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Город Измаил в конце XVI – начале XIX вв.

Author(s): Andrew V. Krasnozhon,Mehmed Tutuncu / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2020

The article summarizes the research of written, cartographic and epigraphic sources on the history of the city of Izmail and its fortification, which relate to the period from the end of the 16th to the beginning of the 19th centuries. The city of Izmail arose on the left bank of the Danube at a long-standing crossing called Ismail-hechidi, according to the decree of Sultan Ottoman Empire, Murad III. The decree (firman) provided for the transfer of these lands into the possession of the head of his harem, Khabeshi Mehmed-aga. This is probably why the founded city was originally called Mehmedabad (the city of Mehmed) - in honor of its founder. However, this name did not become popular in the future, since Mehmet-aga soon died. Probably, the name “Izmail” was associated with the original name of the crossing, which, in turn, was associated with the name of a certain “saint”, Ismail Baba, buried here. The remains of the turbe of this local revered man and the abode of dervishes (tekke) next to him remained in Izmail until the end of the XVIII century. In the very first years, a stone castle with a garrison of 36 people, a large hammam, a marina and shipyards, a stone khan, a stone dome mosque and other major buildings that became the basis of the infrastructure of the young city appeared in Izmail. Eventually in 1591, Izmail was transferred to the ownership of waqf, and his tax revenues began to go in favor of Islamic shrines in Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem. In the entire history of the city, it experienced at least six major construction periods associated with fortifications.

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Romanian Students From Transylvania at European Universities

Author(s): Cornel Sigmirean / Language(s): English Issue: 1-4/2022

Beginning with the 12th century, universities became, gradually, the main centers for shaping European culture and civilization, European elites. The development of cities and states imposed the promotion of trained, capable individuals to administer business, to master the laws. Spiritual, religious and ethnic connections ensured for centuries the attending of universities in Europe by Transylvanian youths of Catholic, Lutheran, Calvin and Unitarian religion. Romanians, most of Orthodox religion, with a tolerated status in Transylvania, had a limited access to universities in the Middle Ages. However, in the context of the Council of Florence decisions, or by converting to the Catholic religion a part of the Romanian noble elite, in the fifteenth-seventeenth centuries over 20 Romanians studied at universities in Central and Western Europe, in Vienna, Rome, Trnava (Slovakia) etc. Some of them, after completing their studies, got to occupy important positions in the Catholic Church hierarchy in Hungary, like the case of humanist Nicolaus Olahus, and others to be promoted in leadership positions at universities in Vienna and Košice (Slovakia). Gabriel Ivul was for twelve years chancellor at the University of Vienna, and between 1669 and 1672 he was dean of the Theology Faculty in Trnava.

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Mărturii documentare despre muzica naţională în cultura europeană. Periplu istoriografic (secolele XVI—XVII)

Author(s): Victor Ghilaş / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2021

The study brings to the forefront some reference information on the connections of national oral music with the European space. The sources of documentation, to which we turn, allow a first finding, according to which our music enters the attention of the West in the XVI century. Firstly, we refer to the first records of folklore, which appeared in publications in Poland, Germany and France, and which are found in tabulations, anthologies and (or) collections of music. Once they have come out of print and have been put into circulation, they reach the creative laboratory of European artistic personalities, who have gone on to capitalize on our ethnic music in various forms and genres. We catalog some creations through concrete examples, having as a source of suggestion the local melody. Along the way, the actual musical documents from the period under investigation are supplemented with data and information from adjacent fields. The paper takes into account the contribution of foreign authors in a limited period of time (XVI–XVII centuries), who through their contribution have facilitated the promotion of the originality of our musical culture, increasing its visibility and value on the European continent.

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New Sources from the Koháry-Coburg Family’s Archive – Additions to Péter Koháry’s Biography

Author(s): Gellért Ernő Marton / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The goal of this paper is to present some new sources as part of a greater project, the collecting of Baron Péter Koháry’s correspondence and other sources of his life, diplomatic as well as military administrative role, and activity. Koháry (1564–1632) was the vice-captain of Érsekújvár and vice-general of the border-fortress zone of the Cisdanubian district and mining region (1611–1632). The selection of the methods and tools to elaborate the sources and the first quantitative analysis concerning the 1620s has already been completed. Currently, the author is working on the vice-captain’s biography and sources concerning the peace process of Szőny (1627) and negotiations in Szécsény and Buda (1628–1629). More precisely, the article aims at summarising the new partial results of the research into sources concerning him. These new results can help complete and correct the data of Koháry’s biography. Furthermore, the analysis of these new sources allows for a better understanding of his life, relationships, acts, and financial status. In historical literature, a wide range of studies can be found concerning the life of Koháry’s son (István I) and grandson (István II), but research has not focused sufficiently on Péter, who established the reputation and status of the Koháry Family.

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THE JUDITH AND HOLOFERNES THEME ON STOVE TILES FROM THE 16TH CENTURY DISCOVERED IN CLUJ‑NAPOCA

Author(s): Ilka Boér / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

During the archaeological and art historical exploration of the Unitarian episcopal house at Cluj‑Napoca (one of the few houses of the city conserving medieval structures) a considerable amount of stove tiles was discovered in the past few years. Among other types, dating from various periods, many fragments of both glazed and unglazed stove tiles with representations of the crucial scene of the decapitation from the biblical story of Judith and Holofernes dating from the 16th century were found in the filling of the vaults. The fragments depict the scene under a renaissance semi‑circular arcade decorated with rich floral ornamentation. Judith is standing on the left side, still holding the sword in her right hand and Holofernes’s head in her left. On the right side, her maid is leaning forward, holding a sack for the severed body part. The tent of the general, and the dead general himself lying on his bed can also be seen in the background, between the two female figures. This type of stove tile is known from several locations in Transylvania, but no similar analogies have been found in other regions by far. The theme itself in its 16th century context can be interesting for many reasons: with the rise of Protestantism adorning stove tiles with scenes from the Old Testament became more popular in general, but in the Transylvanian milieu with its very specific historical reality the use of this motif may have had a special significance. In the middle of the 16th century at Cluj Napoca two historic songs (in Hungarian historias enek) about Judith and her heroic and courageous deed were published. The works of Sztarai Mihaly and Tinodi Lantos Sebestyen can probably give an insight into how the appearance of the scene on 16th century Transylvanian stove tiles could be explained.

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THE INFLUENCE OF RENAISSANCE HUMANISM ON THE LEGAL IDEAS OF TOWNSPEOPLE IN THE RUTHENIAN LANDS OF CROWN POLAND BETWEEN THE FIFTEENTH AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

Author(s): Tetiana Hoshko / Language(s): English Issue: 85/2023

Between the fifteenth and the mid-seventeenth cen- tury, Renaissance humanism influenced the legal ideas of educated strata in the Kingdom of Poland, including educated burghers. The article examines this process mainly on the example of towns in the Ruthenian lands of the Polish Crown. The result of this influence was several relatively new ideas reflected in legal treatises of this time, written mainly by lawyers from the townspeo- ple, and in other sources: about the clarity and comprehensibility of law for ordinary people, the need to use the vernacular in legal texts, the uncondi- tional supremacy of law, etc. The acquaintance of the townspeople with legal literature contributed to the spread of these ideas.

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MIĘDZY IDEAŁEM A RZECZYWISTOŚCIĄ. PRAWNY I SPOŁECZNY MODEL WÓJTA W TEORII I PRAKTYCE NA POGÓRZU KARPACKIM OD XVI DO XVIII WIEKU

Author(s): Piotr Kołpak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 85/2023

The author aims to develop the ideal model of a village head called in Polish wójt (Lat. advocatus) in the early modern era and to con- front it with the minutes of the hearings of the village offices of the Carpathian Foothills region from the sixteenth to the late eighteenth century. The model of wójt office was constructed based on the content of the oaths of office, writ- ings of legal theorists, and economic handbooks. A good wójt was character- ised mainly by an appropriate attitude towards his duties: loyalty to the lord and the community, fairness in judging and the dignified exercise of his office. In this context, the records of court trials conducted against wójts were ana- lysed to yield conclusions concerning, among other things, the subjectivity of the wójt’s office in the early modern village of the Carpathian Foothills region.

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Ewolucja form fleksyjnych przymiotników starobiałoruskich (na podstawie latopisów Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego)

Author(s): Lilia Citko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 17/2023

The article is devoted to the inflectional forms old Belarusian adjectives. As a source of research material, two monuments of the 16th–18th centuries were used, representing the first (the Chronicle of Suprasl) and the last (the Chronicle of Bychowiec) editions of the Chronicles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Chronicle literature reflects the condition of the living language of that period better than religious works subordinated to the canons of Church Slavonic tradition. The aim of the research is the analysis of the development of inflectional forms of adjectives with particular attention to similarities and differences in reference to the Ruthenian condition. Forms of adjectives have been selected and compared to paradigms of the earlier period. It has been established that inflectional system of adjectives took into consideration both the advanced process of phasing-out of non-complex inflexion (nominal) and the promotion of complex inflection (pronominal). Within its framework, old features referring to the Church Slavonic language have been documented, although at the same time, features of the nature of Belarusian innovations have been very clearly marked. Inflectional system of adjectives (especially The Chronicle of Bychowiec) preserved some regional features which indicate references to the south-western Belarusian dialects. These phenomena may help to establish the location of the monument or the place of origin of its author.

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THE ESSENCE OF THE AUSTRIAN SCHOOL AND THE CONCEPT OF DYNAMIC EFFICIENCY

Author(s): Jesús Huerta De Soto / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2011

Now let me begin by making a few points on the true origin of the Austrian School of Economics, which should be traced back to the works of the Spanish Scholastics of what is known as the “Siglo de Oro Español” (in english the “Spanish Golden Age”), which ran from the mid 16th century through the 17th century. The great austrian scholar Murray N. Rothbard (one of the brightest followers and pupils of Ludwig von Mises) first developed the thesis that the Austrian School is of spanish origin in 1974. The Nobel Prize winner Friedrich A. Hayek shared this view, particularly after meeting Bruno Leoni, the great italian scholar and author of the book, freedom and the law. The two met in the 1950s, and Leoni convinced Hayek that the intellectual origins of classical economic liberalism lay in Mediterranean Europe and not in Scotland.

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„(Nie)znajomy wróg jakiś miesza ludzkie rzeczy…” Kulisy obchodów 400-lecia śmierci Jana Kochanowskiego w roku 1984

Author(s): Tomasz Lawenda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2016

Conferences, differing in nature and concept, of national and international scope organized in the jubilee year 1984 greatly contributed to the existing knowledge on the poet. The year brought about a long-awaited boom in conferences after the relative stagnation of 1981– 1983. In light of such an affluence, the issue of editing Kochanowski’s works reflects rather poorly. In terms of publishing of source materials, the year 1984, as compared to other years of the great jubilee, was satisfactory. The main reason for that is an important publication by Maria Garbaczowa and Wacław Urban Źródła urzędowe do najbliższej rodziny Jana Kochanowskiego (Kielce, 1984). Yet, no monograph was published. A significant sign of the times of Kochanowski’s jubilee was the low circulation of books. It was in no-way proportionate to the needs. The “publishing difficulties”, which are more or less cautiously referred to in editorials, are further reflected by the release dates of post-conference materials concluding the 1984 sessions.

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Ukázka působení a činnosti pražského arcibiskupství za arcibiskupa Zbyňka Berky z Dubé a Lipé

Author(s): Anna Syslová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 50/2023

The paper is probe into the ecclesiastical and religious conditions at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries from the perspective of Prague archbishopric through the person of the tenth archbishop of Prague, Zbyněk Berka of Dubá and Lipá (1551-1606). The archbishop's family background, the positions of power of his closest relatives and his journey towards ecclesiastical benefices, which ends in 1592 and the acquisition of the See of St. John, are presented. The subsequent key passage deals with Berke's recatholization activities and the associated nuncio at the imperial court in Prague. The article outlines the complex religious situation of the time and the methods of recatholization applied, which tries to interpret the basis of analysis of the archbishop's correspondence.

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Book culture in the male orders of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania 15th–18th centuries (assumptions of a research project)

Author(s): Iwona Pietrzkiewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2017

The aim of the research realised within the project was to present the book culture in the Roman Catholic men monasteries existing in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since the elimination of the urban monastery network and the cassation of its individual outposts. An analysis was made of the literature created and used by these communities. The project assumed a multi-aspect presentation of the phenomena and processes of functioning of the texts in monastic environments. The research included an analysis of the formation and education of monks, the canon of the books created and stored by them, which were used in priesthood, education, but also scientific and readership work and the monastic publishing initiatives in the context of the social interactions of these monasteries.

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Tajemnice księgozbioru Iwana Groźnego

Author(s): Andrzej Dróżdż / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2001

Tsar Ivan IV (1533-1584), the autocrat of the Grand Duchy of Muscovy, left behind the testimony of a bloody tyrant, squandering the lives of thousands of his subjects, however, until recently some Russian historians viewed him as a lonely reformer who was forced to take radical decisions. Many of them maintained the legend of his supposedly exquisite education. In their assumptions they relied on another legend of the Rurikovitch's book collection full of literary gems of antiquity. Although nobody questions the existence of Tsar Ivan's private library, there are many misconceptions about it, especially that the existing documents mention merely 154 titles of books in the collection. They are connected with the person of the Tsar in many ways; he founded some of them, he barely skimmed some, and he confiscated others. The collection was analysed by N.N. Zarubin (1893-1942) many years ago, and various historians supplied it with commentaries during the after-war period. The source of the misunderstandings about the Tsar's library is the anonymous Index of the collection, supposedly discovered in 1819 in the town of Parnu archives by Ch. Dabelov (1768-1830), professor at the Dorpat (Tartu) University, which included a few references to some Greek and Latin manuscripts, and gave their total number of eight hundred volumes. N.N. Zarubin did not acknowledge Dabelov's Index being afraid of mystification. Perhaps he found those references to unknown works by Virgil, Cicero and other lost texts of Roman authors too shocking to be true. And yet, since the beginning of 19th century, historians have continued to undertake research on Tsar Ivan "The Terrible's" library. Some of them reached the conclusion that it must have been burnt during the Kreml fires in 1547, 1571 or 1611. Others speculated that it was plundered during the Dimitri movement or that the synod library and several Orthodox Church libraries absorbed it. There are still some who claim that Tsar Ivan's collection has remained untouched in a secret room of Kreml. The advocates of the latter hypothesis believe in the authenticity of the Index, and hope to find the Rurikovitch's library within the walls of Kreml one day. The author of the article presented the standpoint of many historians, quoted valuable documents, and in the last part of his work organised the knowledge on the subject of Ivan IV's library in consistence with the principles of bibliologi-cal analysis and using N.N. Zarubin's catalogue, reconstructed for the purpose, of the books whose existence was documented.

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Historia powstania klasztoru Panien Benedyktynek lwowskich (na podstawie archiwum i kronik klasztornych Biblioteki Klasztoru w Krzeszowie)

Author(s): Anna Faber-Chojnacka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2003

The origins of the Benedictine Nunnery in Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine) are connected with the Szaporowski family. Katarzyna Szaporowska effected founding of the Nunnery in 1595. The blessing of the first abbess took place on 4 October, 1599. From that moment on young ladies from wealthy families would come to the Nunnery, and contribute their dowries. The Nunnery’s riches and property increased thanks to many generous donations from both private benefactors and clergymen. The second abbess, Katarzyna’s sister, Anna Szaporowska, continued to develop the Nunnery. In 1623 it was joined by 35 new girls. The third abbess, Krystyna Szaporowska, who received her blessing in 1638, could not continue the work started by her sisters for long, as because of her age and sickness, she died two years later.

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Wenecja ezoteryczna i tajemnicza. Tło historyczne, „czarne legendy” i źródła dokumentalne (XVI–XIX wiek)

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Wenecja ezoteryczna i tajemnicza. Tło historyczne, „czarne legendy” i źródła dokumentalne (XVI–XIX wiek)

Author(s): Gerardo Tocchini / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2023

A reconstruction of literary and imagination matrices of one of the motifs stubbornly recurring in mythological perceptions of Venice, thus presenting a version of the “back legend” of the lagoon town. Apparently, the majority of motifs re-enacted by contemporary popular literature and films (double agents, secret assignations, mysterious female characters, the fake occultist, conspiracies, intrigues, a general aura of uncertainty and threat, etc.) was supplied by literature from centuries past. The author discovers them in a laboratory form in Friedrich Schiller’s novel The Ghost-seer (end of the 18th century).

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KUŽNA MEZARJA U ZAVIDOVIĆIMA

Author(s): Jasmin Mehić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 15/2023

The paper talks about the appearance of plague in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in town of Zavidovici, plague cemeteries and legends about the plague. The paper was written on the basis of published sources, oral traditions and field research. Cadastral parcels, geographic coordinates and photos of plague cemeteries are given.

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Popis župa i naselja Šibenske biskupije iz sredine 15. stoljeća

Author(s): Kristijan Juran / Language(s): English,Croatian Issue: 7/2020

The text discusses the archival record from the mid15th century, which is known in the literature as a “catalogue” or “list” of parishes and villages of Šibenik diocese. It is not preserved in the original, but in transcripts from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. After introductory reminiscences of the existing literature, a review of the dating and provenance of the transcript and the manuscript tradition is given, followed by the analysis of the record content. Finally, the text brings the problem of its reception in the recent scientific and nonscientific public.

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Keramičko posuđe s hidroarheološkog lokaliteta Mala Jana u blizini Glavotoka na otoku Krku

Author(s): Jasna Ujčić Grudenić / Language(s): English,Croatian Issue: 3/2016

Abundance of postmedieval glazed pottery was discovered in 1972 and 1973 at the underwater site of Mala Jana in the vicinity of Glavotok on the island of Krk. Total of 31 objects were inventoried in the Early Modern Period Collection of the Maritime and History Museum of the Croatian Littoral. Furthermore another 21 objects from the same site were recovered a year later and given to the Diocese of Krk. Presently they are on display in the exhibition room of the Frankopan citadel in Krk. Although certain finds have already been published individually, they have never been analyzed as a complete cargo, so this article offers the analysis of the entire assemblage of finds from the site of Mala Jana, dating the mentioned artifacts to the late 16th or early 17th century. The paper also analyzes potential trade routes possibly used for transport of such material.

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Sukob, suživot i suradnja u mletačkom Zadru (16. stoljeće)

Author(s): Stephan Sander-Faes / Language(s): English,Croatian Issue: 2/2015

This study investigates encounters in the early modern Adriatic, in particular focusing on the Venetian possessions. The predominantly Catholic Dalmatian cities were incorporated into the Venetian maritime state around the turn of the fifteenth century and were home to small but bustling communities of merchants, companies of sailors, and soldiers. During the sixteenth century, Dalmatia was both the frontline of Catholicism and a valuable turnover hub for goods, ideas, and people. As the Ottomans continued their advance, life within the crammed fortifications, threatened by bandits, disease, and pirates was tenuous at times. Despite these conditions, cooperation across the many fault lines dividing early modern Europe never ceased. The study uses a microhistorical approach to source material from the rich Croatian State Archive in Zadar and presents selected examples of cooperation, the bending of norms, and everyday life.

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Thucydides and Hobbes on Epidemics and Politics: From the Plague of Athens to England’s Rabies

Author(s): Luka Ribarević / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2023

Thomas Hobbes’s England was deeply troubled by the successive plague visitations regularly occurring in the late 16th and 17th centuries. The catastrophic outbreak in 1625 found Hobbes working on the first ever direct translation of Thucydides’ History from Greek to English. This fact allows for the supposition that Hobbes paid special attention to Thucydides’ masterful account of the plague at Athens and its social and political consequences. These circumstances authorise the here proposed enquiry into the relation between Hobbes’s understanding of the state of nature in Leviathan and the epidemics, mediated by his experience of the plague and the translation of the plague narrative in Thucydides’ History.

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