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Vessel fragments of the Árpádian Age were found at Baktó on the outskirts of Szeged during the construction of the M3 Motorway. We uncovered the scattered features of a settlement dating from the 12th–13th centuries. A total of fifty archaeological features were excavated, about one-half of which could be assigned to the Árpádian Age. The western edge of the settlement fell into the excavated area; the settlement’s northern boundary could only be tentatively identified. The marginal area of the settlement was characterised by animal pens and a periodically renewed ditch system of rectangular ditches enclosing areas of different sizes.
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The topic of the study is the description and complex analysis of the Ló-hegy site uncovered at Dunaföldvár in the spring of 2009. Features of the economic area of an Árpádian period village were uncovered during the excavation preceding the construction of highway M6. The metal and ceramic finds unearthed in the archaeological features date the settlement from the 12th– 13th centuries. The observations made during the excavation suggest that the village perished in consequence of the Mongol Invasion.
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This paper examines the foreign policy of the Galician-Volhynian prince Roman Mstislavich. Roman became the main military ally of the Byzantine Empire in the early 13th century. Byzantium was going through a severe political crisis caused by the Serbian and the Bulgarian uprisings and by the crushing raids of the Cumans. According to Niketas Choniates, the nomads’ aggression could have been stopped only thanks to the aid of the Galician prince Roman. The circumstances and the time of Roman’s campaign in Choniates’ account are the same as in the Russian chronicles reporting the steppe campaigns of the Galician-Volhynian prince.
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he Arabic version of the Pentateuch in MS Paris BN copte 1 (14th century) was basically translated from the Bohairic Coptic version which is set in parallel columns to it. Previous articles published here earlier (Livne-Kafri 2009b; 2011a) were dedicated to a specific a phenomenon. In this article the relative interrogative clause -الذي هذا هو ما is studied in relation to the Coptic parallel ⲞⲨ ⲠⲈ ⲪⲀⲒ ⲈⲦⲀ. Although similar constructions are quite frequent in Middle-Arabic, the instances quoted here are literal translations from the Coptic. The different approaches represented by J. Blau and A. Shisha-Halevy (whose works are essential to such a study) point to a unique Relative construction.
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The fragment we are editing here for the first time is a specimen of a new genre of Old Uygur literature. It is a memorandum or an account on the early years of the West Uygur Kingdom of Qočo. The leaf is the 22nd of an ötüg that contains a vivid text changing between prose and verse reflecting the literary heritage of the Old Uygurs. Supposing that the work was written during the Yuan period (13th to 14th centuries) we have to admit that it is an ambitious work of historical retelling political, military, and cultural events that took place at least two centuries before. Since the 62 lines are completely preserved, this text presents a new valuable source for further studies on Old Uygur.
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Die großflächigen archäologischen Ausgrabungen im vergangenen Jahrzehnt haben zahlreiche neue Angaben zu den klimatischen und Umweltveränderungen des Karpatenbeckens in historischer Zeit erbracht. In der vorliegenden Studie wird die mittelalterliche Klima- und Umweltveränderung in den Siedlungen am Südufer des westungarischen Plattensees sowie den Städten am Donauknie im mittleren Landesteil auf Grund von archäologischen Ausgrabungsbeobachtungen dargestellt. Die dem Autobahnbau der M7 vorangehenden Freilegungen am Südufer des Plattensees haben aus der Periode des 11.–13. Jahrhunderts ein sehr reiches Siedlungsgeflecht skizziert. Dieses dichte Dorfsystem aus der Arpadenzeit veränderte sich seit dem 14. Jahrhundert erheblich: In dem beobachteten Gebiet verringerte sich die Zahl der Siedlungen bzw. gestaltete sich die Struktur der früheren Siedlungen anders. Hinter der Veränderung können sich mehrere Gründe verbergen. Außer der wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Umgestaltung im 13.–14. Jahrhundert kann auch mit umweltgeschichtlichen Gründen gerechnet werden. Zu dieser Zeit begann die gut bekannte Periode der kleinen Eiszeit. Der Plattensee, der größte See mit klimaabhängigem Wasserstand Mitteleuropas, reagierte empfindlich auf die Tendenzen der in dieser Periode eingetretenen Niederschlags- und Temperaturveränderungen und hat damit schon relativ früh, am Beginn der Periode, Einfluss auf die Siedlungsstruktur an seinem Südufer ausgeübt.
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Die Studie überblickt die bisherigen Ergebnisse der Erforschung der Burg in Szeged mittels der Zusammenfassung sowohl der historischen Quellen als auch der früheren archäologischen Beobachtungen. Danach gibt sie die wichtigeren Ergebnisse der im vergangenen Jahrzehnt als geplante Grabung begonnenen Forschungen bekannt und fasst schließlich die bisherigen und aus den neuesten Erkenntnissen zu ziehenden Folgerungen zusammen. Die Freilegung der Burgkirche, die das Rückgrat des Forschungsprogramms bildete, hat grundsätzlich neue Ergebnisse erbracht. Denn es hat sich erwiesen, dass die gotische Kirche irgendwann zwischen dem Ende des 13. und der Mitte des 14. Jahrhunderts erbaut wurde. Im 15. Jahrhundert wurde sie erheblich umgebaut. An ihrer Südseite wurde eine Seitenkapelle errichtet, deren gotisches Sterngewölbe in der Türkenzeit herabstürzte. Aus den an Ort und Stelle entdeckten Rippensteinen konnte das gotische Gewölbesystem rekonstruiert werden. Vor der Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts erfuhr die Kirche noch einen weiteren Umbau und am Anfang des 18. Jahrhunderts wurde sie abgerissen. Der Chor der Kirche reicht unter das im 18. Jahrhundert darauf errichtete Tor der Kasemattenreihe (Maria Theresia-Tor), in dem derzeit das Burgmuseum untergebracht ist, so dass die vollständige Freilegung auf weitere Schwierigkeiten stößt.
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The study analyses the topography and the burial customs of the 11th–13th century graves excavated at Cluj-Mănăştur (Kolozsmonostor), together with their relationship to the settlement- and stone building remains of the site. It concludes how and how long could coexist from the 11th century onwards a county seat and a monastery surrounded by the same ramparts.
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L’article vise à examiner les éléments fabuleux de la descripition de la Hongrie médiévale dans une source narrative rédigée au 13e siècle : la chronique universelle d’Albéric de Troisfontaines. Dans un premier temps, nous étudierons les caractéristiques du texte, composé sur la base de plusieurs sources écrites ainsi que de témoignages oraux. Après une présentation générale du curieux et de l’étrange, nous nous attacherons à décrire, à travers l’analyse philologique de quelques extraits, la difficulté de séparer les différentes couches de la tradition qui coexistent souvent à l’intérieur d’une même phrase de la chronique. Les quelques éléments fabuleux de cette source champenoise apportent une contribution de valeur à nos connaissances sur la formation de la tradition historique dans la Hongrie du 13e siècle.
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In this article I am discussing some polemical passages in Tantric Buddhist works belonging to the 10th–13th centuries concerning the infringement of vows of celibacy when monks took initiation containing sexual elements. The passages follow the standard exegetical format of first presenting argumentation (yukti) followed by scriptural citations (āgama) purportedly supporting the position of the author. Whereas the argumentation part has been discussed in previous works by others, here I wish to draw attention to the scriptural matter used in justification. In our case nearly always the same quotation is used in a distorted manner. This is a sign that those in favor of justifying transgression of monastic rules were struggling to find appropriate substantiation. From this one could infer that the rites demanding such infringements in the case of a monastic person were most likely developments outside that community, and hence the origins of such innovations should be sought after among lay tantrics.
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Ibn Khaldūn, the 14th-century Arabic historian is known world-wide as a pioneer of sociological approach to the philosophy of history. Whereas much has been written about his views regarding history and society, very little has been granted to his writings about the Arabic language. In this article I want to show that Ibn Khaldūn had an original theory about the Arabic language too, which is interlaced with his theory about the history of humankind, its principles, rules and guidelines. The historical cycle influences also the development of the language. The vast study of globalisation in the Arab world is unprecedented, and one of the main issues is the language and its development. I will show that about 600 years ago Ibn Khaldūn foresaw those developments, analyzed them and offered his own views about matching the Arabic language against the inevitable changes which result in the process known nowadays as globalisation.
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The main topic of this work is antropothentrists and humanists of essence forces of Renaissance Culture.
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The great seal of the city of Sandomierz is known from the preserved impressions of 1343 and 1422, and the preserved matrix. Its analysis makes it possible to assume that originally the field of the seal displayed a heraldic shied crowned with a helmet with the crest showing the Bohemian lion, while the inscription around it read: S’ REGIS BOEMIE ET CIVITATIS SANDOMIRIE. The matrix was made between 1297 and 1300 (or maybe 1292-1300), when Sandomierz was in the hands of the Czech ruler Wenceslaus II. During the years 1320-1343 (the times of Władysław the Short and Kazimierz the Great) the matrix was redesigned. The lion in the heraldic shield was replaced with the royal eagle (White Eagle) and the word BOEMIE in the inscription was replaced with the word POLOnIE. Over the heraldic shield with the eagle, however, the crest from the Czech coat-of-arms was retained (an eagle’s wing).
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From the end of the fourteenth century dukes of Legnica and Brzeg used different, and often changeable intitulation, as they were named as the rules of Oława, Lubin, Niemcza, Kluczborg etc., which – according to historians – meant changes in territorial structure of the duchy and political transformations.The purpose of the present text is to indicate the relationship between the intitulation of Silesian rulers and the legal aspect of a document, and to point out that conclusions drawn on the basis of titles written in documents as to the political divisions are often unjustified.Such are the conclusions drawn from the analysis of the Codex Vindobonensis Palatinus, containing the fifteenth-century cartulary of documents related to Saint Hedwig collegiate church at Brzeg, systematised mainly on a geographical basis. From among 722 documents I have analysed the titles in 200 documents issued by the dukes of Brzeg from the period between 1352 and 1479. An analysis of those titles suggests that they were related to the content of the charters, and precisely to the provincial district (Weichbild) of the village or town of the relevant transaction, which – in turn – confirms the duke’s jurisdiction over the area. It was called Weichbild titles, while the titles related to the whole duchy were ducal titles.The titles related to the Weichbild were used increasingly often in the 1370s (see the table in the text), mainly in the chancellery of Duke Louis I of Brzeg, after the imposition in the principality the joint family ownership (niedział). The relation between the intitulation of the duke and the document content revealed in the text indicates the need for greater caution in interpreting the existence of smaller “principalities” within the Duchy of Legnica and Brzeg only on this basis, for it is almost certain that those “principalities” were in fact the Weichbild districts administered by the members of the Piasts of Legnica and Brzeg.
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The sawn-off horn core of an aurochs (Bos primigenius Bojanus 1827) bull has been kept for over half a century in the Ignác Tragor Museum of Vác. According to the relevant inventory book entry (dated June 5, 1951) ... It had to be bought back from a private collector that year, which made its provenancing uncertain. Aurochs seems to have disappeared from Hungary by the 13th century. As of today, the latest remains of this animal were found in 9th–10th century Zalavár and 11th–13th century Csongrád. Aurochs, however, had already become rare in the present day territory of Hungary by the Roman Period. Its conventionally accepted date of extinction in Europe is 1627. The cutmark, as a cultural modification, makes this bone a “real” archaeological artefact. This Sonderfund is, thus, extremely interesting from both a zoological and archaeological point of view, and as such deserves multidisciplinary treatment. Therefore, an effort was made to summarize its chronological, zoological and technological aspects using a variety of methods.
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In the first third of the fourteenth century a new type of document appeared in Muscovite Rus’: the testamentary will. The wills of the grand princes of Moscow as well as the agreements and treaties between various Rus’ princes have survived. These written wills are primary sources revealing a network of relationships among members of the Moscow princely family and recording changes in the inheritance regime. They enhance our knowledge of the era's social structure, economic life and cultural history. Examining the documents, we can follow the development of ownership relations, the operation of the grand princely court, and the division of movable and immovable property, tax revenues, personal property, jewellery, and valuable clothing items. The testamentary wills provide information concerning the history of the Kalitovic family, giving us insights into the events preceding the birth of the Russian state and the development of its institutions. In the article, I employ authentic historical sources (the testamentary wills) to explore the peculiar administrative system that arose after the death of Ivan Kalita, namely the tripartite holding of Moscow and the attached areas under the direction of members of the grand princely family.
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Der kurze Artikel hat die Aufgabe, zwei gotische Kerzenhalter in Menschengestalt zu veröffentlichen, die im Kom. Tolna im Abstand von etwa einem Jahrhundert gefunden wurden (Abb. 1). Der erste war in der alten Fachliteratur verborgen, und da der andere in Privatbesitz war, konnte die Forschung keine Kenntnis von ihm haben.
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