden u Carigrad, i tada prestaje svaki ozbiljniji otpor protiv nadiranja Turaka. God. 1522. osvojiše Turci Knin i Skradin, a 1528. Liku i Krbavu, i time se prekida i veza između Hrvatske i Dalmacije
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This article discusses the Old Cemetery of Raudondvaris (Kaunas district) in the late 18th century – the 1st half of the 20th century, viewing it as a multifaceted object of cultural heritage. Attention is paid to the material cultural heritage of the cemetery, as well as to intangible cultural heritage (images of the afterlife, traditions). The aim of this work is to reveal the variety of cultural values connected to the Old Cemetery of Raudondvaris, basing the research on the data extracted from written sources (memoirs, archive documents, church metrical books), as well as from iconography and cartography (historical maps, photographs, drawings). The article is divided into three parts. The first one discusses the history of Raudondvaris Old Cemetery founding and development. The second part discusses the historical value of Raudondvaris Old Cemetery, which manifest itself via famous people, who are connected to historical events and were buried here. In the third chapter tombstone epitaphs are analyzed. As a result, several conclusions were made. The Old Cemetery of Raudondvaris is connected to the tradition of noblemen funerals in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (the funeral of Mary Theresa Zabiełło at the end of 18th century). In the 19th century wooden crosses were dominant in the cemetery panorama; to erect stone tombstones could only afford rich people. In the first half of 20th century at Raudondvaris Old Cemetery were buried a number of Lithuanian book smugglers (knygnešiai), during the Second World War – several distinguished military resisters. Tombstone epitaphs at Raudondvaris Old Cemetery signify two cultural periods: Polish (18th–20th century) and Lithuanian (20th century). Epitaphs reveal a deep devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary. The history of Raudondvaris Old Cemetery reflects the cultural development of the town, as well as the history of the nation.
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Review of: Dzieje parafii Brzostek, red. Bogdan Stanaszek, Parafia Rzymsko-Katolicka pw. Podwyższenia Krzyża Świętego w Brzostku, Brzostek 2019, ss. 582, ISBN: 978-83-955108-0-9
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As part of an international, historical research project entitled Cultural heritage of dissolved monasteries in the territories of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and in Silesia in the 18th and 19th centuries: fate, significance, inventory carried out in 2012-2016 under the supervision of Prof. Marek Derwich, I conducted a series of queries in the Viennese archives in order to identify and comprehensively study the archives related to the dissolution of monasteries and collegiate churches in Galicia. The main focus of the research was the extensive Stiftungshofbuchhaltung sub-set and the Signatur 102 sub-series. Stifte und Klöster: Galizien, stored in the Österreichisches Staatsarchiv. I finished the elaboration of these collections with monographic publications. In this article, I also present further archival collections, which, due to time constraints and volume of the material, I was only able to view at random. These are the so-called files on Galician domains and other post-Jesuit files found in the Österreichisches Staatsarchiv. I conducted further research in the archives of the Order of the Society of Jesus and the Benedictines in Vienna, whose archives are of interest to us. In addition, in the article, I refer to research issues related to the archival structure, errors and inaccuracies in nomenclature, as well as scarce interest in the history of the Austrian central administration, and I outline research postulates. One of them is the lack of documentation of Galician domains (clergy and state-owned ones). This hitherto unknown resource is a fundamental historical source. The conducted research contributes to the full study of Galician church archives kept in the collections of the Viennese archives.
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The basic sources in the research on monastic libraries, apart from library catalogues, include visitation files, recording the numerical size of communities and the size of monastic book collections. The visiting inspectors recorded the number of volumes, contents, library rooms and the archival documentation of individual monastic institutions. The preserved visitations to Basilian monasteries allow for the analysis of 27 book collections in the Uniate Diocese of Lutsk during the first quarter of the 19th century. This documentation makes it possible to determine the number of collections, the pace of their increase, and their thematic scope. Several years later, after the dissolution of the Basilian Fathers, most of these libraries would be dispersed, a large part of the books donated to educational institutions, while more valuable items were transferred to museums and university libraries. Visitation files are therefore a valuable source for exploring the collections, the places where they were stored, as well as the contents of the monastic archives. Monastic libraries varied in size, organization, and substantive content. They served primarily as support in the pastoral and educational work of monks. Both theological works and fiction works, as well as Western European manuscripts and editions were collected in the monasteries. The range of Polish and foreign typographies testified to the high intellectual culture of the order. Even small communities scattered in rural centres offered the opportunity of contact with books and educating local youth. Undoubtedly, they formed the cultural landscape of these lands.
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Prague's Loreto is one of the oldest Baroque pilgrimage sites in the Czech lands. It became a distinctive spiritual centre of Baroque Prague in its heyday. Since its foundation in 1626, Loreto has been next to the Capuchin monastery in Hradčany, whose brothers it was officially entrusted in 1651. The whole complex developed until 1737, but partial works of artistic decoration were still worked on thereafter. The spiritual guide Lauretanischer Blumen-Garten was published in 1700. It was written by Loreto´s sacristian P. Josef of Bílina. The text leads the reader through the pilgrimage site and offers him several prayers to local chapels. Some of these prayers are accompanied by graphic images. The aim of this text is to prove, based on a comparison of preserved artistic decoration and print Lauretanischer Blumen-Garten, that the basic layout of Loreto was established as early as 1691. And the place is thus one of the early evidence of the development of religious reverence in the Czech lands returning to Catholicism during the 17th century, moreover with an emphasis on Franciscan spirituality. The text of some prayers was based on the fact that the reader simultaneously contemplated the altar canvas or statue (so works of art that has been preserved in Loreta to this day) to deepen its spiritual experience.
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Ioanichie Bakov who signed and dated woodcuts in books printed at Bucharest, Buzău, Snagov and Râmnic occupied a major position among the wood engravers who worked on the Romanian territory between the years 1508-1830. Though numerous Romanian researchers of the 20th and 21st centuries mentioned Bakov’s name, his works have not been investigated enough. He seems to be originated from Ukraine but Nestor Vornicescu claims that he is from Bacău and he learnt the art of engraving from Ukrainian master craftsmen. This study is meant to demonstrate that the engraver was frequently inspired by illustrations which had appeared in Kiev and Lviv. His woodcuts of high quality as regards drawing, themes and the skill of engraving on wood constituted models for many engravers who carried on their activity in different Romanian centers. Bakov’s woodcuts can also be found in writings printed in Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia.
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One of the most important reference libraries of Transylvania and Romania is that developed next to the „Bethlen Gábor” College from Aiud, a college that bears the name of the prince of Transylvania whose name is connected to its set up in Alba Iulia, in the first half of the XVIIth century. Moving this educational institution from Alba Iulia to Aiud also meant the beginning of a new phase of activity, phase tightly connected also to the development of the reference library. Currently, the library from Aiud is one of the most valuable and important, its collection comprising incunabula, valuable manuscripts, but also XVIth-XIXth century printings. A distinct category of old books is that of Romanian book, usually printed with Cyrillic letters, but also with Latin letters or in Latin or German language. The 12 copies of old Romanian book kept in Aiud, date to XVIIIth century and beginning of the XIXth century, being the works of some personalities of Romanian culture: Dimitrie Cantemir, Samuil Micu or Ioan Molnar Piuariu.
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The icons by masters of the Bay of Cattaro (Kotor) painting school held in Sarajevo (National Gallery of Bosnia and Herzegovina - 7 items, Old Orthodox Church - 7), the church of Saint Nicholas in Foča (4), and the church of the Assumption of the Holy Virgin in the village of Luće (3) near Tjentište, as well as in the treasures of the Gračanica of Herzegovina (3) and Dobrun (2) monasteries, were formerly part of iconostasis, church furnishing, or items of private piety made by six of the twelve icon painters from the Bay of Cattaro: Maksim Tujković, Dimitrije Daskal, Rafailo Dimitrijević, Petar, Vasilije and Ivo Rafailović. This set of art objects includes icons, woodcuts, an antimins, a liturgical fan, and a triptych. This is a corpus of artworks created between the last decade of the 17th century and the 1850s. More detailed knowledge about these items will contribute to a better understanding of the different phases in the development of the Bay of Cattaro icon painting school. Along with the more famous icons from Serbia, Croatia and North Macedonia, the icons from Bosnia and Herzegovina painted by Maksim Tujković and the members of the Dimitrijević-Rafailović family of painters are a missing link to the scattered and insufficiently studied icons in galleries, museums, monasteries, and church treasures in Montenegro in situ. A part of the icons held in Bosnia and Herzegovina have so far been interpreted as a distinct set of work by one of the painters from the Bay of Cattaro, unrelated to the chronological and stylistic sequence to which they actually belong. Although these works have not been paid due attention, nor have they been published or exhibited, due to which they may be incorrectly attributed or dated, they are rare and unique items in the largest regional collection of icons in the Balkans and the true masterpieces of 18th-century icon painting.
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This study aims at pointing to the cultural dimensions of lexicography, both by revealing the cultural content of lexicographic works and the authors’ cultural horizons and by searching for a precise cultural motivation for compiling dictionaries. One such particular exercise is applied to Teodor Corbea’s Latin– Romanian Dictionary, elaborated between 1691–1702. Our study focuses on the encyclopædic character of this work and its relations with the Greco-Roman culture. It also analyses the Latin–Romanian similarities and the way the Romance character of the Romanian language is reflected.
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This study aims at pointing to the cultural dimensions of lexicography, both by revealing the cultural content of lexicographic works and the authors’ cultural horizons and by searching for a precise cultural motivation for compiling dictionaries. One such particular exercise is applied to Teodor Corbea’s Latin– Romanian Dictionary, elaborated between 1691–1702. Our study focuses on the encyclopædic character of this work and its relations with the Greco-Roman culture. It also analyses the Latin–Romanian similarities and the way the Romance character of the Romanian language is reflected.
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Translation is an act of “negotiation” between two or more cultural systems and languages, being mediated by a translator and carrying both the traces of the mediator and those of the translation context. We aim at investigating the impact of culture languages on foreign names translation into Romanian at the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the next. We consider several types of situations. Sometimes, the culture language is also the expression of the reference universe of names, even if they occur in texts whose sources were written in other languages than the respective culture language; in this case, the language of the source text plays the role of an intermediary. In some other instances, the culture language plays the role of a model that determines the name form in the target language, without being directly involved in the act of translation. Translators from the pre-modern stage of Romanian have often substituted the forms from different vernacular languages such as German, French or Italian by a variant received under the influence of a specific culture language, i.e. Greek or Latin.
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Translation is an act of “negotiation” between two or more cultural systems and languages, being mediated by a translator and carrying both the traces of the mediator and those of the translation context. We aim at investigating the impact of culture languages on foreign names translation into Romanian at the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the next. We consider several types of situations. Sometimes, the culture language is also the expression of the reference universe of names, even if they occur in texts whose sources were written in other languages than the respective culture language; in this case, the language of the source text plays the role of an intermediary. In some other instances, the culture language plays the role of a model that determines the name form in the target language, without being directly involved in the act of translation. Translators from the pre-modern stage of Romanian have often substituted the forms from different vernacular languages such as German, French or Italian by a variant received under the influence of a specific culture language, i.e. Greek or Latin.
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This paper investigates the purpose of using certain translation strategies in the Romanian version of the novel Die Entdekkung von Amerika (1781) by Joachim Heinrich Campe, translated from German by the merchant and teacher Nicola Nicolau from Brașov and published at the Printing House of the University of Buda in 1816 with the title Descoperirea Americii. Starting from the skopus theory developed by Hans Vermeer, the purposes of producing the Romanian version are analysed, in comparison with those of writing the original text and of the translations in other languages. At the textual level, through the comparative analysis, strategies are highlighted, especially omissions and interpolations, which help to achieve the goals of the translator or the text. Thus, through the transfer between the source and the target culture, one can observe the maintenance of the pedagogical Enlightenment goals, of instructing the masses regarding moral virtues and historical and geographical knowledge, and the addition of the one of cultivating the Romanian language.
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This paper investigates the purpose of using certain translation strategies in the Romanian version of the novel Die Entdekkung von Amerika (1781) by Joachim Heinrich Campe, translated from German by the merchant and teacher Nicola Nicolau from Brașov and published at the Printing House of the University of Buda in 1816 with the title Descoperirea Americii. Starting from the skopus theory developed by Hans Vermeer, the purposes of producing the Romanian version are analysed, in comparison with those of writing the original text and of the translations in other languages. At the textual level, through the comparative analysis, strategies are highlighted, especially omissions and interpolations, which help to achieve the goals of the translator or the text. Thus, through the transfer between the source and the target culture, one can observe the maintenance of the pedagogical Enlightenment goals, of instructing the masses regarding moral virtues and historical and geographical knowledge, and the addition of the one of cultivating the Romanian language.
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This paper examines breastfeeding as a social and cultural phenomenon from the dawn of human civilization until the end of the eighteenth century. Ancient peoples were aware of the importance of mother’s milk, and breastfeeding was the societal norm. However, the upper classes always showed inclination toward hiring wet nurses. Although physicians advocated breastfeeding, social attitudes had a particularly great impact on the practice of breastfeeding. Also, the Church – and later the scientific and moralist elite as the main historical centers of social power – directly shaped social attitudes toward breastfeeding and thus influenced the outcome of the practice. The eighteenth century represents a turning point in the context of breastfeeding, as mothers were appointed the nursing role, and breastfeeding became the mother’s moral and civic duty. This brief historical review attests to the social construction of breastfeeding, whose meanings are always shaped within a specific socio-cultural and historical context.
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The paper focuses on the interrelation between epidemics and spatial mobility (migration) of people, along with the subsequent development of medical prevention regulations and actions in the Croatian historical territories, primarily during the Early Modern Period. Historical epidemics are viewed from the perspective of social history in terms of their great demographic and economic impacts, since the diseases acted as both causes and results of migrations. The research was based on various archival sources, primarily from the State Archives in Zadar and the Croatian State Archives, correlated with the research of secondary literature (desk-study analysis). While evaluating the different measures of control and medical prevention of diseases, mainly the plague, in Slavonia and Dalmatia, the authors searched for several answers. The focus was on the reactions of two different early modern administrative systems to epidemical hazards. As a consequence of state-implemented measures, the mobility patterns of people and goods were changed. Additionally, the research revealed that the development and upgrading of the overall health system in the Croatian lands was highly influenced by these early anti-epidemic measures. Two differently organised early modern systems of population and economy protection (Habsburg and Venetian) were examined as examples of possible state responses to the spread of epidemic diseases. One was based on secluded quarantine stations in Adriatic harbours, such as lazarettos or quarantine buildings in Dalmatia, while the other was organised as a quarantine medical and custom chain of checkpoints along the Slavonian-Bosnian border (the Sanitary Cordon). Despite the different concepts of these more or less elaborate systems of public health measures in the Venetian and Austrian territories – from informing, legal and sanitary regulations, to the introduction of quarantine for the sick and potentially infected people – both countries sought to prevent the spread of epidemic diseases, while at the same time trying to ensure the flow of people and goods with as little obstruction as possible.
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Review of: Iris Bevanda - Thomas Munck, Conflict and Enlightenment: Print and Political Culture in Europe, 1653-1795, Culture in Europe, 1653-1795, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019, 368 stranica
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