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Prezentowana poniżej edycja źródłowa dotyczy powinności mieszkańców Tykocina spisanych w 1701 r. Tykocin to niewielkie miasto leżące dziś na terenie województwa podlaskiego w powiecie białostockim. W czasach Rzeczpospolitej szlacheckiej była to stolica powiatu, położonego w ziemi bielskiej ówczesnego województwa podlaskiego.
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Book-Review: Zbigniew Anusik ̶ Józef Maroszek, Dzieje województwa podlaskiego do 1795 roku, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, Białystok 2013, ss. 757.
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There was said a lot about the diaries. It was shown which problems of different research planes they can illuminate. There are still unveiled places in these research problems, which the diaries could fulfill. This opinion is especially true for the diaries written during the Stanisław August reign. Number of the diaries arisen during this epoch is huge, as it was quite special time for many authors. The first unveiled space, bringing new possibilities for interpretation is connected with their authors and their connection with their environment. Diaries repeat some kind of stereotypical thinking about the events of the past. There is an appreciation of the past connected with the present – time when a diary was written.
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The paper is an edition and analysis of the testament of the Grand Crown Hetman Adam Nicholas Sieniawski, one of the most powerful magnates of the early eighteenth century. He reached the highest of offices, holding both the mace great crown, Castellan of Cracow as well as a number of important and lucrative counties. At the time of his death he left a huge fortune which he left to his family and parts of his assets were also distributed between his closest associates, servants as well as to the Church. The structure of the will was in line with the convention ars moriendi and refers also to the issue of the funeral ceremony. Through an interesting shift of individual parts and phrases addressed to his family, especially his daughter, the edited document allows for a meticulous exploration of the attitudes towards the captain of temporality, relations both of patronage and clientelism in nature and thus complements our information about the life of one of the most important figures in Saxon times.
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In 1790 there was a political breakthrough in the debates of the Great Seym. It was marked by: a crisis of social trust in the Potocki family, the gentry’s support for the king, taking over the initiative to draft the constitution by Stanisław August. From the very beginning of 1790 the Potocki family were more and more often accused of oligarchic tendencies and an attempt to seize the control of the country for their own benefit. On the other hand, joining the Polish-Prussian alliance by Stanisław August (March 1790) made the king more and more popular both in the Seym and in the provinces. The king, having definitely rejected the pro-Russian orientation, started to be perceived by the landed gentry as a much more reliable advocate for the democracy of the gentry than the Puławy party. A special role in the breakthrough mentioned above and in taking over the constitutional initiative by the king was played by the elite of the gentry who wanted to shape the Commonwealth following the model of the leading free states of the contemporary world. The article looks at the parliamentary sessions that were held in August 1790. It is during these sessions that for the first time the gentry presented, as strongly as never before, their critical attitude towards the Potocki family showing at the same time their support for the king. The August parliamentary sessions became the announcement of the political breakthrough in the seym debates which was about to happen. This breakthrough came in the first half of September 1790 when Stanisław August received the right of nomination for the highest offices, contrary to the initial intention of Ignacy Potocki (session from 13th September 1790).
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This article is concerned with the seldomly studied topic of the relationship between the successor to the Ostrogski estate, Janusz Aleksander Sanguszko, and his courtier Kazimierz Chyliński. While a queer history approach has been taken, this article is not limited to the examination of the two men’s relationship. Instead, the affair is contextualised against the backdrop of customs in pre-partition Poland where homosexual behaviour was condemned in equal measure in public opinion and through church ordinances. The relationship between Sanguszko and Chyliński was defined from the outset by inequality in rank, wealth, education and influence. Eventually, Chyliński’s increasing prestige allowed him to gain control over the adminstration of business in the territory, influence several members, act as an intermediary between magnates and as the representative of minor noblemen and to influence considerably Janusz Aleksander Sanguszko’s decision-making. It was this economic and political power which attracted the jealousy of Sanguszko’s courtiers and the regional nobility and finally lead to Chyliński’s downfall as the result of a conspiracy planned by Sanguszko’s father, Paweł Karol.
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In the paper I have presented military potential of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 1730s. The army consisted of: Polish and Lithuanian regular troops of approximately 17–18 thousands soldiers with 300 cannons (cost annual ca 8 640 000 zł = 1 075 000 thalers); royal guards – 1200 soldiers; militia maintained by local government, cities, churches or even private person and the great myth – general levy. All of this troops were mobilized between 1733 and 1735 which resulted in 50 thousands (possibly even 100 thousands) soldiers under arms. It had a little military value due to lack of experience, poor equipment and low morale. In the results Polish and Lithuanian army were no match for regular armies of Russia and Saxony, which succeeded in plan of enthronement of August III Wettin.
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Im Beitrag wird auf den Vertrag eingegangen, den drei Minister des Königs August III. von Wettin, nämlich Aleksander Józef Sułkowski, Heinrich von Brühl und Jan Kanty Moszyński, mit dem königlichen Schatz für die Pacht der Salinen in Wieliczka, Bochnia und Rothreußen (Stara Sól, Sambor) und der sog. Salzlager an der Weichsel (in Dybów und Bromberg) geschlossen haben. Der Vertrag sollte acht Jahre (vom 1.07.1736–1.07.1744) gelten, und seine Bestimmungen waren für alle drei genannten Minister günstig. Als Vertragspartner verpflichteten sie sich, jährlich einen Betrag von 130.000 Talern (650.000 Tynfen) an den königlichen Schatz abzuführen, was jedoch keine große Summe war. Zusätzlich waren sie verpflichtet, jedes Jahr unentgeltliche Salzkontingente an Adelige abzuliefern. Die Minister konnten auf beachtliche Erlöse aus den gepachteten Gruben und aus Salzverkauf vor Ort und an den strikt festgelegten Stellen tiefer im Land (Salzlager) rechnen.
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Review of: Weronika Pawlik-Kwaśniewska - O oświeceniowym źródle poznania, szaleństwie konwersacyjnym i szklarniowych luksusach. Wokół osiemnastowiecznego doświadczania przyjemności (Przyjemność w kulturze epoki rozumu, red. Teresa Kostkiewiczowa, Biblioteka Badań nad Wiekiem Osiemnastym. Studia i Źródła, Studia nr V, Wydawnictwo DiG, Warszawa 2011, ss. 332)
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The Hungarian language issue and neoterism upraised as a consequence the transformation process within the European scholar world as of the political conflicts during the 18th century. Reasons for that were the criticism of using Latin as a language of education as of erudition, of the lack of knowledge of the broad mass of the population, the Enlighted ideal of general education of all parts of society, and the politics of Germanisation by emperor Joseph II, to name just a few. The bloody suppression of the Jacobin movement (1795), however, caused a deep caesura within the Hungarian erudition as some important Hungarian scholars were sentenced to death. Scholars like Ferenc Kazinczy in the Kingdom of Hungary and György Aranka in Transylvania tried to encourage the Hungarian language through the foundation of societies and of Hungarian-speaking scholarly journals. Though most of them were just ephemeral due to personal, political and financial reasons, they pathed the way for the modernisation of the Hungarian language as of the Hungarian erudition during the 1830’s and 1840’s. Based on the tree-phase-model of Miroslav Hroch, this paper discusses the Hungarian language issue and neoterism in Hungary and Transylvania in three sections: First, reasons for the beginning of the Hungarian language issue as its modernisation will be considered. The second part treats the foundation of scholarly societies, while the last section focusses on the foundation of scholarly journals.
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A. G. Baumgarten grounds the aesthetics of which he was the founder on widely poetic and rhetoric in his “Aestetica” (1750/58). Nevertheless, what is significant here for him is to validate the individualist right of “sensitive knowledge.” The word “aesthetics” (αíσυŋгηικόç) here is strictly attached to its basic meaning which is “related to sense and perception,” and “sensually understandable.” The aesthetics of Baumgarten is the philosophy of sensual knowledge and perception, and its sensitivity cannot be perceived as the material of outer stimulation and logic; contrarily, it sincerely sees it as a special genre of the knowledge. Hence, the aesthetics is defined as the “science of sensitive knowledge.” With this study, it has been targeted to draw a general outline of Baumgarten’s aesthetics understanding by discussing the basic chapters of “Aestetica.”
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Regular porcelain manufacture in Europe began in 1713 in Germany and in 1718 in Austria. Josiah Wedgewood in 1759 and Dmitry Ivanovich Vinogradow in 1748 were the first people to work on the porcelain field in their countries. In porcelain production, many decoration techniques were developed in order to increase the variety of products. Among these, interest and demand increasing due to hand-decorated products being seen as a symbol of etiquette and prestige caused the studies in this field to form a wide spectrum. For the decoration over the porcelain's glaze, resinate lustres technique and methods developed through the distinction of brush decours of France, Germany and Hungary have been used. In the applications, information about the colors, technical properties and decorations can be found.
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Dans cet article l’auteur examine trois aspects de la creation de Denis Diderot, philosophique, litteraire et artistique, pour decouvrir les caracteristiques de cet auteur frangais du XVIIIe siecle qui annoncent les courants modernes dans la pensee philosophique, litteraire et artistique et la culture en general (aspects contradictoires de l’homme, relativisation de la morale, affirmation de la liberte, hybridation des genres, mis en question du roman).
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У Рукописном одељењу Матице српске под сигнатуром М 10.764 и без формацијског наслова налази се рукопис преписа заоставштине поручника Исака Исаковића, који се упокојио 1771. године (в. Гаврић и др. 2010: 78). У самом тексту препис је одређен као Тестамент. Писан је славеносрпским језиком1 2 и, делимично, некласичним (осамнаестовековним) латинским језиком. Рукопис преписа Исаковог Тестамента није осамнаестовековни, али је препис обављен са оригинала, што потврђује инвентар слова којима се служио преписивач. У питању je предвуковски тип руске грађанске ћи- рилице. Бележник (нотар) овога преписа Тестамента био je извесни [Антон] Нађ (Antonio Nagy), док је преписивач остао непознат.
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Le sublime en tant que sujet esthétique a une place privilégiée dans la pensée du XVIIIe siècle. L’esthétique des Lumières a fait évolué la conception du sublime de ses notions traditionnelles, instaurées il y a deux millénaires par un auteur grec inconnu (Anonyme dit Pseudo-Longin), aux définitions modernes issues de la poétique enthousiaste, dite préromantique. L’écrit antique définit le sublime, d’une part en tant que disposition innée du génie créateur à inciter les impressions esthétiques durables, et d’autre part en tant que faculté particulière du lecteur de se transporter émotionnellement dans une oeuvre d’art. En gardant la conception du sublime en tant que superlatif absolu du beau et à la fois opposite du beau qui fait rompre la symétrie extérieure et l’harmonie intérieure d’une chose, l’esthétique moderne développe la notion de terme et nomme sublime un beau suprême né des tourments nobles, du martyre.
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During the Early Modern Period and especially the Venetian-Ottoman wars in the 17th and 18th centuries, the axis of the Venetian land army across the Adriatic were the troops known as Fanti oltramarini and Croati a cavallo (Cavalleria Croati). They were primarily manned with soldiers and officers originating from the Venetian lands, from Istria to Albania and Greece, but there were also many soldiers from other areas, mostly those bordering on the Venetian territories. This paper focuses on the soldiers from Venetian Albania (Albania Veneta) and their role in these troops. It is based on an analysis of original documents preserved at the Archivio di Stato di Venezia, more precisely the collection of Inquisitori sopra l’amministrazione dei pubblici ruoli – a magistracy in charge of recruiting soldiers and sending them to the wider area controlled by Venice, from Veneto to Greece. The documents include lists of officers, commanders, and common soldiers, made at regular intervals during the recruitment or supervision of troops. At this stage of research, 75 Albanian soldiers have been identified in the Venetian infantry and cavalry during the 18th century. The sources refer to them as d’Albania or Albanese, only rarely mentioning their exact place of origin. Albanians were present in infantry and cavalry throughout the 18th century (especially its first half) and mostly served in infantry troops.
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The article is dedicated to the process of forming a latifundium which was in the possession of Eustachy Potocki and his wife, Marianna née Kątska. Its creator was the Lithuanian sub-chancellor Stanisław Antoni Szczuka (died 1710). The property complex also included landed estates owned by Marcin (died 1710) and Jan Stanisław (died 1727) Kątski as well as Jerzy Potocki (died 1747). In total, Eustachy and Marianna Potocki were the owners of 11 cities, over 100 villages and 25 manors. These estates brought 460,000 Polish zlotys of annual income. After the deaths of both spouses in February 1768, their latifundium was divided among their five sons. The act of division was written in Warsaw in November 1771. Each of the heirs inherited landed estates bringing about 80,000 Polish zlotys net annual income. The division of the former latifundium of Eustachy and Marianna Potocki caused that their sons fell to the rank of poorer members of the Potocki family. // Artykuł poświęcony jest procesowi formowania się latyfundium, które znalazło się w posiadaniu Eustachego Potockiego i jego żony Marianny z Kątskich. Jego twórcą był podkanclerzy litewski Stanisław Antoni Szczuka (zm. 1710). W skład omawianego kompleksu majątkowego weszły też dobra, które były własnością Marcina (zm. 1710) i Jana Stanisława (zm. 1727) Kątskich oraz Jerzego Potockiego (zm. 1747). Eustachy i Marianna Potoccy byli właścicielami łącznie 11 miast, ponad 100 wsi i 25 folwarków. Dobra te przynosiły 460 tys. złp. rocznego dochodu. Po śmierci obojga małżonków w lutym 1768 r. ich latyfundium zostało podzielone między ich pięciu synów. Akt podziałowy został spisany w Warszawie w listopadzie 1771 r. Na każdego ze spadkobierców przypadły dobra przynoszące ok. 80 tys. złp. dochodu rocznego netto. Podział dawnego latyfundium Eustachego i Marianny Potockich sprawił, że ich synowie spadli do rzędu uboższych członków rodziny Potockich.
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The essay comments on an 18th century private document. A merchant woman of Bucharest called Stanca records her final intentions in her will, which partially recomposes an attitude towards life, and the mentalities and values of the century. She establishes a church called Silvestru that still exists today and leaves her entire fortune in the trust of a bead merchant, putting him in charge of managing the church. The message expressed by Stanca’s story is both essentially human and surprising, considering her social and historical envionment; the fear of death, the sense of guilt, the dread of failure and her faith in God motivate her endeavor.
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In the north-east of Bucharest, not far from the historical centre «The Ancient court», we can find Silvestru quarter, which is as old as the church dedicated to the holy protection of the Blessed Virgin Mary. At the end of this century and millenium, our church adds to the crown of serving God and the people, its 264-th year. The founders of this holy house of praying for the Orthodox Christians service past centuries master Pârvan and his wife Stanca, wealthy merchants of thick-cloth, chose for the church built by them, the patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
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