Die Judenschulden im Register des Prager Burggrafenamtes 1497-1500

Author(s): Anton Blaschka / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

Welche Bedeutung den Juden als Geldgebern für die Kammern der Herrscher, somit also für die staatlichen Finanzen zukam, das ist hinreichend bekannt. Man ist sich auch klar darüber, dass selbst für das Privatleben der Adeligen und Bürger die Judenschaft eine schwerwiegende Rolle spielte. Wie sich nun im Einzelnen die geldschaffende Funktion der böhmischen Judenschaft gestaltete, das ist bisher für die Wende von Mittelalter und Neuzeit kaum allgemein bekannt. Für die Zeit des ausgehenden Mittelalters ist dies neben der Seltenheit einschlägiger Quellen noch darin begründet, dass die etwa vorhandenen Quellen und Bearbeitungen aus sprachlichen Gründen der deutschen Öffentlichkeit unbekannt geblieben sind.

Loca scribendi: geneza pojęcia, definicje i granice użyteczności

Author(s): Anna Adamska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Meant to sketch the methodological frame of the volume, this article discusses varieties of spatial approaches to pre-modern written culture, developed independently in medieval history in many scholarly traditions, separated by the languages in which they publish. Concepts such as “cultural landscape”, “scribal region” or “documentary territory” have their origin in 19th century German scholarly discourse, in which they were known as Kulturlandschaft, Schriftprovinz, and Urkundenlandschaft. The detailed analysis of attempts to prove their usefulness for modern scholarship shows marked similarities with the spatial concepts used in French cultural history, with lieux (places) as the key term. The idea of lieux de savoir (places of knowledge), with among them lieux d’écriture (places of writing), has been developed from 2007 onwards by Christian Jacob. Although this French scholar perceived as pre-modern lieux d’écriture only places of ‘re-production’ of written texts (workshops of copyists and printing houses), his appeal to elaborate the ‘map’ of such places nevertheless inspired the main idea of the volume: to draw the map of the centres of written culture in the pre-modern Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Important changes in the paradigm of research on medieval literacy and communication from the 1990s onwards, however, urge us to define anew the concept of lieux d’écriture (or rather that of loca scribendi, better suited to the Polish scholarly tradition). The term here signifies not only copyists’ ateliers and printing houses, but all institutional and private places of the creation of various types of texts (belonging to the various segments of literate behaviour), be they the scribal offices of the municipalities and of the State’s administration, monastic houses, parishes, episcopal chanceries, schools, and even private homes. This all-embracing definition of loca scribendi results in the requirement to abandon the traditional division between the ‘medieval’ and ‘early modern’ periods. Drawing the map of places where written texts were created in the territory of the multiethnic and multilingual Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, within its chronological boundaries of 1385 and 1795, provides a chance to investigate the continuous existence of some and the ephemeral character of other loca, as well as the fluidity of the “centres” and “peripheries” of written culture.

Protestancka parafia jako miejsce pisma: Rzesza i Rzeczpospolita na przełomie XVI i XVII w.

Author(s): Maciej Ptaszyński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the role of the written word in the life of Protestant clergymen and their parishes, sketching the connection between the Protestant (especially Lutheran) confession and written culture by comparing the daily functioning of parishes in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and in the German lands, especially in the Lutheran principalities of Pomerania. The possessing of vernacular translations of the Bible has been compared, attitudes towards a university culture which expressed the essence of literacy, and the presence of symbols and gestures referring to the written word in the daily life of ministers of the Church. Contrary to ‘official’ declarations, the use of the vernacular Bible was very limited. Nevertheless, devotion to the Gospel can be seen in the area of theological references and values. Written culture, in its humanist and academic dimensions, became part of the professional ethos of Protestant ministers. This paradoxically led to many conflicts with the community of believers.

Lovecké scény

Author(s): Martin Hložek,Markéta Tymonová / Language(s): English,Czech Publication Year: 0

Hunting themes began to be depicted on relief-decorated stoves since the second half of the 15th century, when the tile iconography was enriched with motifs portraying prestigious social activities and individual themes were drawn from the everyday life of privileged social classes. Hunting was an integral part of noble style and a popular entertainment. Together with tournaments and accolades, it created the aristocratic culture. The popularity of hunting is evidenced by genre scenes from the hunting milieu, depicted in the form of woodcuts, illuminations and graphics, or in the form of painted, carved or sculpted decoration in the representative interiors of manorial and ecclesiastical residences and burgher houses. Attractive themes were associated not only with castles and mansions, as we would expect with regard to their tight connection with hunting grounds, but we know them also from towns and monasteries. This fact indicates that hunting was enjoyed not only by the uppermost social classes, namely the ruler and aristocracy, but also by wealthy patricians and clergymen. The spread of the motif among various social milieus, initiated by the effort to imitate the lifestyle of upper classes, increased the demand for this category of luxury goods. And production centres responded to this demand by their updated supply. The tiles with hunting decoration have been part of the manufacturing programme of ceramic workshops for about fifty years. Together with other scenes, they contributed to the adoption of cultural habits of high society.

Търновски принцеси като иноземни владетелки

Author(s): Rumyana Komsalova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

An important medium of diplomacy during the Middle Ages were the dynastic marriages and a number of Princesses of Tarnovo became foreign rulers. Have they faced the dilemma of acting in the interest of their homeland or to support the policies of their ruling spouses and how much did they have the opportunity to participate actively in the power structures?

Цар Иван Александър и развоят на гражданската война във Византия през 1343 – 1344 г.

Author(s): Momchil Mladenov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper presents the key moments of the participation of the Bulgarian state in the Civil war in Byzantium. The author emphasizes the information of the Turkish poet Enveri (15th century). He reports that Bulgaria is part of the sacred alliance organized by the Papacy to fight with emirate of Smirna. Аccording to the author, Tsar Ivan Alexander is part of the Christian coalition. His involvement in Byzantine civil war is a consequence of these diplomatic actions.

Залезът на двете царства – татари и българи през втората половина на XIV век

Author(s): Aleksandar Uzelac / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Enderun-u Hümayûn Muallimlerinden Kolcalı Abdülaziz Bey’in Gözüyle Çin’deki Müslümanlar ve Türkler

Author(s): Zeynel Özlü,Mustafa Murat Çay / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Abdulaziz Bey from Kolca was born in 1863 in Ghulja, which is located within the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in northern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China today. Some studies indicate that he probably settled in Istanbul in 1900. Abdulaziz Bey worked as a writer for the newspapers İkdam and Metin, and worked as an Arabic teacher and administrator in public schools (Enderun). As it is covered within the framework of this study, bringing Turkistani intellectuals/intelligentsia like Abdulaziz Bey to Istanbul or the interest shown in Turkistan, especially in the Chinese regions became a necessity of the Islamist and, in a way, the Turkism policy followed during the reign of Abdulhamid II. The works of Abdulaziz Bey, who contributed to the world of science with extremely important studies, created significant influences in Turkey, especially with studies such as Bir Çin Âlimi Nazarında İstikbal-i Şarkın Yeni Güneşi Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hazretleri and Umum Türklerin ve Bütün İnsaniyetin İttihadı. On the other hand, the actual fame of Abdulaziz Bey stemmed from being effective in the relations with China and his studies and works on the circumstances of Islam in Chinese regions. Within this scope, his works, such as Çin’de Din-i Mübîn-i İslâm ve Çin Müslümanları, proved to be significant contributions in terms of providing information about China and rational criticisms covered by his works. The works published by the Ministry of Education (Maarif Nezaret-i Celîlesi) with the permit dated 22 April 1319 and numbered 109 consisted of 9 sections. The author drew attention to the existence of numerous studies and works on the circumstances of Islam in Chinese regions in the period while stating that the publication in question was written to reveal the realities on the subject due to the incomplete and inaccurate news that emerged in Europe. Abdulaziz Bey analyzed the main reasons for the respect and countenance offered to Islam and Muslims by the Chinese Government, provided information about the general conditions of Turk-Muslim peoples who maintained their lives in these regions, and most notably, revealed the main principles of the reform and correlational movements that could enable the development of the Muslims in the region in terms of science, politics, and social fields. This work of Abdulaziz Bey can be evaluated as a collection of works and studies that were created to inform both the Ottoman community and the Ottoman State officials about the circumstances of Muslims living in China in line with Islamism and Turkism political views.

On cutting off noses and pulling out beards: Face as a medium of crime and punishment in medieval Dubrovnik

Author(s): Nella Lonza / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In historiography dealing with criminality, much has been written on punishment as a social message communicated in various ways, among other things, by using a convict’s body as a medium (face branding, mutilation, etc.). By analysing the criminal procedures of medieval Dubrovnik and comparative material from Dalmatia and other European communities, the author poses an inverse question and investigates how the offender sometimes used the victim’s body as a medium for conveying his “message”. Hair cropping (and related forced removal of female headgear), pulling out of the beard, and nose amputation may be referred to as “coded crimes” because accent was given to symbolism over the bodily injury and pain. Sharing the same value system, the victim and his social environment could easily “read” the offender’s message from such a crime.

Criminal offenses and violence in medieval Kotor (1326 - 1337)

Author(s): Valentina Živković / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The topic of the paper is the analysis of the types of criminal offenses mentioned in the earliest preserved judicial notary documents of Kotor (1326 - 1337), and which are defined and sanctioned by the Statute of Kotor. Protection of interests of the community and principles of good administration were the priorities upon which the criminal justice system of Kotor was based. On the other hand, protection of private property was the most common topic because of which civil litigations were initiated.

Fortified Towns of the Babonić Counts in Central and Lower Pounje as Non-Agrarian Settlements (13th-14th Centuries)

Author(s): Hrvoje Kekez / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

From the ancient times, the Una valley (along with that of River Vrbas) was an important traffic and communication route connecting Pannonia and the eastern Adriatic, and it maintained this crucial function throughout the Middle Ages. This favourable geostrategic position led to the foundation of settlements in the Una valley during the medieval period, including the towns of Dubica, Kostajnica, Vodičevo, Zrin, Otoka, Krupa, Ostrožac, and Bihać, which were built at a distance of around 30 kilometres on the average, which was a day of journey for the merchants’ caravans.

Urban Settlements (oppida) of Vinodol under the Rule of the Counts of Krk: Topographical Situation and Local Organization within the Feudal Manor

Author(s): Gordan Ravančić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

When discussing Vinodol’s past, one must keep in mind the antiquity of this geographic region, which becomes evident at the very first glance – the clear shape of the valley that stretches from Križišće towards the southeast, surrounded in north and south by mountains belonging to the Bitoraj-Viševica massif. At the same time, one should keep in mind that this geographical situation of Vinodol does not entirely correspond to the former Vinodol municipalities or towns. As it is known, the term “Vinodol towns” includes eight municipalities from Trsat in the northwest to Ledenice in the southeast, which together with Novi (Vinodolski) sums up to the nine towns of medieval Vinodol.

Nobility of the Croatian Kingdom between Zadar and Its Hinterland during the Late 14th and Early 15th Centuries

Author(s): Ivan Majnarić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the second half of the 14th century, Zadar became the centre of the Kingdoms of Dalmatia and Croatia. Then, and especially during the first half of the 15th century, it may be best described as a blooming town. The main reason for this situation was a combination of political, social, and economic circumstances, and the market of possibilities was equally open to peasants, craftsmen, merchants, educated administration, and the nobility. The city required personal presence and offered challenges in search for a better future or in establishing or improving one’s reputation. All these opportunities, and especially the last one, played a role in attracting the Croatian nobility, which will be the focus of this article.

Property and Ownership in Dubrovnik's Confraternity of St Anthony in the Late Medieval and Early Modern Ages

Author(s): Zrinka Pešorda Vardić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Throughout the centuries of its history, Dubrovnik’s confraternity of St Anthony was one of its most important institutions besides the official authorities and the Church. Established in 1432 by merging two earlier confraternities, that of the Holy Spirit and the Holy Saviour (founded in 1348) and that of St Anthony the First Ab-bot and St Peter (founded probably in 1363), it soon became the most distinguished confraternity in the city. It showed some typical features of a confraternity – focus on the spiritual needs of the brethren, care for the needs of its sick and dying members, offering the feeling of belonging to a community, the possibility of engaging in lay spirituality, and hope in eternal salvation. In the spirit of Christ’s words “Whatever you did for one of the least of these brothers and sisters of mine, you did for me,” con-fraternities were known for their charity work, which was not limited exclusively to its members, but also included the broader community and all people in need, which distinguished them from the exclusively professional guilds, who cared mostly for their own.

Urban Elites and Real Estate in Medieval Town: Owners of Palaces in Medieval Gradec (Zagreb)

Author(s): Bruno Škreblin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Exploring the property relations in a medieval city is often the only way to re-construct the financial status of citizens or families. In Central European cities, a citizen’s wealth was closely related to his political power, i.e. his administrative functions and honours, which is why social topography is essential when reconstructing the socio-political status of individual citizens. The urban elite of Zagreb’s Gradec is a representative example of such urban elites. Same as in other Central Europe-an cities, the urban elite of Gradec consisted of wealthy merchants, craftsmen, and members of petty nobility, all of whom can be identified as owners of various estates, urban houses, or land plots in the municipal territory. Owning real estate in the city was the basic prerequisite for obtaining civil rights, which were required in order to join the city administration. Therefore, ownership was closely related to authority in medieval Gradec. Nevertheless, this research focuses on ownership over a single type of property – the palace – as the most representative private possession, at least in principle. Naturally, we could not avoid raising the issue of what the term actually denoted, but since the analysis is mostly based on archival records, the final decision and definition have been left to art historians and historians of architecture.

Women and Property in Medieval Slavonian Towns

Author(s): Marija Karbić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article focuses on the position of women in medieval Slavonian towns regarding their right to possessing real estate and disposing with their immovable property. Even though there were many towns in the territory of medieval Slavonia or present-day north-western Croatia, be it free royal towns, which were directly subjected to the crown, or marketplaces, which formed a part of noble estates and enjoyed only limited autonomy, my research primarily focuses on Zagreb’s Gradec and Varaždin, mostly because their sources have been best preserved.

Prilog poznavanju socioekonomskoga razvoja ivanečkoga i viničkoga kraja (prostora nekadašnjega Gornjeg polja) u srednjem i ranom novom vijeku

Author(s): Hrvoje Petrić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

This article provides a contribution to the understanding of the socio-economic development of the areas which gravitated to the market towns of Ivanec and Vinica in the period of the Middle Ages and the early modern period, and in those periods this area was known as Gornje polje. Special emphasis is given to various demographic indicators. The author has tried to reconstruct the connections of the socio-economic developments with central functions of the each settlement. Hence, he argues that the main central settlement of that area in the earlier period was Vinica, but the central functions of the settlement were also shared with Ivanec and Lepoglava. It was not before the end of the 18th century, when the Pauline monastery in Lepoglava was abolished, when this settlement has lost most of its central functions. Moreover, it was in the beginning of 19th century when the city of Ivanec had, for the first time, more inhabitants than Vinica, and it was in that period when Ivanec has become the main central settlement of that area as it is today. Central settlements of the lower level in the period of the Late Middle Ages and the early modern period were centres of Roman Catholic parishes such are Križovljan, Voća, Maruševec, Bela (Margečan), Višnjica, Kamenica and Bednja. After the reforms of the Joseph II Habsburg of 1789, these settlements were accompanied by Nadkrižovljan, Cvetlin i Klenovnik.

Značaj i sudbina pakračke utvrde kroz povijest

Author(s): Vijoleta Herman Kaurić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Pakrac castle was firstly mentioned in 1278 as castrum s. Joannis, and in that time it was ruled by frater Hugo, the preceptor of the Order of St. John. This castle had massive walls and impressive defensive turrets, and by the opinion of the experts it was constructed most likely in the 12th century. Although there are not so many historical records, one can argue that Pakrac castle was erected by the Templars. In the period from 1256 to 1260 there was even mint situated in it. The Pakrac castle was a part of the Priory of Vrana until this priory has been abolished in 1541. In that period it was governed by the most influential persons of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary-Croatia such as John of Paližna, the Talovac brothers, Nicholas of Zrin. This impressive stronghold had key role in the defense of the Croatian lands against the Ottoman raids, and later, when it was conquered, in the defense of the Ottoman Empire. After the liberation of the area from the Ottoman rule, Pakrac castle became the center of the Pakrac estate, and the castle itself was more used in the economic purposes than in the military ones. Nevertheless, military contingent stayed in the castle until 1750 when they moved into nearby Trenk’s castle. Hence, the Pakrac castle finally lost its military usage. In the later period the main building of the castle was residence of the bailiff of the Pakrac estate, while the turrets were used as the ice storage. In the end of 1877 the owner of the old castle became the Serbian Orthodox Parish of Pakrac, but for them the old castle had no purpose and it was left to decay. Even more, the new owner asked in 1909 for permission to demolish it, but it was postponed after the intervention of the Provincial Government. Nevertheless, it was partly demolished in 1922, just to be totally demolished in the following year.

Mbi vendosjen e popullatës shqiptare në Greqi

Author(s): Titos P. Jochalas / Language(s): Albanian Publication Year: 0

Është e njohur që pas kryqëzatës (një mijë e dyqind e trenjë mijë e dyqind e katër) sundoi në vendin e Shqipërisë së sotme trubullirë që keqësohej nga kontraditat midis grekëve, sllavëve, anzhuinëve dhe në disa qytete të fuqishme italiane që përbënin një faktor të fuqishëm ekonomik në tokën dhe bregdetin e Ilirisë. Kjo gjëndje që kishte dobësuar akoma më shumë sundimin qëndror të Kostadinopojës lehtësonte për hapjen e popullatës shqiptare drejt jugut.

Nasilje nad ženama u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni

Author(s): Dženan Dautović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Istraživanje socioloških fenomena, nama poznatih u njihovim suvremenim manifestacijama, u starijim periodima historije ljudskog roda povlači za sobom specifičan set metodoloških problema sa kojima se istraživači moderne historije realno rijetko suočavaju. Osnovni problem jeste kako spriječiti projekciju modernog tumačenja tog fenomena u daleku prošlost, u kojoj su vladali sasvim drugačiji društveni i mentalni okviri, a zatim također i kako prepoznati manifestacije tog fenomena u prošlosti. Na konkretnom primjeru nasilja nad ženama u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni gore navedeno znači da je prije analize pojedinačnih informacija i pokušaja sintetiziranja njihovog značaja potrebno da se odlučimo za precizan metodološki okvir kojim ćemo definirati onovremene oblike nasilja koji će biti analizirani. Naime, iako je sasvim jasno da su neki oblici nasilja, poput fizičkog, bili manje-više jednako percipirani, ako ne već i stigmatizirani u društvu kao i danas, no, ipak neki drugi oblici – npr. nejednaka politička, ekonomska, obrazovna, reproduktivna prava i slično, u ranijim historijskim periodima zasigurno nisu postojali, nego ih mi tek danas prepoznajemo kao takve upravo iz naše perspektive odnosa između rodova, proistekle iz modernog, sekularno uređenog, društva i njegovih normi.