Krstjani i trgovina robljem na Sredozemlju između 13. i 15. stoljeća

Author(s): Tomislav Zdenko Tenšek / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The first accounts of traffick in slaves from this region, especially towards Spain, date back to as early as the 9th century. The most important records of trafficking slaves from Bosnia to the Mediterranean between the 13th and 15th century, with references to Dalmatian coast, are found in Dubrovnik. However, various specifics are noted in the accounts from Skradin, Šibenik, Trogir, Zadar, Split and Korčula. From the end of the 13th century, the number of both male and female krstjani from Bosnia sold to slavery is almost as high as the one of those sold on the north shores of the Black sea. Sometimes the slaves were bought in lots. In slave trade, there is a difference between real slave trade and voluntary service. For either of the two categories, a written testimony was required, a type of a contract that was attested by the local notary public. The mouth of the Neretva River was the most significant locality for procurement of the slaves from Bosnia. Slave tradesmen from all over the Mediterranean frequented the Neretva trading spots. During the second half of the 14th century, slaves there were bought in lots. At the time, women and, especially child slave trade were particularly developed. The female slaves were, at times, protagonists of a lucrative trade between, to exemplify, a Bosnian owner, a Bosnian merchant, followed by a buyer from Dubrovnik, a merchant from Dubrovnik and finally, a foreign buyer. Two main reasons for Bosnian slave trade were poverty and accusing the Bosnian krstjani of dualistic heresy. The way this questionable trade treated this kind of people; how they unscrupulously made money off slavery while believing they were the true benefactors of the poor, is truly disturbing. There are no records of the slaves being characterized as Patarenes before 1390, however, it is certain that religious heterodoxy served as a justification for slavery long before that. Slave trade culminated in the period between the last quarter of the 13th century and the first quarter of the 15th century. In the second half of the 15th century, trafficking slaves from Bosnia declined. The reason for the latter was the Turkish invasion of Bosnia. Bogomils and Christians were, according to them, one and the same. The Muslims captured both and generally sent them to Muslim states in the East. If one were to buy slaves, one would buy them from the Turks. From the end of the 13th to the beginning of the 15th century, trafficking of krstjani of the Church of Bosnia along the Adriatic coast and in the Mediterranean assumed gigantic proportions in the medieval slave trade.

Nekoliko primjera nacionalnog i političkoga posvajanja Crkve bosanske u srpsko/srbijanskoj i muslimansko/bošnjačkoj historiografiji (i publicistici) XIX. I XX. stoljeća

Author(s): Zlatko Matijević / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The Church of Bosnia as a historiographic subject appears at the beginning of the second half of the 19th century. There are hundreds of bibliographic units that deal with solving the problem of origins, creation, activities and dissappearance of this religious medieval sect. Serbian historiography, following the lead of an attorney at law from Zadar, Božidar Petranović, cleaves to the premise that the Church of Bosnia was - Orthodox. The final consequence of this highly disputable claim is setting “scientific grounds” for the great Serbian appropriation of Bosnia and Herzegovina as “pure” Serbian territories in both national and political sense. The assertion made by Franjo Rački, the first president of the Yugoslavian Academy of Art and Science, that the adherents of the Church of Bosnia were, in fact, dualist heretics of Bogomil provenance that in great numbers subscribed to Islam after the demise of the Medieval Bosnian state and reinstatement of Ottoman rule, was especially appealing in certain Muslim/Bosniak circles. Mass computerization and the emergence of the Internet enabled the adherents to the Church of Bosnia with contemporary means of recycling old theses on religious, national and political affiliation of the adherents of the Church of Bosnia. In order to avoid the tendentious claims about the identity of the Church of Bosnia, it is crucial for contemporary historiography to turn to authentic historical resources as the only reliable foundation for scientifically grounded answers to numerous questions on the origin, existence and demise of this religious community.

Rukopisi Crkve bosanske

Author(s): Anica Nazor / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

It is known that the manuscripts created in the Church of Bosnia are not to be avoided in resolving the issues of the Church of Bosnia, especially the matter of its teaching and identity. Some tried to find indications of dualistic beliefs in them. Solovjev believed the term inosuç›nÅ, mentioned in Our Father cited in the St.Luke’s Gospel (Lk 11,3) and the Gospel according to St Nicholas (hl‡b› na{› inosuç›n°i) was a “mystical epithet”, that it symbolized Manichaeism that could only represent “other substance”, “other being” thus coming closer to the term supersubstantialis mentioned in the Cathar texts. He believed that traces of Docetism were evident in the term izde in the usual position of the expression was born (iz› nee`e iz°de isusÅ). Solovjev found correspondence with the dualist teaching in the expression inočedyi sinь (jesus) falsly interpreting it as “second-born”. Jaroslav Šidak, in a well-argumented manner, already proved that the abovementioned expressions do not show the heresy of the Church of Bosnia. Šidak’s arguments in this article are further substantiated by additional examples from Old Church Slavonic canonical manuscripts and Croatian Glagolitic manuscripts. The latter was possible because Slovnik jazyka staroslověnskeho (Dictionary of Old Church Slavonic) built on the entire corpus of Old Church Slavonic canonical (and other) manuscripts. It laid out all the terms and explained them in detail. At the moment, a complete integral corpus of Croatian Glagolitic sources is available in excerpts in Rječnik crkvenoslavenskoga jezika hrvatske redakcije (The Dictionary of Old Church Slavonic of Croatian Redaction) stored in the Old Church Slavonic Institute in Zagreb (11 volumes of A-VSUE were published). Šidak’s arguments are substantiated with the examples of the author’s research of Bosnian scripts, chiefly Our Father. Enclosed to this article is a list of Church of Bosnia manuscripts with a basic codicological data and references so that, at last, all the known manuscripts of the Church of Bosnia could be found listed in one place.

Literarna ostavština krstjana Bosanske crkve i dualistički svjetonazor

Author(s): Marko Josipović / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

In this contribution, the author first constitutes that the krstjani of Bosnia and Hum were accused of heresy and that different documents and sources call and define it differently which makes historians’ judgements about their religion based on those sources vary. By browsing through their literary legacy which is, as expected, not sufficient for a precise identification of their religious character, especially since that legacy is very scarce and fragmentary, stems the fact that in the preserved recorded sources of krstjan provenance only occasionally arise terms and formulations with a colouring of moderate or, in fact, negligible mild dualism, for example in the glossas of Srećković’s anthology and in the well-known legend of creation of world and mankind. Based on the past research of this matter, it seems reasonable to argue that the mentioned krstjan sources do not contain reliable information on the dualism in the teaching of the Bosnian Church.

Uporaba Svetoga pisma među bosanskim krstjanima

Author(s): Mato Zovkić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Bosnian Christians were a sect of protest motivated by biblical poverty and simplicity in middle age Kingdom of Bosnia from about 1200 to 1463. An evidence of their use of Christian Scriptures can be found more in polemical writings of Latin theologians than in their own books and documents. This author has put this question within the middle age protest and renewal movements, like Cathars, Dominicans, Franciscans. Within the century from 1170 to 1270 a new type of Bible producing was invented in Paris and other medieval centers of theological learning, in form of one volume portable book which not rich people were able to provide and travelling preachers could carry it on their missionary journeys. The most complete and preserved manuscript of Bosnian Christians is Hvalov Zbornik, written in 1404. It contains all New Testament canonical books, 150 canonical Psalms and eight Old Testament Canticles. Other preserved manuscripts and documents contain parts of the NT, prayers and letters which reflect the belief in Christ of Bosnian Christians, their liturgical Calendar and prayers for the dead. The Book of Revelation was mostly copied and commented among them. Latin theologians from Paulus Dalmatinus in 1250 to Cardinal Torquemada in 1461 mostly wrote polemical writings against Cathars and other sectarian movements and they also addressed Catharist sectarians in middle age Bosnia whom they accused of rejecting the Old Testament, teaching dualism and distorting the doctrine and practice of the sacraments. Most trustworthy remnants of real doctrine and pastoral practice of Bosnian Christians can be found in the questions of Bosnian Franciscans submitted to Pope Gregory XI in 1372. One of the problems was that some Christian men in Bosnia asked to be admitted to Christian marriage ceremony, but they insisted on their condition to their future spouse: “Si eris mihi bona” which involved the husband’s right to divorce his wife any time, for any reason. Bosnian Christians were a middle age movement of protest which for the sake of pure biblical religion finished in breaking communion with the Catholic Church. They disappeared with Turkish rule in Bosnia in 1463.

Bosansko-humski krstjani u korespondenciji Dragutina Prohaske i Vatroslava Jagića (1909. - 1910.)

Author(s): Alojz Jembrih / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

As a part of Prohaska’s letters to his mentor Vatroslav Jagić in Vienna in the mentioned period shows, this contribution follows the creation of Prohaska’s book from 1911 Das kroatisch-serbische Schrifttum in Bosnien und der Herzegovina and its third chapter on Bosnian Bogomils. Upon examination of the sequence and content of those letters, one can discern Prohaska’s plans and accomplishments in the sphere of Croatian and Slavic studies, as well as his teaching activities. Therefore, the readers (philologists) themselves will, by vizualizing his letters, be able to offer their opinion on his scientific-research opus which is quite substantial for his time since he, more than once, effectively established his reputation at different levels: as a literary historian, literary critic, comparativist of Slavic literature, theater critic and founder of the magazine Hrvatska njiva. Prohaska writes of all this in his other letters to Vatroslav Jagić.

Le dialogue byzantino-bulgare

Author(s): Vasil Gyuzelev / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Les congrès internationaux des études byzantines face à la conjoncture historique

Author(s): Marie Nystazopoulou-Pelekidou / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Entre deux congrès

Author(s): Vassilka Tapkova-Zaimova / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Byzantium as Seen by Itself – Images and Mechanisms at Work

Author(s): Johannes Koder / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Nostalgia for Byzantium: How and Why We Continue to Sail

Author(s): Silvia Ronchey / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Студиты – просветителями Руси

Author(s): Andrzej Poppe / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Mount Athos and Political Thought in the Slavonic World

Author(s): Bojana Krsmanović / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The topic of Mount Athos and political thought in the Slavic world can be approached in two ways. On the one side, it is by perceiving the role, importance and influence that Mount Athos had, as a monastic centre, on the development of political thought in the Christian Slavic states, i.e. among the Christianised Slavic peoples. On the other, it would be important to answer the question placed in a reverse perspective: what place was given to Mount Athos in the political thought that developed in the Slavic states, i.e. among the Slavic peoples? On this occasion I would like to comment on two aspects of the said issue: the first is about the specifics of the so-called Russian, Bulgarian and Serbian models, which can be traced from the very foundation of the Slavic monasteries. The second aspect is connected with the territorial inclusion of Mount Athos into the borders of the Slavic states and its adjustment to the “domestic” political and ideological concept (the example of Bulgarian and Serbian rule over Athos).

Reisen und Verkehrswege in Byzanz

Author(s): Ewald Kislinger / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

Die autokephale byzantinische Kirchenprovinz Bulgarien/Ohrid

Author(s): Günter Prinzing / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

Main Changes in the Black Sea Trade and Navigation, 12th–15th Centuries

Author(s): Sergei P. Karpov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Black Sea in the International Trade of the XIVth and XVth Centuries

Author(s): Michel Balard / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Role of the West Black Sea Ports in Navigation and Commerce, 13th–15th Centuries

Author(s): Dimitar V. Dimitrov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Търновска книжовна школа – пространства на паметта. Том 11

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Bulgarian,Russian,German,Serbian,Old Bulgarian

The 𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑜 𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑆𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑙 collections contain reports from the recurrent international symposium “Tarnovo Literary School”, which is the oldest and most respected forum on Old Bulgarian studies in Bulgaria and worldwide. It was held for the first time in 1971 under the auspices of UNESCO, and the first collection of articles came out in 1976. The𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑜 𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑆𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑙 collections are among the most cited editions in the fields of Old Bulgarian studies and research into medieval Bulgarian spiritual and material culture from its pre-Tarnovo and Tarnovo periods, as well as on the cultural and literary ties between Byzantium, Bulgaria, and the Eastern Orthodox Slavic world. The main purpose of 𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑜 𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑆𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑙 is to publish scholarly articles by Bulgarian and foreign researchers in the field of interdisciplinary medieval studies in order to explore the cultural and historical heritage of the Second Bulgarian Empire.

Využití pramenů k dějinám chrudimských židů. Nástin demografického vývoje

Author(s): Alžběta Langová,Renáta Růžičková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The document provides a brief overview of the history of the Jewish community in Chrudim, emphasizing the sources used for research and the potential for further study. It traces the presence of Jews in Chrudim back to 1254, when King Přemysl Otakar II granted them the right to settle in royal towns. The earliest written record of Jews in Chrudim dates to 1511, and the community faced various challenges, including restrictions on trade and settlement. Despite these obstacles, Jews in Chrudim engaged in financial transactions and trade with local residents. The document also highlights the impact of the Holocaust on the Jewish community, with many members being deported to concentration camps. Post-war efforts to document and preserve the history of the Jewish community in Chrudim are also discussed, including the reconstruction of the Jewish cemetery and the identification of individuals buried there. The study underscores the importance of understanding the historical context and the contributions of the Jewish community to the town's development.