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Anthroponyms represent an important mirror for the historical situation of the Arad and Bihor counties during the late 12th century and also at the beginning of the following one. Typical of the situation previous to the anthroponymical uniformisation promoted by the Christian Church especially starting with the second half of the 13th century, the names of the period had in view „speak” about the ethnic groups who cohabited in this part of Europe and whose cultural traits gave rise to a unique medieval culture. The anthroponyms vary widely, from Latin, Hungarian and German to Greek, Jewish, Romanian or Cuman. All of these old names, not just the Christian ones, are also characterised by another important aspect: they have a meaning in their original language. Where I could, I established this sense, but in many causes I have failed. Hopefully, future research will solve these important issues.
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Th e article analyses the spatial arrangement of members of the elite Dubrovnik confraternity of St Anthony along the main Dubrovnik street-square Placa (today’s Stradun) during the 15th century. Th is confraternity, founded in the mid-14th century, brought together the most distinguished and most powerful merchants of Dubrovnik, and the sources sometimes refer to it as the “scuola dei mercadanti”. At the same time, it was an institutional hub for the Dubrovnik commoner elite: wealthy and influential merchants, and public officials (chancellors, notaries, doctors, teachers) who, due to the closure of the ruling noble class after the serrata of the Major Council in the 1330s, could not participate in the bodies of political governance. However, this secondary elite of Dubrovnik, as the Antunini can indeed be called, sustained the trade and economy of Dubrovnik together with the nobility during the golden age of the Republic in the 15th and 16th centuries. Th e article analyses the spatial distribution of the Antunini, with a particular focus on the most representative part of the city. Th e central question is how the social mobility of this group of people was mirrored in space. What do changes in terms of space – continuities and discontinuities in rooms rented for economic purposes, presence in certain parts of the city, the continuity of housing and residence, residential mobility, and the level of possession – speak about the social movements in Dubrovnik during its “golden age”? Following a chronological presentation of Placa’s development into the main communication line in the city, we have used the register of leases of municipal houses as the main source for our analysis, given that the Dubrovnik authorities applied, as in the Italian cities, the system of leases in the distribution and use of municipal real estate, built from the mid-14th century. Leasers of elite business premises along Placa have been prosopographically identified, with a focus on the members of the confraternity of St Anthony, which showed a strong presence of Antunini in the best locations. It turned out that the most prominent, and in terms of business most powerful Antunini, rented municipal houses from the beginning of the 15th century in the eastern, elite part of Placa – east of the church of Petilovrijenac and the mint, all the way to the Sponza Palace and St Blaise’s church. Moreover, our analysis of the housing arrangement of this social group has shown that the northern part of the city, the sestiere of St Nicholas (today’s Prijeko) can indeed be considered an Antunini neighbourhood, which is hardly surprising given that residences were still available there in the 14th and 15th centuries, and that the district could receive new enterprising people, as most of the Antunini were. But in spite of the great concentration of residents in Prijeko, many of these people, in accordance with their growing social status and economic power, soon acquired representative houses in other parts of the city, including its elite areas and next to the noble houses. And whereas in the sphere of governance and political decision-making there were fixed borders between the social strata, symbolized by every call of the bell to the meetings of the Major Council, in which the commoner elite could not participate, here, in the area of entrepreneurship, and for many residence as well, there were no barriers preventing the commoners from living wall to wall with the nobility, sharing the prestigious space of Placa and the city’s sestieri, as well as the daily rhythm of Dubrovnik’s golden and less golden days.
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An anniversary publication for the renowned medieval historian Professor Roman Michałowski. The articles collected in the volume address the widely understood issues of medieval political and religious culture as well as the history of the Church in that period. Their authors, experts on the Middle Ages, come from Poland and from abroad and are not only historians but also archaeologists.
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About Mindaugo Klovo's Dissertationą „Privačių dokumentų atsiradimasir raida Lietuvos Didžiojoje KunigaikštystėjeXIV a. pabaigoje – XVI a. pradžioje (1529 m.)“ and it's defense.
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The article explores the late Medieval musical life in Lithuania. Scanty resources and facts by which one can reveal the specifics of musical life, also early contacts and influences that came from the other countries have been analyzed. It is an attempt to reconstruct the musical culture as well as to indicate the traditions of the Lithuanian Grand Duke's court, which extends back to the 13th c. - the years of establishing the Lithuanian State. Important are the assumptions about the national and international traditions of music.In the ruling years of Grand Duke Vytautas, musical contacts with the Order of the Knights of the Cross and Poland were more intensive; it was the period when culture of Latin origin accelerated in Lithuania. Considering the period before the reign of Grand Duke Vytautas,there are only scattered facts that have remained until today; they reveal some important traits of musical life in the Lithuanian Grand Duke's Court. Moreover, as these facts reveal connections with the cultural life of other countries, one may look for the parralels and analogies and thus fill the gaps of Lithuanian musical life. Of course, early Lithuanian musical life is not to be compared with major centers of European culture; it represented the margin of this phenomenon, though at the same time it infused the variety of its forms. The article also aims at revealing the influences of Turks, Tartars and other nations that stimulated the phenomenon of Sarmatic culture.
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An anniversary publication for the renowned medieval historian Professor Roman Michałowski. The articles collected in the volume address the widely understood issues of medieval political and religious culture as well as the history of the Church in that period. Their authors, experts on the Middle Ages, come from Poland and from abroad and are not only historians but also archaeologists.
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To date, no zooarchaeological or historical research on the consumption of fish in Lithuania in the Middle Ages or the Early Modern Period has been conducted. Over the period in question, Christian traditions were established in Lithuania; therefore, fish must have become an important part of people’s nutrition, and especially in the elite diet. During the archaeological excavations on the site of Vilnius Lower Castle over the period of 1988 through to 2015, a collection of about 80,000 animal bones, mainly dating back to the period from the 14th to the 18th century, was assembled, including 331 fish bones. Upon carrying out their zooarchaeological analysis and making use of historical data, this paper presents the fish consumption of the highest social layers in Vilnius Castle, the species and sizes of fish served and the changes in fish consumption habits over different periods of the Castle development. The research showed that the most frequently consumed species of fish in the Castle in the period from the late 14th through the 17th century was pike, followed by different cyprinids and pike perch. Fewer bones belonged to sturgeon, wels catfish, perch and salmon. No remains of marine fish were found. Herring bones were not found, probably due to hand collection of the bones, while cod was probably not consumed at all. In Vilnius Lower Castle, two bones of the common carp, so far the only ones identified in Lithuania, were found, one of them dating back to the late 14th – early 15th century and thus testifying to the early introduction of the species. In the collection analysed, large fish of different species predominated. However, this may be related not only to the exclusive history of the historical site and its upper class residents, but also to the excavation/collection techniques.
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The boat imprint unearthed at the site of the Benedictine abbey from Bizere (Frumuşeni, Romania) is a unique discovery for two reasons: its preservation as a negative imprint, due to its reuse for preparing mortar, and its dating back to the 12th century, based on the context of its discovery. It has been identified as a logboat, due to the absence of any technical details specific for plank boats, and now stands as the only vessel of this type with known dating for the territory of Romania. The article also enquires into the wider historical context of the discovery, thus bringing forth the archival data available with regard to medieval inland navigation.
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The relicts of medieval knights’ manor houses in Poland today are so called “grodziska stożkowate” (motte) – the anonymous hills having in themselves remnants of wooden buildings, exceptionally made of stone or brick and numerous tiny artifacts being the trace of the past household equipment. Unlike to the castles they are not so often visited but more often destroyed. The book presents the image of medieval knights’ manor houses, which we know due to archaeological excavations carried on for half a century. Description of buildings household equipment and movables used by the people of the past was completed by transfers from written sources which allows for better understanding the live of medieval knights’ family.
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This contribution describes and evaluates four wells explored or documented in 1990s in the streets of Košice. Two of the wells were investigated in Hlavná Street – one of them is located in the Lower Gate area and the other is near the Immaculata. The third well was researched in Dominikánske Square. The well in front of Kováčska Street 26, damaged by a sewer trench, was documented only. Profile of the wells is round, narrowing towards the bottom. Their construction character is identical as well – stone walls built on a wooden base construction. The maximum difference between the bottoms’ levels is 1.5 m. It was impossible to measure the depth and identify the construction method of the well in Kováčska Street – in front of Kováčska 25, as it was situated under the bottom of the sewer trench backfill. Despite the fact that dating of the wells was not possible, it is undoubtable that they were used in the modern era. They disappeared when the city water supply was built in the beginning of the 20th century.
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Artykuł omawia dokonania arcybiskupów gnieźnieńskich w latach 1199 - 1382.//The article outlines the achievements of Gniezno archbishops in the years 1199–1382.
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The Order of The Brothers of The Most Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel arrived in Silesia late in the 14th century, when its first monastery was established in Strzegom. It was however liquidated during the Reformation. Only after the end of the Thirty Years’ War was it successfully regained, and three new locations were opened in Głębowice, Wołów, and Kożuchów. Baron Johann Adam de Garnier, a colonel of the imperial army hailing from Alsace, owner of the estate in Głębowice, played a major role in their design and development. The first two centres are impressive Baroque projects with lavishly furnished churches, while the third is a mediaeval castle entrusted to the monks late in the 17th century and adapted into a monastery, which, besides the Jesuit Otyń, is considered a singularity in Silesia. The essay presents the artistic achievement of Silesian Carmelites based on the state-of-the-art research and emphasises the role of the founder. It is also an attempt at assessing the contribution of the Order to the development of Baroque culture and art in Silesia, which is modest, especially when compared to the neighbouring regions of the Commonwealth of Poland–Lithuania. It also emphasised the absence of the reformed branch of the Order, that is the Discalced Carmelites, in the area. Although the achievements of the Carmelites would be difficult to compare with the impressive heritage of Cistercians and Jesuits who dominated the religious and artistic realm of post-Tridentine Catholic Church in Silesia, it nonetheless merits the interest of researchers in various fields of culture and art.
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In the years 1391–1396an armed conflict broke out between Władysław Jagiełło, King of Poland and Władysław Duke of Opole. The Duke’s dominions which were crucial for the territorial integrity of the Kingdom of Poland were the object of the conflict. The area involved included the north-west part of the Cracow Land, a part of the Sieradz Land, which means that it formed a link between Małopolska (Little Poland) and Wielkopolska (Great Poland) (Fig. 1). Stone balls, found in Wieluń and Bolesławiec, 16, 26, 29, 31 and 49 cm in diameter (Fig. 2), for 4–5 bombards are the relics of those military actions. The reference material collected on the Western Europe territory in the form of several preserved bombard barrels of largest diameters (Fig. 4) enables historians, in turn, to determine the technical specifications of the heaviest Polish artillery of that time. In the light of analysis performed, the barrel of such a cannon, with the diameter of circa 50 cm should be circa 3–4 m long and weigh from 2 to 4 tonnes, and, in turn, the lower caliber cannons of 26–29 cm in diameter had barrels 2 m lon and weighed 1.5–2 tonnes. The historical records evidence that at least 1500 grzywnas were allocated for the purchase and operation of the guns during the whole campaign. We do not have at our disposal any descriptions of damage inflicted by the heavy canons used by Poles. Consequently, we cannot asses what its influence on the military operation was. One may only assume that due to low rate of fire and poor accuracy of then cannons their impact was very limited.
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The epistolary writing known from Roman antiquity was taken over by Christian writings with the same philosophical meaning. During the Middle Ages it receives new connotations, a lot of textbooks and formulary-books outlining the structure of this act. The term epistola was not used in Transylvania, being preferred other designations, such as littera, litterae missiles. Written by private individuals but also by the chancelleries of some institutions at the end of the 15th century, they bear the signature of the issuer as well as his seal. During the era of the Principality litterae missiles appear in the debates of the estates assemblies being generally considered as evidence of illegitimate interventions for solving a number of legal disputes.
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Nous désirons utiliser dans cet article (Aspectele istorico-economice ale episcopiei Transilvaniei reflectate de registrul de dijme – 1332-1337; Les Aspects Historico-économiques de l’Épiscopat de Transylvanie, reflétés par le registre des dîmes) six années (1332-1337) des sources éditées de registres des dîmes, faites par les personnes envoyées par le pape Jean XXII, les collecteurs Jacobus Berengarii et Raimundus de Bonofato. Nous allons étudier les aspects historico-économiques de ces registres pour deux motifs: 1. on n’a jamais analysé ces sources d’un point de vue qui puisse présenter les raisons primordiales pour lesquelles ont été faîtes – leur côté économique; 2. parce que ce registre est beaucoup plus complexe d’un point de vue structurel et de composition que ne sont le autres registres faites par les autres collecteurs qui ont travaillé dans le royaume de la Hongrie avant 1331. Par les données présentées nous avons essayé de réaliser une radiographie complète regardant les sommes payées sous la forme des dîmes par les clercs des archidiacres de l’Épiscopat de Transylvanie vers la Chambre Apostolique pendant la période 1332-1336, donc 5 années. Nous avons pu identifier les sommes dans la plupart des cas, mais à cause des lacunes des textes, cette identification des dîmes a été possible seulement dans une proportion de 90,25%. Et si nous considérons la somme payée par le diocésain de Transylvanie dans cette période, sans les 1170 marks payés par l’évêque local, la possibilité d’identification des sommes diminue á 73%. La somme totale marquée comme collectée sous la forme des dîmes dans de cette période de 5 années dans la Transylvanie est de 1831,5 marks, qui équivalent à 449,7 kg argent (métal). Cette somme reflète la puissance économique de diocèse qui se trouve sur les bords de Societas Christiana. Le pouvoir économique de cette diocèse transylvain, qui s’élevait à 1831,5 marks (449,7 kg), représente 19,5% de la somme totale collectée soul la forme des dîmes pendant la IVe décennie du XIVe siècle dans le royaume de la Hongrie (cette somme étant: 9385 marks, représentant la valu de 2304,3 kg – 2,3 tonnes – d’argent métal). Mais la 1/3 de la somme totale était la revenue du roi Charles Robert de Hongrie (d’Anjou), donc environ 3130 marks type « poids de Buda » (768 kg argent métal), mais le reste de 2/3 a été envoyé á la Chambre Pontificale d’Avignon (1536 kg / 1,53 tonnes d’argent métal).
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An ancient Etruscan settlement located in the Valdichiana, along the border between Tuscany and Umbria, Cortona has attracted renewed interest over the last two decades among historians of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Falling into this line of research is the publication of the communal statute from 1325, when the government handed the reins of power to the seigneurial regime revolving around Ranieri Casali. In the same year, Cortona became an episcopal seat and thus also gained the status of a city proper. Through a careful analysis of this extraordinarily rich source, the article outlines the salient aspects of the city’s economy and society, with a focus on its environmental resources and urban activities, the distribution of wealth and its poor relief, the condition of women, and the topography of social relations. The picture that emerges from this analysis is that of a lively and dynamic city, arguably at the peak of its development, at a time when many urban centres in Italy and across Europe were already experiencing a downturn after the economic expansion of the Middle Ages.
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This paper discusses the use of the names of heresies: bogomilism, messalianism and the heresy of autoproscoptae in 14th century Bulgarian sources. The author underlines that the names of bogomilism and messalianism do not always refer to dualism. Two wider unknown examples of such use of the name “messalinism” are recalled. In the Pseudo-Zonaras Nomocanon (CIAI 1160), the name “messalianism” is treated as being equal to the “heresy of autoproscoptae”. In the Rule for hermits, messalians are presented not as heretics, but as monks disregarding their rules.
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