Ustawodawstwo przeciwpożarowe w dawnym Gdańsku (1454–1793)

Author(s): Tadeusz Maciejewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

Fires had been one of the most serious threats to cities for centuries. That is why, the municipal authorities undertook measures to enhance fire safety. This required proper care for respecting the previously adopted legislation and, at the same time, its constant modification in virtue of the urban and spatial development of the city. The Author presents systematic activities taken by the regional authorities in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth not only in the construction of fire-fighting structures, care for supplies of fire-fighting equipment, rich and rational fire-fighting legislation, but also concerning dissemination of knowledge about fire safety rules among residents. The article also presents the steps that municipal authorities took after extinguishing actions.

КОМПЛЕТНО ИЗДАЊЕ КЊИГА XXV. БРОЈ 12. 1932

Author(s): Dinko Šimunović,Boško Desnica,Frano Ivanišević,Ivan Bulić,Lazar Matić,F.D. Marušić,Ivo Belin,Stjepan Filipović,Krsto Stošić,Pere Ljubić,Josip Torbarina,Artur Schneider,Nikola Tintić,Lujo Plepel / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian Issue: 12/1932

Posag królowych w świetle umów małżeńskich królów polskich z XV–XVII w.

Author(s): Tadeusz Szulc / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

The article deals with the institution of dowry in the royal marriage contracts. It is based on the sources consisted of eleven preserved marital contracts of the Polish kings from 1453–1669. The dowry was designated by the formal guardian of the bride who possessed the property of which the dowry was charged. In the event of bride’s father’s death, it was done by a guardianship council or a mother with close relatives. In seven out of eleven analyzed contracts (of which six concerned wives of the Habsburg provenance) the amount of dowry was 100,000 florins. However the dowry of two Habsburgs differed from the previous amount – it amounted 45,000 florins each. Exceptionally a dowry amounted up to 200,000 florins. In the sources we did not find any data proving the effects of not keeping the provisions of the marriage agreements.

W cieniu autorytetu

Author(s): Estera Lasocińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14 (17)/2024

Paweł Szczerbic (1552–1609), a lawyer, owner of a publishing house in Lwów, translator of works on law and politics ("Speculum Saxonum", "Ius municipal", "Politicorum sive civilis doctrinae libri sex" of Justus Lipsius) is still a little-known figure who was considered a highly recognized scholar of his epoch; Bartłomiej Paprocki (c. 1543–1612), for instance, regarded him as a man of virtue and wisdom, while Szczerbic himself discredited his own abilities. Nowadays, on the one hand, Szczerbic is considered one of the most outstanding translators of legal, philosophical, and political works of the Renaissance, who skillfully manages the language, but on the other hand, in terms of legal matters, remains overshadowed by Bartłomiej Groicki and his translations, whereas in terms of philosophical and political matters his works are compared to the unrivaled model of Lipsius. Who exactly was Paweł Szczerbic? This article aims to delineate the figure of Paweł Szczerbic and his workshop on the basis of his own comments included in dedications, forewords or title pages of published works; documents or linguistic analyses of any sort are not taken into consideration.

Sutješka regesta - Kronološki popis datiranih osmanskih dokumenata 15., 16. i 17. stoljeća iz Arhiva Franjevačkog samostana u Kraljevoj Sutjesci

Author(s): Michael Ursinus / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 60/2024

Naslov rada jasno govori o čemu je riječ kao i povod njegova nastanka. Profesor emeritus dr. Michael Ursinus već nekoliko godina neumorno istražuje Arhive franjevačkih samostana u Bosni osobito njezinu povijest osmanskoga razdoblja što mu je uža specijalnost. Rad je u neku ruku i najava opsežne knjige o istoj temi, a na kojoj je također aktivno radio, na žalost prerano preminuli fra Stjepan Duvnjak, bivši gvardijan ovoga povijesnoga samostana i profesor na Teologiji te jedan od osnivača časopisa Bosna franciscana i njezin član uredništva. Njemu u čast, kao i svim njegovim predšasnicima sutješkoga samostana matične provincije Bosne Srebrene, priređujemo ovu studiju.

The Scattered Frankapan Heritage – Dürer’s Unknown Man and van Scorel’s Venetian Nobleman

Author(s): Ivan Jurković / Language(s): English Issue: 65/2023

Since 1753, the British Museum has housed Albrecht Dürer’s Portrait of an Unknown Man (The British Museum, Department of Prints and Drawings, inv. no. SL 5218.22), which was bequeathed to the museum by Sir Hans Sloane. After the death of the German collector Johann Gottlob von Quandt in 1859, the Portrait of a Venetian Nobleman by Jan van Scorel was initially sold to a private collection in Oldenburg (Grossherzögliche Gemäldegalerie) in 1868, and later acquired by the Oldenburg State Museum (Landesmuseum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte Oldenburg, inv. no. LMO 15.567) in 1922. Art historians have been studying these works since the 19th century and have successfully attributed the portraits. However, they have been unable to identify the sitter. Furthermore, the two portraits have not been compared or linked, despite depicting the same individual.

Роль присяги при вступлении иностранцев в русское подданство (XV – начало XX века)

Author(s): I. K. Voronin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4-5/2023

This article considers the role of the oath of Russian citizenship as confirmation that foreigners become naturalized as Russian citizens. The concepts of “cross kissing”, “cross-kissing record”, and “oath” are examined in relation to the procedure of citizenship acquisition in Russia from the 15th to the early 20th century. Particular emphasis is placed on the genesis of the essence and scope of the oath institution in Russia. A comparative analysis is performed on the oaths taken by foreigners to assume the positions of public officials and subjects of the Russian emperors. The obtained results show that the change of citizenship did not entail compulsory religious conversion as long as the 17th century. All applicants for Russian citizenship had the right to take the oath in their native language and in front of the clergy member representing the religion they professed. As the oath of citizenship gained legitimacy and popularity in Russia, the lawmakers tried to unify the procedure, while ensuring that the oath text and ceremony remain sacred.

Danii românești și Mănăstirea Sf. Ecaterina din Sinai

Author(s): Alice Isabella Sullivan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2022

This study examines the ties that expanded between Moldavia, Wallachia, and the Monastery of St. Catherine at Mount Sinai between the 15th and 17th centuries under the guidance of Romanian voivodes, including Stephen the Great, Neagoe Basarab, and their heirs. Looking at the existing material and textual evidence, this study addresses the way in which the Romanian voivodes shaped their princely image and their gifts to the monasteries located beyond the borders of their domains, and especially to the monastery of Saint Catherine at Mount Sinai. The monastery’s collection preserves several key texts and objects that elucidate aspects of patronage, royal identities, and orthodoxy among the Romanian voivodes. Their gifts to Sinai and other spiritual places (such as Mount Athos) had the collateral effect of contributing to the formation and promotion of significant forms of Byzantine spirituality in Moldavia and Wallachia, especially in the post-Byzantine period.

Хришћани и Јевреји у XVI веку: случајеви интервенција епископâ Старог и Новог Рима

Author(s): Zlatko Matić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2024

The paper presents a comparative theological-historical analysis of the relationship between Christians and Jews in the turbulent period of the 16th century, using the example of two first hierarchs of the Church, Pope Paul IV Karafa and Patriarch Mitrofan III of Constantinople. The research begins by indicating the concrete historical framework of the relationship between Christians and Jews in the 16th century. On those grounds, the paper presents the key characteristics of this relationship in the Catholic West, with a focus on Pope Paul IV Carafa and using the concept of ghettoization. The further analytical part of the research aims to answer the question: in what way did the Orthodox Christians treat the Jews? The answer to the question is explained through the example of the first hierarch of the Orthodox Church, Patriarch Mitrofan III of Constantinople and his letter to Christians in Crete. After the analytical part of the research, the paper presents synthetic insights that indicate the theological foundation and background of the relationship between Christians and Jews, as well as a sketch of the contemporary ecumenical situation. In the appendix of the paper, the author provides a translation of the letter of the Patriarch of Constantinople Mitrofan III to the Christians in Crete, which is unknown in our area. The comparative theological-historical analysis of the relationship between Christians and Jews in the West and in the East aims to show that a different theological (ontological) perspective causes a different observation of the other.

Тюркоязычное население степного пограничья Великого княжества Литовского и Крымского ханства в ХV – первой половине ХVІ вв.

Author(s): Vladyslav V. Hrybovskyi / Language(s): Russian Issue: Spec/2023/2023

The ethnic and demographic situation on the borderland of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crimean Khanates is analysed on the basis of narratives (Michalon Lituanus, Marcin Broniowski, Marcin Bielski, Bartosz Paprocki) and documentary sources (publications “Lithuanian Metrics”, “Archive of South - Western Russia”, documents of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine). The boundaries laid by the local prince of Kiev Simeon Olelkovich in the 15th century were significant for a later time as a precedent for ideas about the boundary between the Black Sea Tatars and Ukrainian Cossacks. The Zaporozhian Host at the early 18th century referred it as “Vytautas borders”. However, this “boundary” was conditional. The steppe space between the rivers Southern Bug and Dnieper was occupied by the Ukrainian Cossacks (later the Zaporozhians) in the summer, and by the “Perekop Tatars” in the winter. The seasonal migrations, set by the conditions of the first half of the 16th century, persisted until the middle of the 17th century. The notion “Tatars” is a conventional designation for the Turkic-speaking population in the Black Sea steppe before the migration of the Noghais to this region in the second half of the 16th to early 17th centuries. “Perekop Tatars” were not nomads, but a semi-sedentary population. Economic occupations and the degree of settlement of this population differed according to gender, age and social position. Women, children, clients and slaves lived in stationary settlements, were engaged in agriculture and horticulture. Full-fledged men led an mobile lifestyle, were engaged in stockbreeding, hunting and war. The economy was based on sheep and horse breeding. Particular attention is paid to the male groups of the “Perekop Tatars”, which had a changeable and often multiethnic composition, combined shepherding and war, and for a long time were without a family and permanent place of residence. Some demographic data (cited by Gilles Veinstein) indicate a significant excess of the number of men relative to women. These male groups in the sources of that time are designated as “Kazak” and “Çoban”.

Татары в Великом Княжестве Литовском в XIV–XVI вв.

Author(s): Yaroslav Pylypchuk / Language(s): Russian Issue: Spec/2023/2023

This article is dedicated to the history of the Tatars in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Tatars in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania played an important role in border guarding. They carried out border, ambassadorial and castle service. Interpreters of Tatars and Tatar beks were sent on important missions to estab- lish diplomatic relations with strong Turkic states. Apostates (apostates from Is- lam) Glinskie played an important role in protecting the Ukrainian border from Crimean raids. Representatives of this family went on diplomatic missions to the Big Horde. The rulers of the Great Horde and the Crimean Khanate did not con- sider it shameful to write to the apostate and the provincial prince. The Tatar origin of the clan, on the contrary, was a plus in the eyes of the Jochids and the Glinskie were generally perceived as their own people. The adoption of Christian- ity opened up broad career prospects. Tatars managed to preserve their identity in places of compact settlement of Tatars in Belarus and Lithuania, as well as in Volyn. However, many Tatars who received land in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania quickly lost their ethnic and religious identity.

Место Руси / России в эсхатологических концепциях в Московском государстве конца XVI – середины XVII века

Author(s): Petr Sergeevich Stefanovich / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2 (34)/2023

This article examines how eschatological ideas which circulated in the late 16th – mid 17th century Muscovite State, described the place of Rus’ / Russia in the world and in the world history. The starting point for the analysis is the model of the God-chosen exclusivity of the Muscovite tsardom, which is often called a special Muscovite mythology. Eschatological ideas, first of all, the idea of «Moscow— Third Rome», developed by the Pskov monk Philotheus in the 1520s, were a necessary element of this model, which created the image of «shining Russia» (or «holy Rus»), preserving the true faith up to the End of the world. In the first half of the 17th century, eschatological ideas described by Orthodox Ruthenian authors working in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth began to be warmly received in the Muscovite State. Adaptions of their works appeared primarily in two anthologies of polemic writings published in Moscow — Cyril’s Book (1644) and The Book of Faith (1648). As this article demonstrates, the eschatological schemes featured in these texts envisaged Rus’ as a nation united by an ancient history and by true faith rather than by any political structures. At the same time, in the 1640s–1650s, prophecies of Greco-Byzantine origin popularised in Moscow assigned a key role to Russia in reviving the universal empire. These new concepts fundamentally diverged both from the idea of «Moscow—Third Rome» and from the entire Muscovite mythology of exceptionality. As the author concludes, the popularity of these ideas coincided with fundamental societal changes in Russia, marked by the incorporation of Ukraine in 1654 and the Church Schism.

Organizacja bezpieczeństwa granic w I Rzeczypospolitej

Author(s): Andrzej Wawrzusiszyn / Language(s): Polish Issue: 43/2023

Along with the development of settlement, first borders were drawn, moreover the strengthen-ing of the order of tribal authority allowed for more effective management and enlargement of the occupied territories. The first borders were natural borders and ran along rivers, mountain peaks, forests, sea shores, etc. The border was a transitional belt located at the edges of the sovereignty of individual tribes or rulers. With time, the borders were protected not only thanks to natural obstacles, but also defensive systems in the form of strongholds, earth embankments, wire entanglements and other fortifications.The aim of the considerations is the organization of protection of the borders of the Polish state in the period of the First Polish Republic in the face of changes taking place in the environment of external and internal security. In the methodological aspect, the historical and comparative methods were used, based on the analysis of source materials and the subject literature. As a result of the above, it has been established that the borders of the First Re-public of Poland were formed differently and were subject to significant changes, ensuring the security of the state and its citizens at a different level

55. Jahrestagung des AKSL „Geschichte des Rechts im Donau-Karpaten-Raum im Spätmittelalter und der Frühen Neuzeit“ (Passau: 21.-24. September 2023)

Author(s): Michael D. Krauss / Language(s): German Issue: -/2023

Vom 21. bis 24. September 2023 fand die 55. Jahrestagung des Arbeitskreises für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde e. V. Heidelberg (AKSL) in Passau statt, die gemeinsam mit dem Bundesinstitut für Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen im östlichen Europa an der Universität Oldenburg (BKGE) und der Kommission für Geschichte und Kultur der Deutschen in Südosteuropa e. V., Tübingen (KGKDS) veranstaltet wurde. Erstmals tagten diese drei wissenschaftlichen Einrichtungen, die sich der Erforschung der Geschichte des DonauKarpaten-Raumes verschrieben haben, in gemeinsamer Form. Gastgeber der Tagung waren der Lehrstuhl für Neuere und Neueste Geschichte Osteuropas und seiner Kulturen der Universität Passau sowie die Zweigstelle Passau der Südosteuropa-Gesellschaft e. V. (SOG).

Konferenzen über Stephan/István Báthory (Budapest: 14.-16. September 2022; Warschau: 26.-28. Juni 2023; Hermannstadt: 14.-16. Oktober 2023)

Author(s): Ulrich A. Wien / Language(s): German Issue: -/2023

Der AKSL Hermannstadt hat zusammen mit dem Netzwerk REFORC eine dreiteilige Konferenzfolge veranstaltet, um grenzüberschreitende Forschungen anzustoßen, zugleich den wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchs zu fördern und diesem ein Podium zu bieten. Im Mittelpunkt standen die Person von Stephan Báthory und dessen Politik im zentraleuropäischen Makrokontext am Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts. Diese Zielsetzung ist durchweg gelungen, denn die akademischen Institutionen, die diese Konzeption gemeinsam vorbereitet und anschließend realisiert haben, lagen in drei Ländern mit jeweils eigener Zuständigkeit und thematischen Schwerpunkten.

Internationale Konferenz „Städtischer Raum. Merkmale von Mobilität und Kulturtransfer im spätmittelalterlichen Europa (ca. 1200-1500)“ (Heltau, Michelsberg: 7.-8. Juli 2023)

Author(s): Ulrich A. Wien / Language(s): German Issue: -/2023

Auf Initiative des Hermannstädter Arbeitskreises für siebenbürgische Landeskunde hat es eine Vielzahl von Mitveranstaltern und Kooperationspartner (Institut für deutsche Kultur und Geschichte Südosteuropas/IKGS, Bundesinstitut für Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen im östlichen Europa/BKGE, das internationale Wissenschaftsnetzwerk REFORC, das Institut für Geisteswissenschaften der rumänischen Akademie in Hermannstadt/ICSU, das Klausenburger Geschichtsinstitut „George Barițiu“ der Rumänischen Akademie, das Demokratische Forum der Deutschen in Siebenbürgen, das Departement für interethnische Beziehungen der rumänischen Regierung, die Heimatsortsgemeinschaft Heltau, die evangelische Kirchengemeinde Heltau) ermöglicht, diese Tagung zu planen, zu finanzieren und durchzuführen. Ziel war es, neue Forschungsfragen und Untersuchungen zur siebenbürgischen Geschichte im Spätmittelalter im internationalen Kontext zusammenzuführen und zur Diskussion zu stellen. Die Internationale Konferenz in Heltau und Michelsberg fand in der Öffentlichkeit weite Beachtung.

Ludowi wizjonerzy w Polsce XVI–XVII w.: Jan Mikosz, Jakub Ruszczyk i Tomasz Michałek

Author(s): Tomasz Wiślicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2023

The paper proposes employing a biographical approach in studies on popular piety in early modern (16th and 17th century) Poland. Using broadened category of egodocument and based on text of ecclesiastical provenance, the text presents biographies of three visionaries of sources origin who in 16th and 17th century allegedly experienced Marian apparitions.

„Wyspa Hyperborejczyków” Hekatajosa z Abdery – najważniejsze propozycje jej identyfikacji między XVI a XX wiekiem

Author(s): Piotr Kochanek / Language(s): Polish Issue: Special/2024

The article presents a series of proposals for identifying the „island of the Hyperboreans“ of Hecataeus of Abdera with specific islands. This series begins with Johannes Magnus (1554) and ends with René Vallois (1926). At this time, it was proposed to associate the term „Hyperborean island“ (= Elixoia) with several known islands or areas then considered to be islands. J. Magnus considered his homeland to be the „island of the Hyperboreans“, which, following Procopius of Caesarea, he also called Scandia-Thule (1554). Lorenz Rhodomann (1604) wanted to see England as this island. Philipp Clüver identified it with the Novaya Zemlya (1616). In turn, Henry Rowlands (1723) pointed very carefully to the island of Anglesey, called Mona by the Romans. In 1740, Simon Pelloutier argued for either Greenland or Novaya Zemlya. Peter Wesseling (1745) pointed to Britain or Ireland. Jean Sylvain Bailly (1779) proposed three potential synonyms for the „Hyperborean islands“: Greenland, Novaya Zemlya and Spitsberg. In 1859, Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker pointed to Heligoland. In 1903, Friedrich Kähler suggested that the islands of Apollo worshipers should be located on one of the islands off the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea. Finally, in 1926, René Vallois was willing to locate the Hyperborean headquarters in Crete. Four identifications were particularly popular: Scandia-Thule (1554), England/Britain (1604), Novaya Zemlya (1616), and Ireland (1745).

Исторически и културни корени на таро картите. Анализ на произхода и еволюцията

Author(s): Ivaylo Saraliisky / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

This article explores the origins and historical development of Tarot cards. The main theories of the origins of the Tarot are examined, including those linking it to ancient Egypt, medieval Europe and Renaissance Italy. The role of Tarot cards in various cultural and spiritual traditions is also detailed, as well as their influence on contemporary practices in psychology and self-knowledge. Contemporary views of the Tarot are also explored, highlighting the symbolism and functions of the cards, as well as the challenges in their use. In conclusion, the study presents the Tarot cards not only as a tool for divination, but also as a significant element in cultural history and personal development.

Non-Muslim Population in the Gaza Sanjak in the Sixteenth Century

Author(s): Mustafa Öksüz / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2024

The Gaza region, which came under Ottoman rule following the victory of Yavuz Sultan Selim at the Battle of Marj Dabiq in 1516, was administered by the Ottoman Empire for four centuries. The census books from the first century of this long period contain a wealth of information about the Gaza Sanjak and the people living around it. Based on these books, it is possible to make some observations and evaluations about the people of the region, especially the minorities. In the sixteenth century, the first century of Ottoman rule, Christians, Jews, and Muslims lived in various parts of the Gaza Sanjak. This state is notable for being a place where three religions coexist. This feature was not only preserved in the sixteenth century but also in the following periods. Christians constituted the second-largest demographic group, with Muslims forming the majority of the population. Jews were the third and last group in demographic terms. Muslims, like Christians, adopted a settled life both in urban and rural areas. Jews generally continued to reside in the city center. It is evident that the Christian population, which constituted the majority of the non-Muslim population, was sustained by the immigration of the local population in the sanjak and also received immigration from Jerusalem and Egypt. It was also divided into various and often sect-based sub-communities. The sectarian divisions of the Jews, who continued their existence in Gaza city center as two sub-communities, Samaritans and Rabbanites, were reflected in the records. This article will present a general evaluation of the Christians and Jews living in Gaza in the first century of Ottoman rule by consulting other archive sources, especially the detailed cadastral registers. In this article, we will endeavor to provide a historical perspective on the Palestine/Gaza issue, which is one of the most contentious issues in the contemporary world.