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Раннемусульманские погребения некрополя городища Бозок

Раннемусульманские погребения некрополя городища Бозок

Author(s): Maral K. Khabdulina / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

The author briefly defines history of Kazakhstan medieval urban culture studies and describes early Muslim burial structures studied in the Bozok hillfort site. The method of relative stratigraphy has been instrumental in substantiating the start of the Muslim necropolis formation by the late 13th to early 14th century. The Muslim funerary rite of the Bozok hillfort site reflects peculiarities of the spread of Islam in the peripheral regions of the Ulus of Jochi.

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Раскопки Хирхиринского городища в Юго-Восточном Забайкалье

Раскопки Хирхиринского городища в Юго-Восточном Забайкалье

Author(s): Nikolay Nikolaevich Kradin,Svetlana E. Baksheeva,Evgeny V. Kovychev,Stanislav D. Prokopets,Artur V. Kharinsky / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Khirkhira site is a town of Mongol Empire period, located in Transbaikalia. It was used as a residence for Yesünggü, a nephew of Genghis Khan. It was a real town with a palace, elite homesteads, over a hundred dwellings, but without fortifications. This site was excavated by S. Kiselev in 1957—1959 and A. Artemjev in 1997—2005. The article discusses the results of excavations on one of the homesteads. The wooden pillars of the building rested on stone bases. There was a kang (heating system) inside of the building with traces of reconstructions. The kang was heated by two hearths situated in northern and western parts of the excavated area. Our studies on Khirkhira allowed revisiting the chronology of the site. Porcelain found there makes it possible to date this site not only by the time of its founder Yesünggü Khan’s life, but also by the period of Yuan Dynasty (1206—1368) in 14th century. Besides, Khitan ceramics found in lower horizons of the unearthed homestead makes us conclude that this territory was inhabited already at the time of Liao dynasty (907—1125).

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Расселение мордвы: её этническая и политическая история в XIII—XV вв.

Расселение мордвы: её этническая и политическая история в XIII—XV вв.

Author(s): Aleksej Yu. Zeleneev / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

The article presents peculiarities of the ethnic and political development of Mordvins in the Golden Horde period. In the pre — Golden Horde time, the Mordvins divided into two smaller ethnic groups, Erzya and Moksha. After the Mongol invasion (1240), Moksha lands became part of the Golden Horde, and Erzya lands were divided by Russian knyazes from Vladimir and Murom. A part of Erzya lands were also located on the very border of the Golden Horde. Such division contributed to further separation of the two ethnic groups. Starting from 1430—1440 s, after the fall of Jochi’s Ulus and up to 1552, the lands of the Mordvins became subject of continuous struggle between Kazan khanate and Moscow principality. Thus, Mordvins still remained in the composition of two separate states. Nevertheless, it is possible that a certain part of the Mordvin population was independent at that time.

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Ратна флота Балшића

Author(s): Srdan Rudic / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 67/2018

Although the Balšićs (1360–1421) ruled a part of the Adriatic coast, their power farther from the mainland was almost not felt. Like other nobles and rulers whose areas and states had access to the southeastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, the Balšićs, despite numerous attempts, did not manage to become a maritime force even in regional terms. Venice almost fully controlled the territory of the southeastern Adriatic. Its power in this area was not jeopardised even by the Treaty of Zadar (1358) and the Peace of Turin (1381), according to which it was forced to withdraw from the territory from Kvarner to Durazzo. Venice considered the Adriatic Sea its possession and as of the 12th century it began to call it Golfo de Venezia or Mare Venetorum. It endeavoured by all means to prevent the rulers of little maritime states and areas from jeopardising its monopoly and dominance on the sea. In the territories it considered the sphere of its military, political and trade interests, it prevented the attempts of local lords, regardless of whether they were its allies and friends or not, to have strong maritime forces and shift their activities to a greater extent to the sea. Venice treated the Balšićs in the same way. The Balšićs were aware of the importance of having armed ships as not having them posed a great obstacle to their conquering plans, but was also a deficiency in terms of the security of their estates. Historical sources provide only sporadic data about the Balšićs’ attempts to possess armed ships, i.e. create a war fleet. Based on individual data, we can conclude that they did not have heavily armed ships – those were mostly light war ships or ships which they armed and thus changed their purpose. We are therefore not able to gain a real picture about the strength and composition of the Balšićs’ fleet. It is, however, possible to conclude that in some periods their war fleet represented a significant force as it is only thus possible to explain the attacks at Cattaro in around 1366 and Scutari in 1410.

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РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ИЗВОДЫ КНИЖНОГО ЯЗЫКА И ВТОРОЕ ЮЖНОСЛАВЯНСКОЕ ВЛИЯНИЕ (ОБ ОРФОГРАФИИ ЗАХАРИИНСКОГО ПАРИМЕЙНИКА 1271 Г.)

Author(s): Anna Igorevna Kuzovenkova / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2013

The article reveals certain language peculiarities of one of the unexplored manuscripts, Zakhariinskii Parimeinik of 1271. On the one hand, the manuscript reflects the Pskov-Novgorod dialect features: the mixing of affricates w and Ÿ as well as sibilant and hushing sounds, a particular type of the reflexivity of TъrT groups, the use of ;u along with ;l, etc. On the other hand, there are many spellings of South Slavic origin in the manuscript. All this makes it possible to state the appearance of obsolete orthography in Zakhariinskii Parimeinik and to specify information about the number and territorial belonging of the scribes, who worked on the text.

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РЕДКИ ЛЕКСЕМИ В СТАРОБЪЛГАРСКИЯ КНИЖОВЕН ЕЗИК (съцѣглъ, цѣглъ, цѣгьхъ)

РЕДКИ ЛЕКСЕМИ В СТАРОБЪЛГАРСКИЯ КНИЖОВЕН ЕЗИК (съцѣглъ, цѣглъ, цѣгьхъ)

Author(s): Elka Mircheva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 17/2017

The article discusses the three Old Bulgarian lexems – с(ъ)цѣглъ, цѣглъ, цѣгьхъ, which is mainly translated as a Greek by μόνος and as a synonym for ѥдинъ, особь. The task sets this work is to trace spread the word, the time when she was in active use, monuments, translation and revision, which is typical.

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РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ МЕТАЛЛОГРАФИЧЕСКОГО АНАЛИЗА ИЗДЕЛИЙ ИЗ ЧЁРНОГО МЕТАЛЛА С ЗОЛОТООРДЫНСКИХ ПАМЯТНИКОВ НИЖНЕГО ПОВОЛЖЬЯ (ПО МАТЕРИАЛАМ ХМЕЛЕВСКОГО I И БАГАЕВСКОГО СЕЛИЩ)

Author(s): Leonard Fedorovich Nedashkovsky,Yury Anatolievich Semykin / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 3/2014

The article generalizes the results of the metallographic investigations of ironware from the excavations and explorings at the Khmelevka I and Bagaevka settlements (second half of the 13th and 14th century), situated in the Saratov District of the Saratov Region. The archaeological studies of the settlements were carried out by the Kazan University archaeological expedition in 1995–2003 and 2006–2012. It was determined that the bulk of the objects (59.4%) were forged from ball iron and gummy unevenly carbonized steel; the second place is occupied by the objects forged from all-steel blanks (20%); forging from fagotted blanks is weakly presented (7.6%). The following techniques were also used: cementation (5.5%); forging with welding of iron and steel (2.1%); V-shaped build-up welding; three-layer fagotted iron and face build-up welding (1.4% each); welding of a steel blade into a base made of ball iron or unevenly carbonized steel and soldering by copper (0.6% each). The technological schemes of the wares are examined in the article against a broad comparative background of the synchronous monuments of the Eastern Europe.

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Религиозна търпимост и несъвместимост в отношенията между гърци и българи, православни и католици в историята на България през XIII – средата на ХV в.
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Религиозна търпимост и несъвместимост в отношенията между гърци и българи, православни и католици в историята на България през XIII – средата на ХV в.

Author(s): Vasil Gyuzelev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 3/1999

The relations between the ethnic and religious-confessional Christian communities, indicated in the title, are examined with the aid of individual examples from sources of a great variety of languages and origin (Old Bulgarian, Byzantine, Latin, etc.). The advanced Bulgarian-Byzantine symbiosis in the sphere of church-religious relations and spiritual culture is recorded. Separate instances of intolerant relations between Bulgarians and Greeks are also noted. In the author’s opinion, during the period under review the relations of the Bulgarian Kingdom with the Church of Rome were of a contradictory and varying character. The expansiveness of the Catholic clergy towards the Bulgarian Orthodox population, often treated as “heretical and schismatic”, is emphasized. Special attention is paid to the attitude towards the Catholic Church in the Old Bulgarian anti-Latin literature. To the article is appended the translation made of excerpts from two works by the Franciscan monk Bartolomeo della Verna, written in 1367–1369 and 1379.

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Религиозный и этнический состав населения Укека. К вопросу об этноконфессиональной топографии городища

Религиозный и этнический состав населения Укека. К вопросу об этноконфессиональной топографии городища

Author(s): Dmitry A. Kubankin / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Multinational population of the Golden Horde towns used to practice various religions. To a certain extent, this diversity may be traced in the material culture of Ukek. Islamic necropolises and occasional cult-related items are indicative of the large number of Muslims and of their presence in the town as early as in the 13th century. Some Mordovians could have been islamized. The objects of the Christian cult are concentrated mostly in the southern part of the settlement, in the whereabouts of the Christian quarter. Substantial amounts of the Old Russian ceramics are encountered there, minor amounts of Mordovian and Italian pottery occur invariably. Items associated with pagan rites are scarce. Those are dated back not just to the 13th century, but to the second half of the 14th century, as well. Small amount of the Old Russian and Mordovian crockery and ceramics of the Finno-Ugrians from the Kama region was found in various parts of the town.

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РЕНЕСАНСНА КОНЦЕПЦІЯ ДОЗВІЛЛЯ ЗА ТВОРАМИ ПЕТРАРКИ

Author(s): Iryna Petrova / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 3/2017

Purpose of the research is to study theoretical reflections of leisure and leisure practices in the works of Petrarch, who found the important for Renaissance culture ideal of contemplative outdoor leisure. A methodology of the research consists in using methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization as well as terminological, ideological-substantial and historical approaches. It gave a chance to reveal the features of formation of Renaissance model of leisure that emerges at the crossroads of theological and anthropocentric integral coordinates. Scientific novelty lies in the fact that in the national culturology it is the first attempt to form the Renaissance conception of perfect leisure (through the works of Petrarch) and to justify its features. The study characterizes the principles, which form the basis of Renaissance leisure, among them there are knowledge of God, knowledge of myself and others; belief in intellective power and opportunities of human improvement, the necessary condition for which is "calm clearness of soul" and development of the own dignity and humanity and combination of moral, religious and social constituents of the process of formation of personality. Conclusion. It has been proved that ideal of Renaissance leisure is leisure devoted to literary and science study and philosophical con-templation and spiritual self-perfection. The paper explains that conditions of contemplative leisure are solitude that gives person happiness and calm having a joyful leisure in its base, while urban style of life is based on dull work; "internal freedom" and availability of free time and friend, who makes solitude bearable without disturbing it; intellectually full lessons not limited by any external conditions; certain level of "preparation" and ability of personality to solitary life. A sense of such solitude and style of life consists in achieving human happiness that is impossible without leisure and freedom

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Реформа српске војске у време Стефана Душана

Реформа српске војске у време Стефана Душана

Author(s): Marko Aleksic / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 2/2015

One of the main stages in the development of the medieval Serbian Army was the reform carried out by King and Emperor Stefan Dušan Nemanjić (1331-1355). During his reign, a unit of 300 heavily-armed mercenaries was present in the country as the ruler's bodyguard. Preserved in the Dubrovnik archives is a document containing an equipment list of one of the members of this unit. The individual soldier’s equipment consisted of two torso coat plates of armor (coracia), three barbute helmets with mail collar (barbutas cum mallis), three great helmets with a crest, two mail collars, a pair of metal armor for the legs to the knees (greaves), a pair of metal cuisses, a pair of metal gloves, two tunics (surcotte), a blanket for horses, and three saddles. In the absence of documents on local arms production, significant data provide information from the Venetian archives. They show that in the period from 1341 to 1349, there were five major imported military equipment shipments Serbia received, consisting of 1,700 coat of plates (coracias), 800 barbutas, 500 sets of chain shirt with a covering for the head and neck, 800 mail collars, 1000 pairs of greaves, 600 pairs of metal gloves, 700 shields of which 400 were “in the Slavic manner,” 100 sets of weapons for horsemen, and many other undefined items of armament. Imports into medieval Serbia were also from other trade routes, so these large numbers of arms and armor, which probably came from northern Italian workshops, should not be considered to be final. Venetian archival data on the types of weapons shows that Dušan was importing the same type of equipment which was used by mercenaries in his service. Its numbers, which coincided with orders of between 300 and 500 pieces, show that he was establishing new domestic units of heavily-armored cavalry. Historical data about 500-man detachments under the command of the Duke Prelub in 1344 and 1350, as well as a detachment of about 300 menat- arms under the command Djuraš Ilijić from 1355, identify some of the local military units that Dušan founded and for which the imported equipment was intended. Heavy cavalry was one of the most important combat units of medieval armies, which set the model for tactics of other units and of the army as a whole. Therefore, the establishment of new heavily-armored cavalry units and their introduction into the battle line of the army led to significant innovations in its structure and military tactics. The use of heavy cavalry in the Serbian Army can be reliably dated to the Battle of Velbužd in 1330 where Stefan Dušan was personally leading the attack of these units, which were composed mostly of mercenaries from the West. Dušan Nemanjić is remembered as a fancier of chivalrous traditions and organized knight tournaments whose winners were rewarded with a knightly belt. At that time the custom of possessing a family coat of arms had spread among the Serbian nobility which, along with other information, suggests a booming of the chivalric culture in Dušan`s Serbia. The practice and ethos of chivalry, which was not just a collection of popular cultural patterns of medieval society, but primarily an important element for raising the fighting morale of the whole army, spread throughout medieval Serbia. It is another element, in addition to the modernization of arms and armor, that contributed to the establishment of new military units of heavy cavalry, as well as tactical modernization of the whole army, of Stefan Dušan’s reform of the Serbian Army.

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Римское прошлое как составная часть «идеи нации» у ренессансных интеллектуалов XIV века (Петрарка)

Author(s): Inna Ivanovna Devyataykina / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2017

The article analyzes the Latin treatise by Petrarch “De remediis utriusque fortunae” (1354—1366) in which the Roman past and its representatives are designated as “ours” / “yours”, national and cultural meanings of these concepts are understood. The definition of “ours” — “yours” as “Romans” for modern to Petrarch readers obviously moved apart “chronotope” of the treatise if to understand it as the interrelation of historical “parameters” based on unity. The appeal to Cicero played special role in updating the Roman past. The past comes back to collective memory as not lost communications with the present. Petrarch, the outstanding intellectual of the time, did not just stay ahead of the century in search of the idea of the nation, but also set the directions of its search.

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РІЧАРД ІІ ТА ЗУСТРІЧ В КОНВІ : САКРАЛЬНИЙ ОБРАЗ МОНАРХА ТА ПРОБЛЕМА ЗРАДИ КОРОЛЯ

Author(s): Vadim V. Chepizhenko / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 27/2016

The article deals with the casus, which took place in Conway castle in August 1399.The article is an attempt of historical analysis of the medieval concept of treason. The study was conducted in the context of the research of the Lancastrian revolution of 1399. The author focuses on Richard II meeting with the Earl of Northumberland in Conway castle. The image of Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland as traitor and oath-breaker is in the center of the study. Special emphasis is placed on the earl’s indictment of treason and monarch’s sacred majesty.The key issue is problem of treason in medieval England in the context of the king’s sacral image formation.Political and cultural ideals, some problems of medieval mentality are observed on basis of studying a number of chronicles and literary works. The main sources are « Histoire rimée de Richard II » by Jean Creton and « Chronique de la träson et mort de Richart deux roy Dengleterre ».Visual sources are the Wilton Diptych and miniatures of British Library Harley MS 1319. Resorting methods of comparative History, microhistory and historical reconstruction are employed.

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Ртутный странник: об исследовании одного средневекового погребения

Ртутный странник: об исследовании одного средневекового погребения

Author(s): Zvezdana V. Dode / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

The excavation process of a unique medieval burial containing mercury in one of the kurgans of the Shumaevo burial ground was conducted with a number of methodological and analytical errors, that resulted in an incorrect attribution of the complex to the period of the Golden Horde. “Technical details” that were taken for granted without any critical examination were reproduced in a number of publications and engendered a number of invalid conclusions regarding the origin, social station and spiritual habits of the Shumaevo warrior. New data obtained from studying textiles from the burial indicate the mistaken dating of the burial and the premature nature of the conclusions regarding the complex’s connection with the political and cultural history of the Mongols. The burial was made by the early medieval nomads that were dominant in Central Asia long before the arrival of the Mongols.

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Рукописи славянских миней ХІ–ХІV вв. и принципы их классификации
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Рукописи славянских миней ХІ–ХІV вв. и принципы их классификации

Author(s): Natalya Nechunajeva,Aleksey Nechunajev / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 4/2014

In the present paper we analyze nine Menaia manuscripts (Old-Slavic hymnographic texts) from the 11th–14th c. using a vector space model. The analysis and classification of the manuscripts in previous studies were rather subjective and based on linguo-texto-logical properties of the texts. Our approach uses contemporary information retrieval methods and represents the manuscripts as vectors in a common vector space. A vector space model allows to look at similarities and differences between the manuscripts from a different angle. This approach is more data driven and less subjective than the standard approach. The vector analysis allows to distinguish the Putyatina Menaion and the Me-naion Q.п.I.25 from the set of analyzed texts. These manuscripts share both textological and lexical similarities. Similar findings are reached in the existing studies. The manu-scripts ÁÀН16.14.13 and Ò.112 are shown to be rather similar to the set of analyzed texts. This result is new. Most important are lexical differences between the set of texts analyzed while differences in grammar are less pronounced. This is important as the first feature shows dynamics of the texts from the archaic to the Jerusalem type while the latter feature shows the dynamics of the language system.

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РУКОПИСНА СЛОВ’ЯНСЬКА (КИРИЛИЧНА) СПАДЩИНА СВЯТО-ПАНТЕЛЕЙМОНОВА МОНАСТИРЯ СВ. ГОРИ АФОН У КОНТЕКСТІ КУЛЬТУРНИХ ТРАДИЦІЙ XIII–XVII СТ.

Author(s): Liliia Tereshchenko-Kaidan / Language(s): Ukrainian / Issue: 1/2014

This article examines the collection of Slavic Cyrillic manuscripts XIII-XVIII centuries which are kept at St. Panteleimon Monastery on Mount Athos. The characteristics of common and distinctive features manuscripts are distinguished by their national differences. The collection is divided into three types of membership books. Research results revealed chronological, geographical and genre differences manuscripts which finally confirmed their belonging to certain national traditions and the role of the collection – the treasury of Slavic national culture.Addressing the problems of Ukrainian Greek bonds XVII-XVIII centuries and overlapping themes, features of the spiritual culture of Ukraine and Greece of said period, manuscript heritage of both countries certainly attract great attention. The present research is Slavonic (Cyrillic) manuscripts Saint Panteleimon Monastery St. Mount Athos. The first information about the availability of Slavic Cyrillic manuscripts on Athos reaches 1142 years. Athos is closed to outside view and interventions territory. That’s why exactly in the monasteries of St. Mount manuscript treasures should be looked for. Perhaps it’s is unique in its content, as well as the Greek and Slavic origin. A Panteleimon Monastery is considered to be "rus" monastery. His second name is Rusyk. Therefore Slavonic (Cyrillic) Manuscripts should be looked for exactly here.The survey showed that 44 of the 10 reviewed manuscripts belong to the sacred-church books, 13-to church and prayer books, 21-to other books. At the same time this manuscript is distributed by chronology and geography in a very interesting way. According to the chronology of the whole entire collection spans the period from the XIII to the XVIII century.The sacred- religious manuscripts date from XIII to XVII., Liturgical church – from XIY to XVII., and other books– from the end of XV to the end of XVIII century. As already mentioned above, a collection has 75 codes which chronologically apply until XIX century. However, for this research the deadline is XVIII century. So, the gradation is clearly visible in kind of "aging" of sacred- church manuscripts after XVII century. In this collection manuscripts have not been updated. Situation is slightly better with the church and liturgical manuscripts. But at the same time, in the XVIII and XIX centuries they weren’t updated. Other books on the contrary appear in collection much later than the other (2 centuries), but at the same time have a privilege over the other and only retreat in the XIII century. This can be explained by the fact that other books on various topics, besides worship, began to appear on Mount Athos from the time when there was a relaxation of the strict statutory orders. Lack of updated books of the first two groups , is explained that the old monasteries had enough of old codes, or there was no need to update the Slavic manuscripts for liturgical practice. Because worship were done in Greek with Greek books, with the Greek ordinance.Yet it remains unclear why, since the XVIII century. Changed dramatically genre filled collection? Really, at least in the form of gifts or brought books, clergymen and church liturgical Church Slavonic (Cyrillic) literature did not get to the monastery? The impression is that the practical liturgical Slavic literature or intentionally destroyed (sold, granted), or stored in other collections. No less interesting is the geography of Slavic manuscripts in this collection. Referring to the table. Only 44 of the manuscript. With 10 sacred – Church books – only one has and one Bulgarian – Macedonian ( Skopje) origin. Nine manuscripts – Serbian. With 13 codes church – religious literature – eleven manuscripts have rural origins – one – Bulgarian , and most interestingly – one Ukrainian origin. And the Ukrainian book belong to Typicon VII. – liturgical charter church. It turns out that was not indifferent to the monks of St. Panteleimon Monastery in Slavonic liturgical practice . And the reason for the disappearance of religious literature of the late time of collection must be sought in other situations.Geography of other books is more diverse than theological literature. With 21 manuscripts represented in the collection of 6 -. Serbian, and it again early manuscripts chronologically completed in XV, Bulgaria is traditionally presented by one manuscript.Among other books are collections of two manuscripts, representing Ukrainian tradition. This collection of XVIII century, which included the works of the Holy Fathers and the Church Chronicle Exclusionary Dmitry of Rostov (Tuptalo) 1706.In addition to these two distinct Ukrainian manuscripts in the collection contains 6 more manuscripts, may belong to either Ukrainian or Belarusian or Russian tradition. These books were written in the modern form of the Church Slavonic letters, adapted (Russified) letters of XVIII century. In addition to these 6 manuscripts in the collection are five manuscripts written in Russian.Hence and by geographical and chronological description of the collection is clearly divided into two parts: Until the XVII century. It’s mainly Serbian manuscript. Since the XVII century. They are codes in Ukrainian-Belarusian-Russian traditions. Bulgarian tradition in all three types of books presented in a single code for each type.Now, as a genre filled collection. Among the sacred religious books-no Psalter, although no church cannot do without this book in practice. A Church of theological literature there are no systematization. There were presented rare examples of a particular literature, and no complex liturgical books. This suggests that the Slavic manuscripts in this collection do not provide for the liturgical practice, and saved as monuments, exponents of certain cultural traditions, language, church philosophy, art Slavic countries: Serbia, modern Macedonia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Russia, Belarus and possibly Cyrillic Romania. Clear evidence of this hypothesis is the Bulgarian tradition, as mentioned above, is represented by one code for each of the three books.For Ukrainian culture opening a salient three Ukrainian manuscripts: Typicon XVII., Collection of the XVIII century. And Chronicle Exclusionary Dmitry of Rostov (Tuptalo) 1706 Presence in the collection of these three books for the Ukrainian Cultural Heritage is a godsend, and confirming the presence of Ukrainian books, and hence the tradition of Mount Athos in Greece.

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Русские и ордынцы: культурное восприятие и неприятие
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Русские и ордынцы: культурное восприятие и неприятие

Author(s): Natalia V. Zhilina / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2016

Written, figurative and substantial sources are compared to elucidate the processes of acceptance and rejection of cultural achievements in the period of the Golden Horde domination over Rus’. Rejection due to the reaction to the cruelties of the conquest, humiliation and destruction of Russian culture by the Mongols, as well as to the difference of traditions in the sphere of religion, art and lifestyles. Difference between Russian and Mongolian costumes prevented the natural process of mutual influence. Pieces of imperial costume granted by the Mongols had only superficial and temporary result. Costume would not change much due to usage of similar details from another one, if they were independent from the overall construction.The Russian and Mongolian culture in the second half of the 13th—15th centuries experienced opposite processes. The Golden Horde intensively enriched by the achievements of many peoples and countries. The nature of this acceptance, however, was largely unproductive, it did not lead to true synthesis and therefore was not lasting. After an involuntary pause In Rus’, the craft and applied art revived based on own pre-Mongol samples and self-dependent realization of new artistic trends famous upon more common samples of decorative art from different countries.

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Русские князья после нашествия Батыя: борьба за Галич и Киев
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Русские князья после нашествия Батыя: борьба за Галич и Киев

Author(s): Alexander Vyacheslavovich Maiorov / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 5/2016

Using the accounts of the Russian chronicles, the author examines the history of relations between the Russian princes — Daniel Romanovich, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich and Rostislav Mikhailovich — with the Mongols (Tartars) after their return from a raid in Central Europe. It is established that the Chernigov princes were defeated in the struggle for Kiev and Galich, unable to prove their loyalty to Batu. The main rivals in the fight for political leadership in Rus’ became the Galician-Volhynian and Vladimir-Suzdal princes, by all means endeavoring to secure support of the Mongols.

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Ръкопис № 121 от библиотеката на Зографската света обител
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Ръкопис № 121 от библиотеката на Зографската света обител

Author(s): Lyubka Nenova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 16/2018

The main goal of this paper is to describe in detail a manuscript № 121 from the library of Zograf monastery. It is composed of two major parts – 1) Miracles of Virgin Mary and 2) Visions of Grigorij. The text is written by Father Ieromonah Joseph. Preliminary description of the manuscript № 121 is given in the „Catalog of Slavonic Manuscripts in the Library of the Zograf Monastery in Mount Athos“ by B. Raykov, St. Kozhuharov, H, Miklas and Hr. Kodov. The present description of the manuscript follows the methodology described in Project „Zograf Digital Archive in Sofia University „St. Kliment Ohridski“, whose member the author has the honor to be.

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Савладарство Јована V Палеолога

Савладарство Јована V Палеолога

Author(s): Bojana Pavlovic / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 55/2018

Despite the overall opinion that John V Palaiologos was not a co-ruler while his fa ther, Andronikos III, was alive, this article tends to show that the successor of Andronikos the Younger was bestowed the title of βασιλεύς shortly after his birth. This would, in fact, be a rather logical act of Andronikos III, who, due to his fragile health, sought to secure the throne for his minor offspring. In addition, it seems that it was a practice of the Palaiologan emperors to proclaim their eldest sons as co-rulers, at a very early age, because of a strong need to ensure the legitimacy to the new ruling family, as well as to prevent the passing of the throne into the hands of the members of the side branch of the family.

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