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Bosansko-humski kršćani u križištu papinske i ugarske politike prema Bosni i Humu

Author(s): Milko Brkovic / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

In a letter from Vukan, the ruler of Duklja, we discover that king Emerik was angry at Bosnian ban Kulin and compelled him to send the heretic delegates to Pope Innocent III in order for him to test their faith. Emerik acted out of political self-interest, and the Pope was convinced that it was for the good of religion, so, in his letter from 1200 (October 11.), Innocent III expressed great faith in the Hungarian king to banish many alleged Patarenes from Bosnia that were previously banished from Split and Trogir by bishop Bernard. The next letter from Pope Innocent from 1202 (November 21.) indicates that Emerik did nothing but made Kulin banish the alleged heretics from his country. The Popes aimed at eradicating the infamous heresy from Bosnia, and later Hum, and Hungarian rulers and bishops had political ambitions with the latter offering their full support to the former. Before and at that time, in their copious reports to Rome, the bishops persistently fabricated cases of heretic outbreaks in Bosnia and blamed the ban and bishop of Bosnia. They claimed that Ban Ninoslav also subscribed to the heresy, thus his land and properties were placed under control of the archbishop of Kalocsa. King Bela IV, the archbishop of Kalocsa and the newly appointed Bosnian bishop Ponsa, a Hungarian man, did not only remove the Glagolitic bishops from their positions in Bosnia but they also took the Bosnian bishopric out of the jurisdiction of the archbishopric of Dubrovnik and placed it under the command of the archbishopric of Kalocsa. After some hesitation, Pope Innocent IV ordered the subjugation of Bosnian bishopric to the archbishopric of Kalocsa on August 26, 1247.

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Bosanski “krstjani” u društvenom i političkom životu srednjovjekovne Bosne i Huma

Author(s): Salih Jalimam / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Historical sources on the presence of Bosnian krstjani in medieval Bosnia and Hum, their society, political life, culture and diplomacy are unambiguous and corroborate much more than is usually stated in the dry chronicler notes. The treatment of Bosnian krstjani and their position in the structure of the medieval Bosnia and Hum cannot be interpreted as a clasical interrelation between the state and state religion. The reasons for this are numerous, especially since the problem of state religion in medieval Bosnia is oversimplified, and many scholars are reluctant to conclude what the position of krstjani of Bosnia and Hum actually was in the social and political life of medieval Bosnia and Hum. All the recorded historical sources that address medieval Bosnia and Hum indicate that Bosnian krstjani had an important, even crucial position in the political, social and state life of the medieval Bosnia and Hum in the long period from the end of the 12th century until the political downfall of medieval Bosnia and Hum. They represented the distinguished part of the society and held a position of authority unlike any other in the medieval community of Bosnia and Hum. All this postulates a societal and political position of Bosnian krstjani on a different, more prestigious platform, which significantly influenced practically all segments of medieval society of Bosnia and Hum.

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Krist i Donator: Kotromanići između vjere rimske i vjere bosanske - I

Author(s): Dubravko Lovrenović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

With the emergence of the Church of Bosnia (1326. /29.) as a noncanonical form of Bosnian bishopric and state church that arised as a direct result of relocating the Catholic Bosnian bishopric seat to Đakovo in the middle of the 13th century, under a strong influence from this schizmatic Church, Ban Stephen (Stjepan) II Kotromanić took control over the medieval Bosnian state. The latter is substantiated with the mentioning of St. Gregory the Illuminator, an eastern saint, in his royal intitulation that was later taken, in a slightly altered version, by his successor Tvrtko I Kotromanić. According to the illustrations on their money, these Bosnian rulers developed a cult of St. Dimitry who was also one of the well-known saint figures of the eastern Christianity. Both of the mentioned Bosnian bans – Tvrtko I in his role as a king, too – ruled under the burden of confessional dualism marked with vacillation between two Christian confessions: one that leaned on the Church of Bosnia and the other supported by the Catholic Church. Stephen II Kotromanić accepted Catholicism under wich he was buried in the Franciscan Church of St. Nicholas in Mili after having professed Christian faith under the auspices of the Church of Bosnia until the founding of the Franciscan vicary of Bosnia in 1340. Although most of the known details about his religious life point to Catholic Church, even Tvrtko I Kotromanić did not break all the ties with the Church of Bosnia. The first king of Bosnia found his final resting place in this Franciscan church, the coronation and burial church for the Kotromanić family, in which the episcope of the Church of Bosnia crowned him. The process of confessionalization and creation of new religious identities within the western Christianity is one of the examples that illustrates how close medieval Bosnia was to general transformations in Europe, in other words, with diversification of Latin Christianity in terms of religion and culture that happened before and separately from the reformation.

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Srednjovjekovna Bosna u diplomatičkim spisima Rimske kurije

Author(s): Jadranka Neralić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Papal letters sent to various recipients around the world are stored in the thousands of volumes of the three most important and oldest series of registers (the Vatican, Avignon and Lateran registers) that are kept in the Secret Vatican archives and were produced during centuries in the Apostolic Office. The researchers of Bosnian medieval history will there find numerous letters that attest to affluent reciprocal relations at all levels. Since it is almost impossible to describe them completely, the author drew on no more than a few particularly significant documents which she then, according to their content, grouped in several basic sets: appointing some of the more important papal legates to work in the territory of medieval Bosnia; bishop appointments, documents that trace Dominican and Franciscan activities, records of granted indulgences and dispensations and royal recommendations for receiving church prebends or achieving a successful ecclesiastical career. The documents on legate and bishop appointments and Franciscan and Dominican activities are more recurrent in both regional and foreign specialized literature, and those concerning indulgences, dispensations and recommendations have still not been published.

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Franjevci i bosansko-humski krstjani

Author(s): Andrija Zirdum / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The rise of the Franciscan order in Bosnia provokes great interest among historians. They emerged at the junction of two cultures: they inherited tolerance and perseverance from the East-Byzantium and the West offered them constant support and refreshment. From a historical context, it is clear that the first Franciscan cases appeared after the Bosnian bishop relocated to Đakovo and the pressures from Hungarian-Croatian rulers on Bosnia diminished together with Dominican activities. Thus they left the territory to the non-coreligionist Church of Bosnia and the Franciscans got their chance. With the founding the Bosnian vicary, Franciscan missionaries arrived from different parts of Europe. It seems that not many of them arrived, but those that came had trouble adapting to conditions in Bosnia and were, sometimes, influenced by political and church situation in their country. Since the vicary was soon separated from the Bosnian geographical territory, the foreign missionaries remained in the region across the Sava River. Those who did not learn the local language or accepted the Old Slavic liturgical practice had no chance for a successful long-term career. Many sources, either directly or indirectly, speak of the Franciscan success. During the 15th century, according to the sources, the Franciscans converted the majority of the population of Bosnia and Hum to Catholicism, refreshed it and gave it a more conspicuously western, Roman character. Even the oldest of Ottoman defters and a great number of Catholics in the region of Tuzla even fifty years after the Ottoman conquest confirm this.

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Eszmék, forradalmak, háborúk. Vadász Sándor 80 éves

Author(s): / Language(s): Russian,Hungarian

Sándor Vadász was 80 years old in 2010. His colleagues greeted him with studies. At the end of the volume there is an interview with professor Vadász about his life.

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Miesta, siete a mechanizmy komunikácie vo francúzskych mestách na konci stredoveku

Author(s): Veronika Novák / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Poslovia pred bránami mesta, vyvolávači na križovatkách, špehovia na vidieku, vyslanci na dvore – mestská komunikácia v stredoveku mala svoje zvláštne úlohy, miesta a podoby. Keďže koniec stredoveku predstavuje prechodné obdobie, keď sa formujú rané moderné absolutistické monarchie, fenomén komunikácie sa zväčša skúma z pohľadu vytvárania nového spôsobu kráľovskej komunikácie a propagandy; výskumy sa často sústreďujú na jednotlivé propagačné kampane, na inštitúcie, na ozveny udalosti; alebo, naopak, študujú rozsiahle témy ako napríklad cirkevnú komunikáciu, kráľovskú moc a informácie. Novodobé výskumy sa zameriavajú na vzťah informácie k moci, rituálu, súdnictvu a strachu v rámci novej politickej histórie a historickej antropológie. Táto vedomá kráľovská propaganda vo forme letákov, slávností a zhromaždení, kde sa mala informácia odovzdať, môže čitateľa jednoducho fascinovať, ale iná časť najnovších výskumov obracia svoju pozornosť stále viac na druhú stranu komunikácie: úlohu miest a mestských spoločenských skupín v materiálnej organizácii slávností, v často kritickom vnímaní oficiálnych správ, v autonómnej kontrole a užívaní komunikácie, a ponúka tak detailnejší obraz.

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Život ženy - šl'achtičnej v U horsku na prelome 14. a 15. storocia

Author(s): Daniela Dvořáková / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Je všeobecne známe, že stredoveká spoločnosť bola silne patriarchálna a v pohľade na ženy bol stredovek naozaj „dobou temna". Osobitne to platí o Uhorsku, lebo uhorské zvykové právo bolo podľa hodnotení historikov vo vzťahu k ženám jedným z najtvrdších a naj nepriateľskej sich. Poslaním žien, najmä príslušníčok vyšších spoločenských vrstiev bolo rodiť deti a udržiavať tak kontinuitu rodu. Vymretie rodu bolo jedným z najvacsich nešťastí, aké mohli panovnícke, ale aj šľachtické rody postihnúť. Ideál predstavovala žena - matka, plodná, pokorná, poslušná a večne čakajúca na manžela, kým sa vráti z boia alebo z ciest s kráľom či svojím pánom.

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Архитектура жилых дворцовых сооружений Верхней столицы чжурчжэньского государства Восточное Ся

Author(s): Nadezda G. Artemieva / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The archeological excavations of the walled towns dated back to the period of the Jurchens’ State — the Eastern Xia (1215—1233) — have been conducted on the territory of Primorye for about fifty years. Archeologists have already found more than five hundreds of different types of buildings, including living units, household buildings, administrative and palatial constructions. The Jurchen people used three architectural technologies: column-frame technique, pillar-supported system and a column method. The construction technology helps to determine type and functions of the building. Column-supported buildings with tiled roof were classified as palaces. Some of the palatial residential premises that were excavated on the territory of the Upper Capital City of the Eastern Xia State (Krasny Yar fort) were constructed with use of column and pillars — this type of architectural technology was previously unknown for the researchers. Although the Jurchen architecture was developing within the mainstream Far Eastern architectural tradition, it had their own specific architectural style within the framework of that tradition.

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Археологические признаки государственного межевания. Методическое значение южносибирской медиевистики

Author(s): Igor L. Kyzlasov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Archaeological and epigraphic sources allow to reveal external (state) and internal (administrative) borders between countries of the South Siberian region in the 6th—14th centuries. So, funerary sites with some Turkic sculptures, well distinguishable from similar objects of other Turkic people, seem to be an indicator of external borders of the First and Second East Turkic khaganates. Where they are absent, there was no Turkic domination. The northern border of the Uigur khaganate is noted by pise-walled fortresses and a 230 km long wall that connects them. Old Khakassia stone fortresses protecting passes in Western Sayan Mountains also show that borders of this country passed across ridges. But with expansion of the country from the second half of 9th century, the rivers became borders. It is evidenced by placement of military cemeteries of the ancient Khakass found on only the right coast of the Irtysh River. Two Mongol towns which had typical buildings for the Mongols, appear to be centers of two administrative districts. The old Khakassia family and personal heraldry is familiar to a series 9—10th centuries connected with marks in epitaphs and rocks, specified hereditary land use, outlining borders of possessions in Tuva and in Khakassia.

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Западный Казахстан в XIII—XIV вв. Историко-географическая ситуация

Author(s): Arman A. Bissembayev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author reviews the current state of studies into Western Kazakhstan sites dated by 13th—14th centuries. The area under research is predominantly represented by sites belonging to the nomadic population of the Golden Horde. The paper describes features of historical and geographical location of funerary sites in Western Kazakhstan. Overall, the archaeological sites identified in Western Kazakhstan are a reflection of some general processes in Eurasian steppes generated by appearance of the consolidated Mongol state, and later by the Golden Horde, and manifested in the uniformity of features of material culture.

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Средневековые поселения на территории Донецких степей

Author(s): Eduard E. Kravchenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The work considers the history of medieval settlements in the steppe between the Dnieper and the Don. It includes the lands of the Donetsk Ridge, the Northern Azov Sea, and the buffer zone between the steppe and the forest-steppe in the middle reaches of the river Severskiy Donets. Steppe open spaces throughout the Middle Ages were the habitat of nomads. In periods of stability, when these lands were part of large state entities, settlements appeared on some of their plots near roads. These roads crossed the steppes in the latitudinal direction, which was connected with the cultural ties of the region, in which the Crimea, the Northern Caucasus and the Lower Dnieper Basin played a prominent role.In the buffer zone, settlements existed during the entire Middle Ages. In the Khazar and Golden Horde times large trade and craft centers grew in the contact zone between the steppe and the forest-steppe. In these settlements, there was also an administration that led the life of the nomadic steppe. The defeat at the end of the 14th century led to the complete collapse of the settled way of life in the region, after which nomadic hordes dominated the lands for two centuries.In this way, the natural factor, cultural and economic traditions, the existence of trade communications and the political situation played an important role in formation of medieval settlements in the Donetsk steppes. The most developed regions were those with long-standing traditions of settled life style.

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Культовая архитектура золотоордынского Крыма: версия Э. Д. Зиливинской

Author(s): Vladimir P. Kirilko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In her monograph Golden Horde Architecture. Part I. Cult Architecture (Kazan: Otechestvo, 2014), E. D. Zilivinskaya focuses on the Crimean sites. Along with a presentation of buildings from the main regions of Jochi’s Ulus, there searcher also communicates some separate data about mosques, minarets, madrasah, mausoleums and Christian churches on the peninsula, which are often obsolete, distorted or unreliable. The Crimean content of the monograph is based on some scarce sources, while numerous relevant archival materials and publications seem to be unknown to the author. Frequent mistakes in comments to illustrations and an attempt to offer for scientific discussion some blueprints with false graphic information about plans and orientation of the buildings should be treated as some serious shortcomings of this work. In spite of the obvious relevance of this research, an overview of the cult architecture of the Golden Horde Crimea, which is offered in this monograph, should be examined rather critically and requires a review of almost all published data.

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Историческая география крымских территорий Генуэзской Газарии (1275—1475 гг.)

Author(s): Sergei Gennadievich Bocharov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article primarily focuses on the historical geography of the Crimean territories of the Genoese Gazaria. The Genoese Gazaria is the totality of the Genoese possessions on the lands of the Golden Horde, especially in the coastal areas of the Northern Black Sea, where the medieval toponym “Gazaria” was used to embrace the whole state of the Golden Horde. In general, there were no clear state borders in the Genoese Gazaria: those were coastal zones under the rule of the khans of the Golden Horde, where the Genoese would be given separate quarters in the cities and would enjoy autonomous rights, or would establish their settlements on the coast. The Crimean peninsula was an exception in this system, there the Genoese settled a whole system of cities and rural districts, with clear political and administrative borders. The domain of the Genoese on the Crimean peninsula developed into independent political and administrative system during a long and gradual process, which took a hundred years: from the origin of the main regional center in Caffa (around 1275) to 1387. The author addresses historical geography of the various administrative parts of the Genoese Gazaria on the Crimean peninsula: the rural district of Caffa, Consulates of Soldaia, Cembalo and Vosporo, and possessions on the Southern Coast of the Crimea, the Kerch Peninsula and the Tarkhankut Peninsula. He also analyzes findings of a study into the historical topography of the four fortified Genoese cities — Caffa, Soldaia, Cembalo and Vosporo.

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Консульский замок генуэзской крепости Чембало XIV—XV вв. (по материалам археологических раскопок 1999—2008 гг.)

Author(s): Serhiy V. Dyachkov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In 1999―2008, the joint expedition of “Tauric Chersonesos” National Reserve and by “V. N. Karazin” National University in Kharkiv investigated the area of the consul’s residence (castle) of the Genoese fortress Cembalo (14th—15th centuries) in Balaklava was located. Excavations on the so-called “consul’s church” found on the territory of the consul’s residence discovered that the church was used by inhabitants as a burial vault. Excavations of tower no.8 and in the adjacent area give some reasons to believe that the tower was part of the fortress’s defensive structures. While digging on site B situated near tower no. 8 we found chamber 3 (constructed in late 15th—16th centuries). The walls of chamber 3 were made of stone shells of predominantly spherical shape. This ‘arsenal’ included 208 shells that weighed 20―104 kg each, which were meant to be used by trebuchet machines against enemy ships. A special platform for trebuchet was constructed on consul’s residence territory. During the excavations of 2007―2008, remains of iron lamellar armor were discovered on the platform. Some peculiarities and circumstances of the find allow us to suppose that the discovered details were fragments of a brigandine, an armor widely spread in the 14th—15th centuries. The armor could belong to an arbalester of the local garrison. So, the Consul’s Castle was the residence of some Genoese official and an important element of the defensive system of the fortress Cembalo.

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Animal Food Resources in the Golden Horde Period. Case Study: Old Orhei (Republic of Moldova)

Author(s): Ludmila Bacumenco-Pîrnău,Luminiţa Bejenaru,Simina Rafailă-Stanc / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The archaeological level of the Golden Horde period is analyzed, and this assemblage is compared to the level of the 15th —17th centuries in order to account for a diachronical variability of food resources of animal origin on the Old Orhei site.The study of medieval Old Orhei is mainly focused on the diversity of food resources as reflected by the archaeozoological analysis. Previous archaeozoological studies of the medieval period in Old Orhei discussed aspects related to animal species identified on the site and the proportion of wild and domestic species. The consumers of animal products especially differed by their ethnic belonging. Thus, in the period of Mongol (the Golden Horde) occupation, the main domestic species used in alimentation were the sheep/goat (Ovis aries/Capra hircus), the cattle (Bos taurus) and the horse (Equus caballus), while later — after Mongol retreat, the livestock of the local economy was mainly represented by the cattle (Bos taurus) and the pig (Sus domesticus).The hunting records a very low rate (0.24% NISP) during the Golden Horde period; the low occurrence frequency of wild animals’ remains in this cultural level is quite surprising, since the documents of the time contain information emphasizing that the Mongols used to greatly rely on hunting, which was practiced for different purposes: to compensate a food shortage, to secure furs and hides, to keep fit for future battles, etc.

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Byzantine Glazed Pottery Finds from Aigai (Aiolis) Excavations

Author(s): Lale Doğer,Muhsine Eda Armağan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Glazed pottery finds from Aigai (Aiolis) excavations during 2004—2014 seasons are important finds from Byzantine settlements of Aigai ancient city. While doing studies to uncover Bouleuterion, Agora region and the road system of the ancient city, cisterns (nos. I—II) located in the acropolis of the city and near the agora, the church and the cistern in the northwest of the church have been discovered. Most of them are fragmentary. They are not contextual finds. Still, they are worthwhile in that they present a relative chronology. Late Roman/Early Byzantine period is represented with few finds for now. This period is followed by Middle Byzantine period which have again few finds. Probably these red fabric groups might have come from distant regions. Some of the finds known as Middle Byzantine groups are distinguished because of their similarity to Khalkis production in terms of their form and ornament. We need further information to evaluate white fabric finds. Other distinctive groups in terms of their quality and quantity are from Late Byzantine period of Western Anatolia. These are very similar to the finds from Pergamon, Sardis, Nif (Olympus-Başpınar Church) and The Agora of Smyrna located nearby Aigai. Aigai was on the list of bishopric till the early 13th century. Finds uncovered in Aigai are the first archeological data regarding Aigai ancient city during Byzantine period. Glazed ceramics must be dated to the mid-12th century — early 14th century.

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Vaisselier de santé dans le monde arabe (VIIIe—XVe siècles) : une restitution possible des usages grâce au croissement des sources

Author(s): Ibrahim Shaddoud / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

The cross disciplinary comparison of sources enables us to ask questions about objects and practices by analysing and describing the functions, often lost, of certain types of pottery. This article is dedicated to pottery used by Islamic physicians — pots and pans, different types of jars. The texts, general medical manuals and dictionary written in Iraq, Syria, Arabia and Iran between the 8th and 15th centuries are an extremely valuable source of information on medicinal substances, recipes for compound remedies and utensils. A number of illustrations in Islamic manuscript depicting physician activities reflect contemporaneous medical practises. They could sometimes help us to understand the use of objects found in excavations. The archaeological material of my corpus comes from a range of sites in Syria, Lebanon and Iraq. By comparing the data, I present various pottery used in curative medicine in the Islamic world.

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Средневековая керамика из фондов Национального музея Татарстана (предварительное сообщение)

Author(s): Konstantin Aleksandrovich Rudenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article considers the collection of medieval ceramics of the National Museum of the Republic of Tatarstan. It includes finds from archaeological sites of Volga Bulgaria and Golden Horde sites in the Volga region. The author traces the history of this collection back to the second half of the 19th century. Findings from F. Ballod’s digs in the Golden Horde’s capital cities, so far little known to the researchers, are of special interest. The author examines main approaches to studying medieval ceramics by Kazan archaeologists in the 20th century and defines various groups of ceramics, mainly from Bolgar hillfort.

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Търновска книжовна школа – пространства на паметта. Том 11

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Bulgarian,Russian,German,Serbian,Old Bulgarian

The 𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑜 𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑆𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑙 collections contain reports from the recurrent international symposium “Tarnovo Literary School”, which is the oldest and most respected forum on Old Bulgarian studies in Bulgaria and worldwide. It was held for the first time in 1971 under the auspices of UNESCO, and the first collection of articles came out in 1976. The𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑜 𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑆𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑙 collections are among the most cited editions in the fields of Old Bulgarian studies and research into medieval Bulgarian spiritual and material culture from its pre-Tarnovo and Tarnovo periods, as well as on the cultural and literary ties between Byzantium, Bulgaria, and the Eastern Orthodox Slavic world. The main purpose of 𝑇𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑜 𝐿𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑆𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑙 is to publish scholarly articles by Bulgarian and foreign researchers in the field of interdisciplinary medieval studies in order to explore the cultural and historical heritage of the Second Bulgarian Empire.

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