‘DENARI IN LOCO DELLE TERRE...’ IMPERIAL ENVOY GERARD VELTWIJCK AND HABSBURG POLICY TOWARDS THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1545-1547

Author(s): Bart Severi / Language(s): English Issue: 2-3/2001

This study concerns itself with the first Imperial Envoy Gerard Veltwijck (ca. 1500-1555), who negotiated with the Ottoman Sultan Süleyman. Using newly discovered as well as recently published sources, it will focus on the part this diplomat of Charles V played in the negotiations with the Sublime Porte and on the considerable problems the French King and his representatives in Istanbul experienced during the talks. The Most Christian King thus became a victim of his ambivalent foreign policy while his alliance with the Sultan experienced a severe crisis. Finally, this study tries to demonstrate the impact of a diplomatic sojourn in the Levant for the envoy, as such a mission was very often followed by a considerable and far from only financial reward.

“Farkas az én nevem...”. A gyulafehérvári fejedelmi fegyvertár és ágyúöntés kezdeteinek történetéhez

Author(s): András Kovács / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: II/2007

During the long war against Emperor Maximilian II the nascent Principality of Transylvania faced the problems of the organization of its own armoury. The information about the activity of the princely armoury in Alba Iulia were based so far mostly on the sources regarding the giant cannon, named Lupus (=Wolf), weighing almost eight tons. Starting with the story of the Lupus, which reflects important and continuous gun-founding activity, the author sketches the early history of the manufactory from its beginnings, (after 1564 under the rule of Prince John Sigismund), until the end of the rule of Sigismund Báthory, around 1600. His assertions are based mostly on historical sources regarding the craftsmen who worked in the capital of the principality and the prefects of the armoury in its early period: Damianus Leppler and Albert Almási. The author also brings up the feasibility and the importance of the archaeological researches on the site of the former armoury, known as Kendervár, in its Hungarian denomination in the 17-18th centuries. These investigations would be essential for the history of the gun-founding in Transylvania.

“NEM JOBB Ô IS A DEÁKNÉ VÁSZNÁNÁL” A HUNGARIAN FIDDLER’S SONG BEFORE 1580

Author(s): Pál Ács / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2000

There is probably only one idiomatic phrase in the proverb collection by János Baranyai Decsi that doubtless originates in contemporary everyday Hungarian language and the 16th century literary background of which can be clearly identified. The phrase “Nem jobb ô is a deákné vásznánál” (“Not a whit better than anybody else”) has always been popular since the 16th century. The funny, sarcastic poem (The cloth of the famous deákné, written before 1580) recounts the fatal marriage of a certain Máté deák – partly in the form of dialogue. This poem is one of the oldest Hungarian women mocking songs within the genre of wedding songs. It demonstrates all the characteristics of the old Hungarian trufa genre: it can be performed as a farce, the joke has its cream and it is based on mummery and pretence: it provides a parody of a well-known human type. It is possible that this trufa was a stock play of contemporary popular tricksters and jugglers. It mocked the wife of Máté deák who was “lazy to weave”.

“THE BLOODY THEATER OF EUROPE” THE CULTURE OF PAIN, CRUELTY AND MARTYRDOM IN EARLY MODERN HUNGARY

Author(s): Péter Tóth G. / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2003

Words like aggression, violence, and violent actions usually carry destructive meanings. People tend to forget their constructive culturally determined meanings. In spite of this, it can be argued that aggressive feelings, hatred, anger, verbal aggression, threatening behavior, assault, inflicting pain, injuring or ritual killing of men, or the fighting of war are all part of our lives as much as feasts and rituals that bind communities together, or the command to love of different religious ideologies. In the 16th century there was a definitive turn in judging the body in public. It meant that public attention gradually turned from the corpse of Christ to the bodies of the thieves. The two thieves were brought down from their crosses, laid out on the dissecting table, or their bodies were torn apart during fights. Evil-doers became part of scientific cognition. The antisocial public enemy became a hero of the community in the popular literature and historic stories. The conserved and stuffed bodies of robbers and killers were displayed in the first museums of the Early Modern Age, as a main attraction. Rebels were cut into pieces as part of a baroque play on the killing floor to display the parts in buildings of the town. The body of the everyday killer became a spectacle, and the interest in the mind of the solitary killer developed medical thinking on the human spirit.

“There Were Many Brothers but Few Friends” Damasus Dürr and the Creation of a Lutheran Identity in Kleinpold

Author(s): Dhananjaya Premawardena / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

Transylvania not only suffered the ravages of endemic conflict between the Ottoman and Habsburg Empires, but also divided religiously in an already ethnically-divided region.From 1542 onwards, the Transylvanian Saxon pastors grappled with the challenges of teaching the ideas of the Lutheran Reformation. The main difficulty came from turning complex theological concepts into easy-to-understand ideas for mostly uneducated communities. After Calvinist and Antitrinitarian ideas began to flood the region during the 1550s and 1560s, pastors had the additional task of persuading their congregations to stay Lutheran. It is in this context of religious and social upheaval that Damasus Dürr’s sermonsplay an important role. While Dürr served as pastor in the small village Kleinpold (present day Apoldu de Jos, Romania), he composed many of his sermons that addressed the pragmatic concerns of living as a Lutheran. I argue that the greatest purpose of sermons for Dürr was to keep his congregation Lutheran.

“'Tis Bargain'd 'Twixt Us”: The Reclamation of Kate in The Taming of the Shrew

Author(s): Mary L. Hjelm / Language(s): English Issue: 05/2016

Using games as a theoretical structure helps to bridge the gap between Renaissance expectations and modern wishes concerning Kate's behaviour and Petruchio's treatment of her in William Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew, allowing us to recognize which of the two main characters‟ actions are for entertainment only and which are intended to produce significant and lasting results that benefit the players and contribute to the forward movement of the play. Two different game structures exist in The Taming of the Shrew. The sparks of sexual tension are the most readily apparent indication of the linguistic game, but an analysis of the underlying social games reveals that their relationship is largely about restructuring Kate's voice and actions in a more acceptable fashion for a Renaissance audience. The key difference is that, while society and/or characters are unchanged by a recreation game, in re-creation games both are transformed in permanent and significant ways.

Іконографія сюжету "Оплакування Христа" в живопису Італії ХV – ХVII ст.

Author(s): Anna Viktorovna Boretka / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2010

The article is dedicated to studying of the iconography of the subject "The Lamentation of Christ" in Italian painting of XVth – XVIIth centuries. In this research the odd information on the iconographic types of this subject has been systematized, the reasons of this topic popularity in this period have been analyzed, the stages of the subject’s evolution of "The Lamentation of Christ" has been shown.

Ірина Ворончук, "Родоводи волинської шляхти XVI – першої половини XVII ст. (реконструкція родинних структур: методологія, методика, джерела)", Київ 2009, ss. 512

Author(s): Konrad Rzemieniecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

Історіографія дослідження болгарського наспіву

Author(s): Olga Viktorovna Putyatitskaya / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 22/2012

Dominant place in notolines manuscripts Irmoloys of the 16 – 18 century item was occupied by the Bulgarian tune. It is the unique and ponderable phenomenon in the bogosluzhebnom singing art of this period. In the article examine-this the features of theoretical subsoil of researches of the Bulgarian tune in musicology labours of domestic and foreign researchers in the chronologic foreshortening.

Історіографія та джерела дослідження правової культури литовсько-польського періоду (XIV – XVI ст.)

Author(s): Olena Malozhon / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 4/2011

The article analyzes the historiography and spring base study of legal culture of the PolishLithuanian period (XIV - XVI).

Італійські маньєристи при європейських дворах у XVI – на початку XVII століть

Author(s): Yulia V. Romanenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 20/2011

The purpose of the essay is analysis of periods of creative work of Italian artists as styles’ creators. Spanish and English directions have been demonstrated among the most important.

Църквата „Успение Богородично” в с. Долна Диканя – един слабо проучен паметник от Западна България

Author(s): Maya Zaharieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

This article presents the history, architecture and murals at the Church of the Dormition in the village of Dolna Dikanya, focusing on the 16th-century paintings extant on the east wall of the naos: the Ascension, the Annunciation, Virgin Platytera, Adoration of the Lamb and Sts Deacons Stephen and Romanos the Melodist. Placing the Archangels Michael and Gabriel in medallions flanking the Holy Mandylion in the composition of the Annunciation may be interpreted as an iconographic specific. The sole example we are aware of is at the Church of St Demetrius (1488) in the Monastery of Boboshevo. Another specific, unknown from other monuments, is the representation of Christ Emmanuel in a medallion in front of the chest of the Virgin in the conch, replicating the radiancy in the scene of the Ascension. The frescoes were, in all likelihood, painted by a team of two masters of local significance. Until now, the literature has dated the murals at the Church of the Dormition to the 16th or 17th century. At this stage, no stylistic parallels could be drawn; still, some of the characteristics are similar to the monuments of the second half of the 16th century.

Четири исправе о поседима Хрвоја Вукчића у Дубровнику

Author(s): Neven Isailović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 5/2017

The paper contains a critical edition (text, translation, description, diplomatic analysis, historical circumstances) of three Latin documents of the Cathedral Chapter of Zagreb, issued on request of Doroteja Kladuška (later Brezovička), the daughter of Balša Hercegović and granddaughter of Hrvoje Vukčić. The documents are kept in the National Archives in Dubrovnik, series Miscellanea saeculi XV, subseries Litterae scriptae dominationi Ragusii. In addition to this, the paper also contains the edition and commentary of a Cyrillic letter kept in the same archive, concerning the same matter. The main legal effect of these documents was to give authorisation to envoys to collect money from the proceeds that Doroteja was entitled to, based on the lease of her half of her grandfather’s and father’s possessions in Dubrovnik (Ragusa). These procurae are at the same time statements about her ownership of the house, as well of the land and vineyards possessed by Hrvoje and Balša and inherited by Balša’s daughters – Katarina (the wife of Bosnian knez Tvrtko Borovinić) and Doroteja. In the first Latin document (issued on 24 March 1433), Doroteja is mentioned as the wife of Šimun Kladuški, in the second (issued on 6 May 1434) as his widow, and in the third (of 7 February 1439) as the wife of Ivaniš (Ivan) Brezovički. It has been established that the Cyrillic letter, hitherto imprecisely dated to 1434 based on an accompanying note, was almost certainly issued on 19 April 1433, and went in pair with the first Cathedral Chapter document from March 1433. Based on newly found sources, the views of earlier historians have been supplemented and corrected. It was found that Doroteja’s income was received, at least until the first decades of the second half of the 16th century, also by the Šubić Peranski family – descendants of her daughter Margareta Kladuška.

Что такое «простая мова»?

Author(s): Michael Moser / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3-4/2002

The “próstaja mova” is one of the written languages used by both Ukrainians and Belorussians during the 16th and 17th centuries. In this article it is argued that its name is based on a calque of German Gemeinsprache, die gemeine Sprache, a term from the Reformation age. The „prostaja mova” was based on the Ruthenian (Ukrainian and Belorussian) chancery language and developed into a literary language because of its growing polyfunctionality, its increasingly superregional character, and its stylistic variability. The norms of the “prostaja mova” were based on its common usage, not on codification. We discuss the role of Church Slavonic and Polish elements on the different levels of this language and try to show that a “prototypical” text written in the “prostaja mova” was a translation from a real or only virtual Polish text, consisting in the “Ruthenization” of its phonology and morphology and, if it was a written text, in a change of the alphabets - the lexicon and the syntax, instead, remained mainly on a Polish basis. Until the 18th century the Polish language itself had gained so much importance among the Ruthenian gentry that the “prostaja mova” had lost its main addressee and was restricted only to some homiletic and cathechetic works for the common people of the Greek-Catholic Church.

Чудеса святых в Никоновской летописи как источник изучения церковной идеологии 20-30-x годов XVI века

Author(s): Aleksandr Leonidovich Novoselov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2020

This paper examines the informative potential of miracles described in Nikon’s Chronicle. Miracles are understood as a symbolic genre of the Old Russian literature. They are stories about unexpected and miraculous events taking place through the will of God and solving some earthly problems. The miracles worked by the following Russian saints were analyzed: Saint Peter of Moscow, Sergius of Radonezh, Barlaam of Khutyn, etc. The texts of miracles from the saints’ lives, Russian chronicles dating from the 15th century to the early 16th century, and Nikon’s Chronicle were compared. It was concluded that the storylines had been considerably revised in the 1520s–1530s. A hypothesis was introduced that the texts were transformed as a result of the influence exercised by Maximus the Greek and the non-possessors, who expressed doubts that certain metropolitans and monastery rectors could have been recognized as miracle workers. This hypothesis was confirmed through the comparative analysis of Nikon’s Chronicle and the trial minutes of Maximus the Greek. The conclusion was made that the miracles described in the earlier sources were rewritten in the subsequent years to shift the emphasis on the important role played by certain church figures in the key historical events.

Щрихи върху ежедневието на дербентджийското и войнушкото население през XVI–XVII век

Author(s): Krastyo Yordanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

The main object of this study is, on the basis of some Ottoman documents, to shed new light on the everyday life of some settlements situated along the busy road from the Ottoman capital city of Istanbul to Central Europe. Some details are given about the daily duties of the Bulgarians who went to work in the Capital’s State Stables or went on a risky journey, following the conquests of the Ottoman army. They are studied on the basis of an unpublished list of voynuks assigned to service. The population of the Christian villages along important roads most often performed derbendji service. Despite their tax privileges, Bulgarians from these villages had a difficult life. They were often disturbed by the presence of Ottoman troops and state officials, who during war, but in peacetime as well, moved along this main road, staying in people’s houses and expecting to be fed and supplied with provisions. The everyday life in the villages of the region of the Balkan Mountains Range and the Sredna gora Mountain, far from the busy roads, was quite different. There the population was engaged in cattle breeding and crafts related to it. In this region there were some very large entirely Bulgarian settlements, which over time became thriving trade and craft centres having the appearance of small towns.

Энколпион с композицией «Распятие. Пророк Илия» из Довмонтова города Пскова

Author(s): Zoja V. Prusakova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2014

The article is a publication of an enkolpion which was found by V. D. Beletski during the excavation of Dovmont's City in Pskov in 1966. The cross is kept at the Department of Russian culture in the State Hermitage. The cross was found in a child’s grave from the burial ground found on the territory of Dovmont's City. The grave was situated near temples no. 2 and 3 which were built in the second half of the 14th century. In the researcher’s opinion, the burial ground functioned from the end of the 14th century till the middle of the 16th century. Most burials there might have been caused by an epidemic or a pestilence in 1465—1466. On the obverse of the enkolpion, there are relief images of the crucifixion in the centre and paired images of saints on medallions. On the reverse side, there are paired images of saints on medallions and of Prophet Eliya in the centre (9.5 × 6.8 × 1.0 cm). This type of enkolpion is widely represented on the monuments which date back to the 15th century and the first half of the 16th century. However, the specimen from Pskov is one of the best due to its clear images and legible signs. It makes possible to identify saints’ images on the medallions and specify their iconographic features. The examined cross can be dated by the end of the 14th century the earliest (the supposed time of the burial ground formation) or rather within the 15th and the beginning of the 16th centuries (by analogy).

Эпизод из истории литературных контактов: рецепция сочинений Франца Костера SI в книжной культуре Речи Посполитой XVI–XVII вв.

Author(s): Margarita A. Korzo / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2017

The history of the ascetic works composed by the Flemish Jesuit Franz Coster (1531–1619) and their translations into Polish and “prosta mova” are considered as an interesting example of the 17th-century literary contacts in Europe and an example of the spread of Catholic works among adherents of Orthodoxy. Coster’s Bulla super forma iuramenti professionis fidei (1576) was originally intended to members of the Catholic Sodality of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Cologne. Two Polish-language reversed editions entitled Skarb duszny (1582 and 1594) served as a source of a concise text of admonition written in “prosta mova” to the confession Nauka i priklady, which can be found in two editions of the 17th-century Orthodox Vilna’s Poluustav: ca. 1637–1640 and ca. 1643–1644. The Polish translation later was taken as a basis for drawing up a manual of confession Nauka o tainie svyatogo pokayaniya (1671) published in the Kiev Monastery of the Caves. The question of the translator from Latin into Polish as well as the translator from Polish into “prosta mova” remains open.

Юридическая ответственность в судебном процессе России по Судебникам 1497 и 1550 гг.

Author(s): M. R. Zagidullin / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2019

The paper analyzes the provisions of the Sudebnik of Ivan III of 1497 and the Sudebnik of Tsar Ivan IV of 1550 and the court and Charter documents based on them, regulating the measures and the procedure for imposing legal responsibility for various procedural violations in the judicial procedure of that time. It has been noted that the measures of legal responsibility during this period were very severe in relation to all subjects, including judges. It has been concluded that there were measures of legal responsibility for the fraud of the court by the party, as well as (more interestingly) for filing a claim, obviously exceeding the size of the defendant’s property. The recovery of the amount of the claim, which is not only material but also procedural, stands out, because it actually gives rise to material adverse to the offender procedural consequence of the termination of court proceedings in favor of the injured party. It was a successful attempt to implement the principle of procedural economy through the use of various measures of responsibility for such procedural violations as: obstruction of the court session by third parties, the failure of the plaintiff or defendant to appear at the hearing or for obtaining judicial acts, cheating the court party to the dispute.

Юрий Николаевич Бохан (21.02.1966 – 13.04.2017)

Author(s): Nikolay Aleksandrovich Volkov,Nina Anatolyevna Skepyan / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1 (21)/2017

Dr Yuriy Nikolaevic Bohan was founder of weaponology in the Belarusian historical science, he sucessufly researched in different aspects of military history, urban geography and material culture of XIVth–XVIth century Great Duchy of Lithuania. The sudden decease of this man of science is a big loss for belarussian historical science.