On Rights without Natural Law

Author(s): Ivo Cerman / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Whereas Dan Edelstein’s interpretation may hold true for France, its general statements may mislead readers into disregarding the significance of systematic natural law for the formulation of human rights. The contemporary American historians of human rights also tend to attribute the main role to feelings, and not to legal theories. For this reason, the contribution first seeks to prove that systematic thinking of natural law theorists was necessary for the conception of the idea of „equal and universal human rights“. The argument goes on to prove that France was an anomaly, lying outside the core area of natural law (i.e. countries where natural law was institutionalized in university chairs). The preservation regime developed by the physiocrats was a part of their physicist way of thinking about human society, not a logical solution to the legal relationship between the citizen and public power. Even other libertarian thinkers in Germany and Italy were actually speaking about economics rather than about real law. The physiocrats found the solution in proper education, not in law. The article surveys how natural law thinkers were trying to solve the dilemma implicit in the relation between individual citizen and public power, and how they regulated the relations between individual citizens. While the relation to public power required logical legal thinkers to make sovereign power unaccountable to anyone, the reciprocal rights at the level of individuals were usually recognized, but sometimes in the form of general legal permissions and not in the form of a list of rights. The British-American tradition of common law often seems to be more liberal, but its chaotic nature actually helped to conceal the existence of slavery and the disadvantaged status of slaves.

Oświęcim w nowej perspektywie. Recenzja książki: Oświęcim - miasto pogranicza, red. Bożena Czwojdrak, Kazimierz Miroszewski, Piotr Węcowski, t. 1 i 2, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa 2018.

Author(s): Dorota Żywczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2018

Olelkovicii: istorie şi destin

Author(s): Mihail Anatolii Ciobanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XLV/2016

For a long period of time, The Olelkovich family lead the fate of orthodox Christians from Lithuania.This family, had a strong connection with their residence town Slutsk, but also with Kiev because the last prince from this town was Simeon Olelkovich in 1454-1471. He rebuiled most of Kiev's churches, he got himself involved in different cultural activities, and on top of all that, he made sure to keep an independent politics as long as he was in charge. Sofia Olelkovich was the last representative of this branch of the widely extended family of Olelkovich. She died in 1612.

DESCOPERIRILE ARHEOLOGICE DE LA TG. TROTUŞ DIN ANII 1983-1986

Author(s): Al. Artimon / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XVIII-XIX/1987

Dans cet article l’auteur se rapporte aux recherches archéologiques éffectués la Tg. Trotuş en période des années 1983—1986. A cette ocasion ont été decouvertes 11 d'habitations, 6 four d'usage courant et 11 fosses ménagères.

Hrvatski prinosi protestantizmu i katoličkoj duhovnoj obnovi s osobitim osvrtom na djelatnost kardinala Jurja Draškovića

Author(s): Đuro Franković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2016

Cardinal Juraj II. Drašković was among the first to play a key part in the Catholic renewal of Croatia and Ugarska that began with the Primate Antun Vrančić and the Archbishop and royal vicar Miklos Telegdij. It took an astounding amount of wisdom and tact for the Croatian son, the Bishop of Pecs, Zagreb and Đur and the Archbishop of Kalač and Cardinal Drašković to strengthen the Catholic Church in the Kingdom of Ugarska and Croatian lands. It was the proper moment for preventing the advancement of Protestantism. Drašković was among the first to enforce Church reform in the spirit of the Council of Trident and took measures, as the Bishop of Pecs (but also as the Bishop of Zagreb and the Ban of Croatia and the later Bishop of Đur), to stop further advancement of the Reformation by simultaneously founding school institutions and starting up and strengthening the education of ministers in Upper Ugarska i.e. Slovakia today. On the emigration of the Vlach population from Western Papuk, Ravna gora and Psunj as well as neighboring areas by the end of the 16th and the start of the 17th century. The process of emigration from the area in question at the end of the 16th and the start of the 17th century (with the immigration that followed) created ethnic, language, socio-economic and cultural relations that were the basis of the following spatial organization and structuring of the populace which is still relevant today. The defeats of Ottoman troops at the border of the Ottoman and Habsburg imperial systems and the lands between the rivers Sava and Drava had more and more effect on the Christians in the Ottoman bordering sanjaks. The Vlach population of the Pakrac and Cerna sanjak, especially, started to organize themselves and cross over to the Habsburg side in a greater number at the end of the 16th century. That should be specially observed in the context of the „long war” (circa 1591 – 1606). This article only provides some basic information which illustrates the emigration of Vlach Serbian Orthodox populace from Western Papuk, Ravna gora and Psunj, as well as the neighboring areas, at the end of the 16th and the beginning of 17th century to the lands of Croatia-Slavonia Vojna Krajina.

WHAT IS HIDDEN UNDERNEATH THE BLACK AND BROWN ON SILESIAN GLASSWARE? ABOUT THE ARCHAEOMETRIC CHALLENGE IN THE STUDY OF PAINTED DECORATIONS ON LATE-MEDIEVAL AND POST-MEDIEVAL FINDS FROM WROCŁAW, SW OF POLAND

Author(s): Beata Miazga / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

At the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the post-medieval period, painted glass vessels were not uncommon and are found during archaeological excavations, especially in urban sites. In the first quarter of the 21st century in Wrocław, a considerable collection of painted glassware was obtained during excavations: some of these artefacts were characterised by multicoloured painted decorations, while others seemed to be made using a modest colour palette, mainly brown and black. It was decided to take a closer look at the latter vessels and establish the cause of such differences. For this purpose, non-destructive and minimally invasive analytical tools were employed, commonly used to study archaeological artefacts, such as microscopic observations in visible light (OM), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) or scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy-dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS). In the course of archaeometric research, the results confirmed the assumptions about the significant contamination of painted decorations by mineral substances, especially iron and sulphur. The deposition of these elements on the surface of paint caused a permanent change in the colour of decorations on glass vessels.

CERCETĂRILE ARHEOLOGICE DE LA TG. TROTUŞ DIN ANII 1987-1989

Author(s): Alexandru Artimon / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XX/1989

Dans cet article l’auteur se rapporte aux recherches archéologiques effectues la Tg. Trotuş en periode des années 1987—1989...

EVOLUŢIA LOCALITĂŢII TÎRGU OCNA ÎN EVUL MEDIU (PINĂ LA MIJLOCUL SECOLULUI AL XVIII-LEA)

Author(s): Corneliu Stoica / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XXI/1990

C est pour la première fois qu'on essaie, basés sur un vaste matériel documentaire, de préciser les commencements de la localité de Tîrgu Ocna, qui remontent a la première décennie du XV-ème siècle...

Al. Artimon, Oraşul medieval Trotuş în secolele XIV-XVII. Genezii şi evoluţie

Author(s): Vilică Munteanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XXXII/2003

Review of: Al. Artimon, "Oraşul medieval Trotuş în secolele XIV-XVII. Genezii şi evoluţie", Bacău, Editura Corgal Press, 2003, 372 p.

Catéchismes catholiques en France aux XV-XVIII siècles. Une approche analytique

Author(s): Vasile Creţu / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2021

Understanding contemporary catechetical debates and challenges requires taking an analytical look at the creation and evolution of the catechism centred on faith concept, which was established in the 16th century and which served as a model for four centuries. This study gives an approach on the creation of catechism as a manual and as a specific pastoral practice dedicated to children. Furthermore, it presents the main lines of the catechism of the Council of Trent and the main aspects of the catechism of the 17th and 18th centuries. The 16th century was the century of the Reform. This process was directly experienced by the population, who witnessed it as a real breach for the Christianity, a simultaneous political, social and religious breach, all these four characteristics being closely linked at that time. Today, we certainly find it difficult to imagine this breach. But historians such as Jean Delumeau tell us that this Reform, as well as the following Catholic Reform constituted the response to a challenge: a changing world which is transforming radically. From this fascinating period, let us retain the elements, which seem essential to us to understand the atmosphere around the evolution of the diffusion of the faith “elements” and in particular the setup of the catechism framework, as well as its content. The new methods of printing and distributing books bring about a new relationship to knowledge. Along with humanism, the idea of personal faith is being developed. Salvation by collective membership in the Church is no longer enough. It is in this context that the first catechism manuals will be born. The manuals included the theological elements considered essential, generally organized in five chapters: the articles of the Credo (the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Credo), the Sunday prayer, the Pater Noster and the Ave Maria prayers, the commandments of God and of the Church.

Рубахи из пестряди с элементами выборного ткачества у народов Волго-Уральского региона (история формирования традиций)

Author(s): E.E. Nechvaloda / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2021

This research aims at specifying the territory and time of the establishment of traditions to decorate women’s shirts with discontinuous supplementary-weft weaving among the peoples of the Volga-Urals region, as well as at identifying the ethnic environment in which these traditions had their roots. Certain ethnographic, ethnoreligious, and ethnoterritorial groups of the peoples in the region acquainted with the tradition under study and the territory of its emergence were analyzed using the historical comparative method and taking into account the history of migrations of these ethnic groups, their neighborhood environments, and major vectors of their interethnic interactions. The results obtained reveal that during the early 20th century women’s shirts in the Volga-Urals region were made following two distinct traditions in using the elements of discontinuous supplementary-weft weaving as a decoration that differed over time and place of their formation. The earliest one is associated with decorating the coarse motley shirt along the lower edge with a sewn-in patterned ribbon made using the discontinuous supplementary-weft weaving technique. Among the Tatars of the Volga regions, this type of decoration appeared by the mid-17th century. In the Bashkir, Udmurt, and Mari costumes, such shirts were the borrowed element. Another tradition, to decorate shirts with supplementary-weft rosettes distributed evenly across the surface, became established no earlier than the mid-19th century within the area where the interactions between the Tatars and Bashkirs took place and where similar shirts were observed in the early 20th century among the Tatars, Bashkirs, Udmurts, and Maris, i.e. in the northwestern part of the Ufa Province and the adjacent northern and western territories. The results obtained can be used for further studies of traditional costumes of the peoples of the Volga-Urals region and their interethnic interactions.

Urzędnicy braniewscy w średniowieczu i epoce nowożytnej (do 1772 r.). Uwagi na marginesie spisów opracowanych przez Danutę Bogdan i Jerzego Przerackiego

Author(s): Radosław Krajniak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 82/2021

The aim of the paper is to provide a critical assessment of the registries of town clerks in the Old Town and New Town of Braniewo (until 1772) compiled by Danuta Bogdan and Jerzy Przeracki. With all due respect given to the Authors and the effort they put into the project, the article points to some omissions and a number of errors and inconsistencies of varying importance and nature. A lot of attention is paid to relatively frequent disparities between the material collected in annual lists and the data compiled in the name index.

To Study the Tombstones of the Islamic Period of Aqalar Museum of Maragheh (northwest of Iran)

Author(s): Saeid Satarnezhad,Karim Hajizadeh Bastani,Behrouz Afkhami,Habib Shahbazi Shiran / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The issue of death and the world after it has been one of the basic human thoughts from the beginning of creation until today. This vision has a set of different manifestations in all societies. Tombs and tomb stones are one of the inseparable parts of this thought among all societies from ancient times to the present day, which has been used as a basic tool for its objective and spiritual manifestations. The decorative motifs of tombstones are a reflection of the cultural, social and religious conditions of a society, which is manifested in the form of geometric, symbolic, plant, epigraphic (inscription), and Muqarnas motifs. According to field studies, Maragheh city, located in northwestern Iran, is one of the regions in which many tombstones of the Islamic period has remained. These tombstones can be studied methodically and scientifically from the perspective of archeological, art, anthropological and sociological studies. In recent years, a number of tombstones in the city have been collected inside the museum of lithography. This research, which is the first phase of studying the tombstones of the Islamic period of Maragheh, has studied the tombstones of this museum. In this research, the tombstones of this museum have been studied with a descriptive- analytical approach in order to study the chronology of the tombstones and the motifs used in these tombstones. The results of the research show that the tombstones of this museum are generally from the 1495 – 1883 AD period. The motifs used in the tombstones also reflect the social status and religious beliefs of the deceased.

Nebunia și nebunul în documentele juridice românești din secolele al XVII-lea – al XIX-lea

Author(s): Gabriel-Andrei Stan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 4/2015

Du point de vue culturel, la folie a une occurrence historique. Ses significations changent selon la pensée philosophique dominante dans une certaine étape de développement historique. La présence de la folie se fait senti dès les premiers codes de lois roumaines, démontrant ainsi qu'elle est une notion constante dans l'espace culturel de notre pays. Dans cette étude, nous avons l'intention d'analyser comment le discours normatif des documents juridiques roumains enregistre les significations de la folie. Pendant trois siècles (XVIIe siècle - XIXe siècle), la différence de perception du comportement humain déviant se produit à la suite d'un transfert d'autorité de l'Eglise à l'Etat. La folie se définit d'abord comme une punition divine et ensuite elle devient maladie mentale. Avec une ouverture interdisciplinaire explicite, cette étude se place à la frontière de l'histoire, de l'anthropologie, de la médecine et des sciences juridiques.

Rusçuk Çiftlikleri ve Çiftlik Piyasasında Eski Aktörler, Yeni Figürler

Author(s): Ahmet İlker Baş / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 30/2022

Çiftlik is the one of the most important debate topics in Ottoman agricultural history. While they are generally evaluated under the topics of landownership and legal status of peasants in the context of centrifugal forces, as a commodity, the exchange of çiftliks in the real estate market does not attract scholars’ attention enough. Data extracted from sale contracts in the kadı records enable researchers to track changes in the profiles of çiftlik sellers and buyers in a period of commercialization of agriculture. Learning what kind of socio-economic and political capital owners are more interested in çiftliks ownership through honorific titles and elkâbs helps to comprehend at least one dimension of transformation of Ottoman provinces in 17th and 18th centuries. This article aims to describe the structure of çiftliks and their productive activities on the one hand, and on the other, to determine the motivations effective in çiftlik sales by using sale contracts along with inheritance records. Thus, the reflection of the relationship correlated between proliferation of çiftliks and rise of the local notables to the çiftlik market can be traced. Therefore, çiftlik sale contracts have the potential to add a new perspective to çiftlik debates.

“GREEK” MERCHANTS FROM LATE MEDIEVAL MOLDAVIA: A STUDY OF URBAN SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY APPLIED TO THE TOWN OF IAȘI

Author(s): Laurențiu Rădvan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

In this study I look into the behavioral pattern of the “Greek” merchants who came to Moldavia and settled in its capital, the town of Iași. The merchants were attracted by its geographical position: at the crossroad connecting centres in Transylvania or the Danube, ports of the Black Sea and towns of Poland. Because they dealt with regional trade for various merchandise, the merchants chose to invest in land, houses, stores and cellars located in the most relevant streets within the two commercial cores of the town, where they shared the space with many craftsmen, boyars but also monasteries. Whereas they represented an economic force and had money, some merchants made efforts to become boyars by purchasing villages and obtaining offices. Others chose to stay loyal to the urban world, and kept their properties across several generations and maintained their line of business. It was, thus, a very dynamic and ever-changing society, which allowed an easier transition from the structures specific to the late medieval world to the ones of modernity.

Constantin şi Metodie în vechea istoriografie română

Author(s): Radu Mârza / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2013

Every Slavic culture and literature preserves, in some manner, the memory of brothers Constatine and Methodius: either in literature, liturgy, historical writings, or even through the use of Cyrillic letters. Considering the fact that the old Romanian culture displays a strong Slavonic character, many an author have wandered if it also preserves, just like other cultures that have inherited Slavonic Culture, the memory of the "Slavic apostles". The present paper discusses mentions of the historical characters Constantine and Methodius in Romanian historical writings until the nineteenth century (chronicles and histories) and it analyzes their origin and use.

Book Review: Translation and Transfer of Knowledge in Encyclopedic Compilations, 1680-1830

Author(s): Margarita Garova,Raya Zaimova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Book Review: Translation and Transfer of Knowledge in Encyclopedic Compilations, 1680-1830Translation and Transfer of Knowledge in Encyclopedic Compilations, 1680-1830, ed. by Clorinda Donato and Hans-Jürgen Lüsebrink. University of Toronto Press, 2021.

Nostalgia Paradisului

Author(s): Corneliu Barborică / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2012

The article is an attempt at presenting the most important moments in the development of utopia as a perennial quest of humanity for a better world, in compensation for the manifold evils prevalent in our society. The author shows the origin of the utopia, which is not born from nothing but is the result of several myths, social disorders and mainly deep disappointment with the real society. Several important utopias of the world literature are quoted, such as the Egyptian paradise of Amenti, the Greek myth of Arcadia, Plato’s Respublica, as well as the contributions of Campanella and Thomas Morus. Karl Marx with his Manifesto and Capital is not omitted. Looking at the present day utopias, the author warns against the utopia transposed into politics.

Príchod valašského etnika na územie slovenska a jeho vplyv na utváranie hydroným

Author(s): Andrea Goótšová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2012

The author of this article explains the arrival of various ethnic groups to Slovakia, but particularly focus on the arrival of Wallachian ethnic group between the 14th and the 17th century. In addition to a thorough gradual settlement and their lifeway, she highlights their reflection in the construction of the names of rivers as important landmarks in the field.