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The article is devoted to one of key episodes of Byzantine history – statehood upheaval of 1259. The author comes to conclusion that drama in Sosandry monastery deserves special consideration because not only the ruling dynasty changed as a result of it, but also the whole strategy of state policy
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Обратим внимание на периферию Херсона. С учетом положения, в котором оказалась Таврика в XIII—XIV вв., следовало бы ожидать сжатия зоны обращения византийской монеты. Однако этого не наблюдалось. Зато известно, что монеты Палеологов выпадали в клады, сокрытые после гибели империи271. Так что византийская монета еще долго оставалась востребованной денежным обращением Таврики. И это требует объяснения272. Первым делом определимся с регионом исследования. Полагаем, что ограничить его нужно пределами самого крупного и активного феодального образования — княжества Феодоро. Ведь митрополиты и монастыри Таврики не могли чеканить свою монету273. А города региона к тому времени или прекратили денежную эмиссию, или стали подвластны Золотой Орде и генуэзцам, использовавшим свои валюты.
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The report is devoted to consideration of the 5 stages (from the 18th century to the present) in the history of the study of Lower and Upper Djulat, the Golden Horde cities in the central part of the Northern Caucasus, located in the middle course of the Terek River, with a primary emphasis on their historic topography. The features of the source base accumulation, including archaeological materials, are discussed. At all stages, the researchers have commented on the extent, importance and chronological development peculiarities of the Djulat cities. The most extensive data on the historical topography is provided in the monographs by V.A. Kuznetsov (2003, 2014), E. D. Zilivinskaya and I. M. Chechenov (2015). Alongside with the specification of the settlements dimensions and structural elements, stratigraphy determination, characteristics clarification, and dating of the objects (mosques, temples, fortification elements, welfare facilities, burials, private burial vaults, etc.), there still remain unsolved problems related to the basis and historical circumstances of the emergence of major Golden Horde settlements on the Lower and Upper Djulats. The internal structure of these cities, the dynamics of their territorial expansion and development at various historical stages in the mid-13th — early 15th centuries require further research.
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The article discusses Bulgarian scholars who contributed a lot to the development of the research on Kipchak tribes. Scholarly interest towards the Cumans in Bulgarian historiography is based on the fact that the Cuman brothers Peter and Assen established the Second Bulgarian kingdom after the suspension of the Byzantine occupation which led the Cumans to settle down in the country, thus becoming an integral part of the Bulgarian people. Bulgarian scholars focused on various problems of historiography, role of the Cumans in the history of Bulgaria, Kievan Rus and the Byzantine Empire, historical developments in the Balkans during the Mongol invasion, and Cuman onomastics.
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The article studies the problem of the existence of the culture of Potestas among the Sakha in the pre-Russian period. The myth about Tygyn as a leader of the Sakha tribes has a wide historiography. Correlating the folklore materials with the written documents, one can trace the time and conditions of formation of the Sakha sovereign’s folklore type.
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The sites of the right bank of the Samara Volga region including the Samarskaya Luka (Bend) of the Volga River and the Usa River watershed constitute a special group of the Golden-Horde period sites of the Middle Volga region. An analysis of the sites topography in the context of geographical features of the area in question allowed defining its territorial structure. On the basis of settlements location features, a zonal model of regionalization is proposed. In the territory of the district, two micro-districts are distinguished: 1) the Usinsk micro-district, 2) a micro-district inside the Samara Bend. Each of them is characterized by an appropriate reference framework of settlement, which is associated with the peculiarities of functioning and settling. In the first case, the settlement occupies the dominant position (the Muranka settlement site), while the second district is characterized by the presence of several key points with the linear interconnection system (Mezhdurechensky hillfort, Malaya Ryazan 2 and Lbische — Novyi Put’ settlements, etc.).
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The article represents an analysis of the political and economic development of Kazan during the Golden Horde period (second half of 13 th — first half of 15 th century). The time of Kazan subjection to Golden Horde khans could not be definitely determined — according to different data, it can be connected with the campaign of Baty-Khan of 1236 or, more likely, with Mengu-Timur’s raid on the Volga Bulgars of 1278. As part of the Golden Horde, there were in general favorable conditions for the development of the city. Kazan loses its role of a border town and by the end of the Golden Horde period turns into one of the large political and economic centres of the Central Volga area. The city had acquired its shape by the end of this period, and maintained it until the end of 18 th c. In the 14 th —15 th centuries, Kazan plays an important role in the international trade. The material culture of the town reflects existence of various ethnocultural traditions. Starting from the second half of the 14 th century, local knyazes unleashed the fight for political independence which led to the formation of the Kazan khanate.
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La seule mention de l'higoumène de Chilandar Kallinikos provient d'un prostagma grecque de Stefan Du{an pour le monastère de Saint-Jean-Prodrome sur le mont Ménécée près de Serrès. Ce document a longtemps été connu uniquement dans la forme fragmentaire alors que sa date de délivrance était fixée en 1345. L'édition récente d'un cartulaire du XIVe siècle du monastère de Menoikeon, jusqu'alors considéré comme définitivement perdu, permet d'élargir notre connaissance du prostagma de Du{an. Cet acte s'y révèle avoir été un document appartenant à l'époque impériale, avec pour datation janvier, première indiction - c.-à.-d. janvier 1348. Il a été délivré lors du séjour de la famille impériale serbe à l'Athos en 1347/1348 et porte injonction de l'empereur à l'higoumène Kallinikos de cesser d'importuner les moines du Prodrome à propos de leurs barques qu'ils possèdent au bassin près de leur métoque d'Esphagménou. Les nouvelles informations apportées sur l'higouménat de Kallinikos à Chilandar clarifient aussi la question de la chronologie des higoumènes du couvent serbe athonite vers la moitié du XIVe siècle, période assez perturbée lorsque, entre 1345- 1355, le monastère ne connaît pas moins de neuf supérieurs différents.
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The first defense structure of Kalamita was a Byzantine fortress of 550—650: it protected the passage to the Heraclean Peninsula. Not earlier than 1422 and as late as the end of 1423, most likely in spring or summer of 1423, its early medieval debris was used for building a new fortification in its place. The new structure belonged to a ruler of Theodoro who started a war against Caffa. In October-November 1423, the defense structures of Kalamita were massively damaged by a 9-degree Yalta earthquake and restored in 1425—1427. In 1434, Kalamita was burnt down by a Genoese punitive expedition led by Carlo Lomellini. Further restoration works aimed to erect a stone wall to defend the suburb. The fortifications of the Theodoro fortress were substantially reconstructed within 1450—1475, with the support of the Genoese authorities. In 1475—1771, Kalamita belonged to the Ottomans, who at the end of the 16th century (the earliest), but, most likely in the 17th — early 18th century, added two new fortifications to the fortress: wallgang and glacis.
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Monumental stone crosses appeared in the Old Rus’ in the early 12th century. The earliest crosses known are of Novgorod origin. Several local groups of medieval stone crosses, which have a particular style, were defined on the Russian Northwest. On this evidence four stable local types (Izborskiy type, described by V. Sedov, Izhorskiy type, crosses ‘in circle’, Gdovskiy type) can be determined.This paper is devoted to the Izhorskiy type of stone crosses. There are more than 40 sites on the Izhorskoe plateau, where the crosses of this type appeared. These crosses are remarkable for cutting techniques and peculiar motifs. The sizes of crosses – from 0.3 up to 3 m, time of existence of this type – 13th – 16th century.
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Stone roofs over the churches were a typical constructive feature of Armenian cult architecture in medieval Crimea. Its earliest examples date back to the 14th—15th centuries. The archaeological digs yielded some whole and fragmented constructive elements, such as ridge blocks, roof tiles, gutters and water jets; also known are some individual in situ finds of roof debris and graphic representations of lost buildings with stone roofs. The new building technologies, imported from the mainland Armenia and Asia Minor, were organically adapted to the local architectural environment and had a positive impact on it, which is confirmed by existence of monumental buildings belonging to other cultures and confessions from the Crimean Peninsula.
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The article deals with the history of development of the Old Russian defensive architecture after Mongolian invasion: in the second half of the 13th — mid 14th century. The construction of stone fortresses at this time was sporadic. Two main traditions can be distinguished, one of which is characteristic for Western Rus’, and the other for North-Western Rus’. Most likely, the earliest fortifications of Western Rus’ were wood-earthen walls, with individual stone defensive towers within the ring. In North-Western Rus’, at the end of the 13th century, we can find irregular fortresses with stone walls, but apparently without towers. Fortifications with a fairly clear, almost regular plan (Orlets, Oreshek) appeared in the 1340—1350s. The middle of the 14th century seems to be a new turning point in the development of ancient Russian fortification.
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The long existence of this region under the rule of the Golden Horde had a significant impact on the local social structures. Although governing the western margins was a challenge, khans managed to install here a system of exploitation of the local settled population with the help of the basqaqs rather quickly. However, the political instability would soon bring the commander Nogay into these lands. His empowerment generated some quite controversial trends to both usurpation and separatism. Having dealt with this threat to the unity of Jochi’s Ulus, Uzbek Khan proceeded to Islamic transformation of the country. However, his reforms confronted the Christian world and were not very successful. The steppe aristocracy kept its old life style and enhanced independence of its provinces with Janibek ascending to the throne. The Black Death pandemic and the changes in the population and infrastructure it brought about contributed to the country’s quick disintegration. In its peripheries, the earlier dominated peoples would proclaim their independence. The proposed reconstruction requires further elaboration and specification.
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Присуство каталанских најамника у окружењу Немањићких владара одавно је препознато у историографији. Ипак, чињеница да је боравак Каталанаца у српским земљама само фрагментарно посведочен у изворном материјалу имала је за последицу то да је њихова улога сведена на својеврсни историјски куриозитет и била везана само за један конкретни догађај – битку код Велбужда 1330. године. На основу објављене дубровачке архивске грађе, обавештења западних и византијских извора, од којих су поједина први пут разматрана у овом контексту, у чланку се детаљно анализира улога, значај и присуство Каталанаца у српским земљама. Изворни материјал указује на то да њихово учешће није било ограничено само на битку код Велбужда, већ да су они били у служби Стефана Душана и током наредних година, све до времена када је дошло до разлаза између њега и византијског претендента Јована Кантакузина.
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The author publishes some new finds of the 13th — 14th century Qashan ceramics from medieval towns of Khwarezm. The author offers his own ideas about the typology of the Qashan ceramics produced in the Central Asia, referring primarily to the authority of previous researchers. An attempt is made to define which vessels refer to the local production and which were imported here from Iran. The author concludes about the same place of origin for the Qashan ceramics produced in Khwarezm urban centers and main Golden Horde cities in the Lower Volga region.
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The article contains data about three Qashan bowls excavated in Golden Horde city of Azak. These bowls are characterized by good preservation and are dated by the second half of the fourteenth century. Among them: luster painted bowl, cobalt-blue painted bowl, bowl with a rice-grain-like décor and cobalt blue painting. Vessels contain ornaments created by Iranian potters, with the influence of Chinese textile and toreutics. Pottery, produced in Iran with the same technology of decoration is known among the materials of several Golden Horde and foreign cities. Luster painted bowls are the first example of such a kind of pottery that originates from a complex dated by the 2nd half of the 14th century. Cobalt-blue painted bowl, bowl with rice-grain-like décor and cobalt blue painting is the most well-preserved sample of such bowls, ever excavated in Azak.
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In the 13th century there were important changes in Ryazan ceramic production. They can be noticed in the manufacturing technology (increased use of pastes without visible impurities and reductive firing), emergence of new forms of ware (pitchers, lamps), change of rim profiles, spread of wave-line ornamentation. The nature of some changes was evolutionary, others may be related to the destruction of the economic and political structure of the Ryazan principality after the Mongol invasions and migrations of large groups of inhabitants inside the territory of the principality. The main challenge for future research is the lack of quantitative data characterizing ceramic traditions that existed in different cities of Ryazan land.
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Fragments of ceramics are most numerous groups of finds on the settlements of Golden Horde. Despite the large number of publications, it still seems to be underexplored. It is true, first of all, for the generalizing researches. The article reviews most common and specific features of the Golden Horde ceramics. Its core included vessels produced by archaic method of band pasting, further levelled on potter’s wheel and partially profiled. Specificities of production of such ceramics date back to the traditions of pottery of the early Middle Ages which existed on the territory of Saltovo-Mayatskaya culture. That’s why we suggest to name this technique a post-Saltov pottery tradition. Besides, the Golden Horde towns welcomed potters who were newcomers in the Eastern Europe and used more advanced technologies. Considerable part of their products consisted of glazed vessels which are one of the most salient features of ceramic complex of the Golden Horde. These vessels were of different origins. Along with these groups, there were other locally spread traditions of pottery. Uniformity of ceramic complex most comprehensively characterizes cultural unity of the majority of settled population of the Golden Horde.
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A hoard of 227 scyphate coins of billon was accidentally found on the island of Turunchuk (the Dniester River) not far from Tiraspol in 2002. The article studies 9 imitations of small module from this hoard, which rather quickly found their place in private numismatic collections. As the study has shown, most of them were issued in the Catholic Latin Empire (1204-1261) – type A (5 pieces) and type B (2 pieces). The other two coins are thought to have been of Thessaloniki coinage of 1208-1224 and an imitation of issue by Nicene Emperor Theodorus Lascaris (1204-1222). Most likely, the coins were brought into the Dniester region by the Polovets, whose detachments took active part in military activities on the Balkans in 1200-1230.
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The authors describe the hoard of 96 silver coins and a small piece of silver (3.2 g) discovered at Ivancea, in the area of the medieval settlement. The composition of the hoard is as follows: Uzbeg (1313-1341) – 23 coins (23.95%) minted in Krim; Khizr (1359-1361) – 1 coin (1.04%) minted in Saray al-Jadid; Mohammad (1368-1380) – 3 coins (3.12%) minted in Ordu; Toktamish (1377-1396) – 69 coins (71.87%) minted in Saray al-Jadid (2 pieces), Azak (4), Krim (43 and an imitation), of unknown mint – without the mint name in the inscriptions (16), and undetermined mint – defectively struck (3). There are 12 coins of Uzbeg, minted in Krim in the year 720 of the hegira, which are countermarked with the Arabic inscription „khan“ (11 pieces) and a damghah-trident ending in „bird head shape“ (1 piece). The presence of Uzbeg issues with countermarks is characteristic for the hoards from late 14th century and the first half of the 15th century found in Crimea and the neighboring regions. The last hegira year attested in the hoard is 796 (1393-1394 A. D.), but the imitation and some of the issues without the hegira year in inscriptions could be more recent. So, the hoard could have been lost in 1399, after the battle of Vorskla (12th of August), where the Lithuanians were defeated by the Tartars. As Moldavia supported the Lithuanians in this battle, it seems that the principality had to face the Tartar’s punitive raids.
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