Apie Lietuvos vėlyvųjų viduramžių muzikos istorijos šaltinius

Author(s): Jurate Trilupaitiene / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 3(24)/2001

The article explores the late Medieval musical life in Lithuania. Scanty resources and facts by which one can reveal the specifics of musical life, also early contacts and influences that came from the other countries have been analyzed. It is an attempt to reconstruct the musical culture as well as to indicate the traditions of the Lithuanian Grand Duke's court, which extends back to the 13th c. - the years of establishing the Lithuanian State. Important are the assumptions about the national and international traditions of music.In the ruling years of Grand Duke Vytautas, musical contacts with the Order of the Knights of the Cross and Poland were more intensive; it was the period when culture of Latin origin accelerated in Lithuania. Considering the period before the reign of Grand Duke Vytautas,there are only scattered facts that have remained until today; they reveal some important traits of musical life in the Lithuanian Grand Duke's Court. Moreover, as these facts reveal connections with the cultural life of other countries, one may look for the parralels and analogies and thus fill the gaps of Lithuanian musical life. Of course, early Lithuanian musical life is not to be compared with major centers of European culture; it represented the margin of this phenomenon, though at the same time it infused the variety of its forms. The article also aims at revealing the influences of Turks, Tartars and other nations that stimulated the phenomenon of Sarmatic culture.

ARCHAEOICHTHYOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL DATA ON FISH CONSUMPTION IN VILNIUS LOWER CASTLE DURING THE 14TH–17TH CENTURIES

Author(s): Giedre Piliciauskiene,Povilas Blaževicius / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2019

To date, no zooarchaeological or historical research on the consumption of fish in Lithuania in the Middle Ages or the Early Modern Period has been conducted. Over the period in question, Christian traditions were established in Lithuania; therefore, fish must have become an important part of people’s nutrition, and especially in the elite diet. During the archaeological excavations on the site of Vilnius Lower Castle over the period of 1988 through to 2015, a collection of about 80,000 animal bones, mainly dating back to the period from the 14th to the 18th century, was assembled, including 331 fish bones. Upon carrying out their zooarchaeological analysis and making use of historical data, this paper presents the fish consumption of the highest social layers in Vilnius Castle, the species and sizes of fish served and the changes in fish consumption habits over different periods of the Castle development. The research showed that the most frequently consumed species of fish in the Castle in the period from the late 14th through the 17th century was pike, followed by different cyprinids and pike perch. Fewer bones belonged to sturgeon, wels catfish, perch and salmon. No remains of marine fish were found. Herring bones were not found, probably due to hand collection of the bones, while cod was probably not consumed at all. In Vilnius Lower Castle, two bones of the common carp, so far the only ones identified in Lithuania, were found, one of them dating back to the late 14th – early 15th century and thus testifying to the early introduction of the species. In the collection analysed, large fish of different species predominated. However, this may be related not only to the exclusive history of the historical site and its upper class residents, but also to the excavation/collection techniques.

Archaeological evidence for historical navigation on the Mureş (Maros) river. Enquiries based on a medieval boat imprint from Bizere abbey (Romania)

Author(s): Adrian Andrei Rusu,Oana Toda / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2014

The boat imprint unearthed at the site of the Benedictine abbey from Bizere (Frumuşeni, Romania) is a unique discovery for two reasons: its preservation as a negative imprint, due to its reuse for preparing mortar, and its dating back to the 12th century, based on the context of its discovery. It has been identified as a logboat, due to the absence of any technical details specific for plank boats, and now stands as the only vessel of this type with known dating for the territory of Romania. The article also enquires into the wider historical context of the discovery, thus bringing forth the archival data available with regard to medieval inland navigation.

Archaeology on Medieval Knights’ Manor Houses in Poland

Author(s): Anna Marciniak-Kajzer / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 2016

The relicts of medieval knights’ manor houses in Poland today are so called “grodziska stożkowate” (motte) – the anonymous hills having in themselves remnants of wooden buildings, exceptionally made of stone or brick and numerous tiny artifacts being the trace of the past household equipment. Unlike to the castles they are not so often visited but more often destroyed. The book presents the image of medieval knights’ manor houses, which we know due to archaeological excavations carried on for half a century. Description of buildings household equipment and movables used by the people of the past was completed by transfers from written sources which allows for better understanding the live of medieval knights’ family.

Archeologické nálezy v uliciach Košíc – studne

Author(s): Marcela Durišová / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 1/2013

This contribution describes and evaluates four wells explored or documented in 1990s in the streets of Košice. Two of the wells were investigated in Hlavná Street – one of them is located in the Lower Gate area and the other is near the Immaculata. The third well was researched in Dominikánske Square. The well in front of Kováčska Street 26, damaged by a sewer trench, was documented only. Profile of the wells is round, narrowing towards the bottom. Their construction character is identical as well – stone walls built on a wooden base construction. The maximum difference between the bottoms’ levels is 1.5 m. It was impossible to measure the depth and identify the construction method of the well in Kováčska Street – in front of Kováčska 25, as it was situated under the bottom of the sewer trench backfill. Despite the fact that dating of the wells was not possible, it is undoubtable that they were used in the modern era. They disappeared when the city water supply was built in the beginning of the 20th century.

Arcybiskupi gnieźnieńscy XIII i XIV wieku

Author(s): Jerzy Wyrozumski / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 1/1998

Artykuł omawia dokonania arcybiskupów gnieźnieńskich w latach 1199 - 1382.//The article outlines the achievements of Gniezno archbishops in the years 1199–1382.

Artistic foundations of the Carmelite Order in Silesia in early modern times. Selected issues

Author(s): Dariusz Galewski / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

The Order of The Brothers of The Most Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel arrived in Silesia late in the 14th century, when its first monastery was established in Strzegom. It was however liquidated during the Reformation. Only after the end of the Thirty Years’ War was it successfully regained, and three new locations were opened in Głębowice, Wołów, and Kożuchów. Baron Johann Adam de Garnier, a colonel of the imperial army hailing from Alsace, owner of the estate in Głębowice, played a major role in their design and development. The first two centres are impressive Baroque projects with lavishly furnished churches, while the third is a mediaeval castle entrusted to the monks late in the 17th century and adapted into a monastery, which, besides the Jesuit Otyń, is considered a singularity in Silesia. The essay presents the artistic achievement of Silesian Carmelites based on the state-of-the-art research and emphasises the role of the founder. It is also an attempt at assessing the contribution of the Order to the development of Baroque culture and art in Silesia, which is modest, especially when compared to the neighbouring regions of the Commonwealth of Poland–Lithuania. It also emphasised the absence of the reformed branch of the Order, that is the Discalced Carmelites, in the area. Although the achievements of the Carmelites would be difficult to compare with the impressive heritage of Cistercians and Jesuits who dominated the religious and artistic realm of post-Tridentine Catholic Church in Silesia, it nonetheless merits the interest of researchers in various fields of culture and art.

Artyleria w działaniach zbrojnych pod Wieluniem i Bolesławcem nad Prosną w latach 1391–1396

Author(s): Piotr Strzyz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 12/2012

In the years 1391–1396an armed conflict broke out between Władysław Jagiełło, King of Poland and Władysław Duke of Opole. The Duke’s dominions which were crucial for the territorial integrity of the Kingdom of Poland were the object of the conflict. The area involved included the north-west part of the Cracow Land, a part of the Sieradz Land, which means that it formed a link between Małopolska (Little Poland) and Wielkopolska (Great Poland) (Fig. 1). Stone balls, found in Wieluń and Bolesławiec, 16, 26, 29, 31 and 49 cm in diameter (Fig. 2), for 4–5 bombards are the relics of those military actions. The reference material collected on the Western Europe territory in the form of several preserved bombard barrels of largest diameters (Fig. 4) enables historians, in turn, to determine the technical specifications of the heaviest Polish artillery of that time. In the light of analysis performed, the barrel of such a cannon, with the diameter of circa 50 cm should be circa 3–4 m long and weigh from 2 to 4 tonnes, and, in turn, the lower caliber cannons of 26–29 cm in diameter had barrels 2 m lon and weighed 1.5–2 tonnes. The historical records evidence that at least 1500 grzywnas were allocated for the purchase and operation of the guns during the whole campaign. We do not have at our disposal any descriptions of damage inflicted by the heavy canons used by Poles. Consequently, we cannot asses what its influence on the military operation was. One may only assume that due to low rate of fire and poor accuracy of then cannons their impact was very limited.

Aspecte privind scrierea epistolară din Transilvania (sec. XIV-XVII)

Author(s): Susana Andea / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: LVIII/Sup/2019

The epistolary writing known from Roman antiquity was taken over by Christian writings with the same philosophical meaning. During the Middle Ages it receives new connotations, a lot of textbooks and formulary-books outlining the structure of this act. The term epistola was not used in Transylvania, being preferred other designations, such as littera, litterae missiles. Written by private individuals but also by the chancelleries of some institutions at the end of the 15th century, they bear the signature of the issuer as well as his seal. During the era of the Principality litterae missiles appear in the debates of the estates assemblies being generally considered as evidence of illegitimate interventions for solving a number of legal disputes.

Aspectele istorico-economice ale episcopiei Transilvaniei reflectate de Registrul de dijme (1332-1337)

Author(s): Robert-Marius Mihalache / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 54/2015

Nous désirons utiliser dans cet article (Aspectele istorico-economice ale episcopiei Transilvaniei reflectate de registrul de dijme – 1332-1337; Les Aspects Historico-économiques de l’Épiscopat de Transylvanie, reflétés par le registre des dîmes) six années (1332-1337) des sources éditées de registres des dîmes, faites par les personnes envoyées par le pape Jean XXII, les collecteurs Jacobus Berengarii et Raimundus de Bonofato. Nous allons étudier les aspects historico-économiques de ces registres pour deux motifs: 1. on n’a jamais analysé ces sources d’un point de vue qui puisse présenter les raisons primordiales pour lesquelles ont été faîtes – leur côté économique; 2. parce que ce registre est beaucoup plus complexe d’un point de vue structurel et de composition que ne sont le autres registres faites par les autres collecteurs qui ont travaillé dans le royaume de la Hongrie avant 1331. Par les données présentées nous avons essayé de réaliser une radiographie complète regardant les sommes payées sous la forme des dîmes par les clercs des archidiacres de l’Épiscopat de Transylvanie vers la Chambre Apostolique pendant la période 1332-1336, donc 5 années. Nous avons pu identifier les sommes dans la plupart des cas, mais à cause des lacunes des textes, cette identification des dîmes a été possible seulement dans une proportion de 90,25%. Et si nous considérons la somme payée par le diocésain de Transylvanie dans cette période, sans les 1170 marks payés par l’évêque local, la possibilité d’identification des sommes diminue á 73%. La somme totale marquée comme collectée sous la forme des dîmes dans de cette période de 5 années dans la Transylvanie est de 1831,5 marks, qui équivalent à 449,7 kg argent (métal). Cette somme reflète la puissance économique de diocèse qui se trouve sur les bords de Societas Christiana. Le pouvoir économique de cette diocèse transylvain, qui s’élevait à 1831,5 marks (449,7 kg), représente 19,5% de la somme totale collectée soul la forme des dîmes pendant la IVe décennie du XIVe siècle dans le royaume de la Hongrie (cette somme étant: 9385 marks, représentant la valu de 2304,3 kg – 2,3 tonnes – d’argent métal). Mais la 1/3 de la somme totale était la revenue du roi Charles Robert de Hongrie (d’Anjou), donc environ 3130 marks type « poids de Buda » (768 kg argent métal), mais le reste de 2/3 a été envoyé á la Chambre Pontificale d’Avignon (1536 kg / 1,53 tonnes d’argent métal).

Aspects of Economic and Social Life in The Statute of the Commune of Cortona (1325)

Author(s): Franco Franceschi / Language(s): English / Issue: 119/2019

An ancient Etruscan settlement located in the Valdichiana, along the border between Tuscany and Umbria, Cortona has attracted renewed interest over the last two decades among historians of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Falling into this line of research is the publication of the communal statute from 1325, when the government handed the reins of power to the seigneurial regime revolving around Ranieri Casali. In the same year, Cortona became an episcopal seat and thus also gained the status of a city proper. Through a careful analysis of this extraordinarily rich source, the article outlines the salient aspects of the city’s economy and society, with a focus on its environmental resources and urban activities, the distribution of wealth and its poor relief, the condition of women, and the topography of social relations. The picture that emerges from this analysis is that of a lively and dynamic city, arguably at the peak of its development, at a time when many urban centres in Italy and across Europe were already experiencing a downturn after the economic expansion of the Middle Ages.

Au sujet de la production agricole des régions urbaines en Byzance et dans les territoires balkaniques sous domination byzantine (XIIIe - XIVe s.)

Author(s): Zdravko Pljakov / Language(s): French / Issue: 3/1994

Autoproscoptae, Bogomils and Messalians in the 14th Century Bulgaria

Author(s): Jan Mikolaj Wolski / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2014

This paper discusses the use of the names of heresies: bogomilism, messalianism and the heresy of autoproscoptae in 14th century Bulgarian sources. The author underlines that the names of bogomilism and messalianism do not always refer to dualism. Two wider unknown examples of such use of the name “messalinism” are recalled. In the Pseudo-Zonaras Nomocanon (CIAI 1160), the name “messalianism” is treated as being equal to the “heresy of autoproscoptae”. In the Rule for hermits, messalians are presented not as heretics, but as monks disregarding their rules.

Az Anonymus-kutatás ma

Author(s): László Veszprémy / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Az erdélyi lázadó: Ákos nembéli Mojs

Author(s): Attila Zsoldos / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: IV/2017

The paper presents the political career of Mojs of Ákos kindred, who was an important actor of the political life of Transylvania in the second half of the first decade of the 14th century. After clarifying his genealogy the author identifies his estates in Kolozs and Doboka counties. As a characteristic of his struggle against king Charles I the author notices the fact that Mojs always faced the king’s armies in open battle, because he didn’t own any castles. This fact made for him impossible to strictly control a region, as the oligarchs did around their castles, but on the other hand it provided him a kind of flexibility in action. Another characteristic is the fact that he always faced Charles together with his father-in-law Kopasz of Borsa kindred. From these characteristics the author deduces that although Mojs of Ákos kindred can’t be considered an oligarch, based on the support of Borsa kindred he was able to keep his independence in the province of László Kán. His presence in Transylvania also ment that the Borsa kindred succeeded to keep a part of his influence in this region even after they had to resign from the office of the Transylvanian voivode.

Az erdélyi sókamarák ispánjai a 14. század végéig

Author(s): Boglárka Weisz / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: IV/2017

From the beginnings the salt mines from Transylvania represented a very important revenue for the Kingdom. In the Arpadian age depositories were established where the salt was administrated by specialized officials (salinarii). Initially the Transylvanian mines were supervised by the voivode and the camerarii (kamaraispánok), with the support of the officials (offi cials of the king and of the camerarii). The first administrative reform took place in the 1350s, as the salt mines and the depositories have been reorganized under the jurisdiction of the comes camerarum salium, who was helped in his work by the vicecamerarii. A new reform took place at the beginning of Sigismund’s reign: he decided to establish new salt-chambers (camerae). This reform was necessary because before 1397 there were no chambers to the West of the river Tisza. As a result of this re-organization the salt could reach even the western parts of the country and the import of foreign salt was no more allowed.

Az erdélyi vármegyék középkori szolgabírái

Author(s): András Kovács W. / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2016

The office of iudex nobilium (szolgabíró) was created by royal authority in Hungary in the 1270s, and it was introduced shortly afterwards in Transylvania as well, most probably by the king’s local representative, the voivode of Transylvania. Iudices nobilium are mentioned in Transylvanian documentary sources already in the first decades of the 14th century in each of the counties; their number becomes settled later at two per county. They formed, together with the comes (ispán) and the county notary, the authorities of the “noble” county, as literature calls it. The two iudices nobilium were elected by the county nobility from their own circles. Their participation as co-judges in the judicial sessions (congregatio generalis) held by the voivodes for the Transylvanian nobility can be documented since 1327 and up to the abolishment of these in 1412. In addition to judicial activity, they executed orders of the central authorities as well: in most of the cases one of the iudices nobilium carried out inquiries ordered by the voivode or vice-voivode; there were some cases however when the inquiries were led by another nobleman from the county, at the request of and chosen by the plaintiff (in cases when the scene of the inquiry was far from the home of the iudex nobilium, or when this latter was hindered by other circumstances). Iudices nobilium were local smallholders, who did not hold any offices of greater importance, though in some cases became comites of their county.

Az óbudai apácák perei az Illésháziakkal Újvásár birtoklása ügyében.

Lawsuits of the Nuns of Óbuda with the Illésházis for the Possession of Újvásár.

Author(s): Balázs Csiba / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2018

The paper analyses three lawsuits between the nus of Óbuda and the Illésházi family for the possession of Újvásár village, which started probably shortly after 1360 and ended in 1380. The nus won and so they became the owners of the mentioned village until 1782. However, the final judgment contains some suspicious parts pointed out by the present paper. The lawsuits also provide useful information about the medieval genealogy of the Illésházis. The detailed examination of the sources has proved that the aforementioned noble family does not spring from the Salamon ‘generatio’ as thought by previous research.

Azerbaycan Atabeyleri İldenizlilerin Kafkasya Politikası Ve Gürcü Krallığı

Author(s): Hüseyin Kayhan / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 0/2017

Recovering themselves after the pressures of the early Great Seljuk sultans who were on the throne between 1040 and 1092, Georgian kings launched intensive attacks on Turkish territories starting from the beginnings of the 12th century as they received help from the Kipchaks they had settled in their kingdom. The last Seljuk sultans did not succeed in stopping Georgian attacks and launching counter attacks against the Kingdom of Georgia. The first atabegs of Ildenizids, who ruled in Azerbaijan between the years 1141 and 1225, provided security in the Caucasus. However, following the fall of the Seljuk Sultanate of Iraq in 1194, the atabegs who ruled Azerbaijan were not successful. Unstoppable Georgian attacks became widespread and these were effective in areas ranging from western Iran to south-eastern Anatolia. The last Ildenizid atabegs tried to stop Georgian kings with political maneuvers, but they were not successful.

Azyl w angielskim prawie karnym (XIII–XVI w.)

Author(s): Pawel Zlamanczuk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2011

The paper analyzes the privilege of sanctuary in English criminal law between the 13th and 16th centuries.The general privilege of sanctuary belonged to all churches, chapels and churchyards. Any felon who had taken sanctuary could remain there for forty days. During that time he had to declare to the coroner whether he would stand trial or abjure the realm. If he chose the latter, he then had to confess his guilt before the coroner, swear to leave the country and never return without the king’s license. He was assigned the nearest port from which he should leave the country. If, during this forty days privilege of sanctuary, or while he was en route to the seaside, he was arrested and arraigned, he might plead the privilege of sanctuary. The private sanctuaries, created by a grant either from the Pope or from the king, usually imposed no time limit and gave protection for life. The sanctuary, therefore, could be used as a convenient base for planning criminal activities. No doubt, the privilege of sanctuary was frequently abused. As a result, judges became more hostile to the plea of sanctuary and in 1534 the privilege was taken away from all traitors.Sanctuary and abjuration disappeared in the Tudor period. In 1624, it was enacted that no sanctuary or privilege of sanctuary be hereafter admitted or allowed in any case.