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Die Ausweisung der Juden aus den königlichen Städten Mährens und ihre Folgen (Teil 1)
6.00 €

Die Ausweisung der Juden aus den königlichen Städten Mährens und ihre Folgen (Teil 1)

Author(s): Alfred Engel / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

Das mährische Landesarchiv besitzt eine stattliche Zahl von Gubernialakten, welche jüdische Angelegenheiten behandeln. Oft sind es Einzelschicksale, Ansuchen jüdischer Händler und Handwerker, häufiger flehentliche Bitten ganzer Gemeinden, die der Judensollizitator der höchsten Landesstelle vermittelt, aber auch würdige und mutige Worte von erworbenen Rechten haben sich durch die vergilbten Blätter auf unsere Tage gerettet. Ein umfangreicher Aktenfaszikel (J. 28) erzählt von dem erbitterten wirtschaftlichen Kampfe, welchen die kgl. Städte gegen die mährische Judenschaft führten. „An acht Jahrzehnte dauern diese Zerwürfnisse“, meint der Gubernialrat in seinem wort- und tatsachenreichen Gutachten, aber trotzdem holt er Belege aus 3 Jahrhunderten herbei; denn je weiter er forscht, desto mehr begreift er, dass nicht 80, sondern volle 250 Jahre die Juden gegen das vernichtende Urteil der landesfürstlichen Städte, das sich in der Ausweisung ausdrückte, gekämpft haben. Der ungleiche Kampf war wirklich nicht erst im Jahre 1629 ausgebrochen, als Ferdinand II. den jüdischen Kaufleuten wieder das Recht verlieh, die Märkte in den königlichen Städten zu besuchen, und als Rat und Zünfte verzweifelte Anstrengungen machten, um das neue Privileg zu Falle zu bringen, sondern schon um die Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts, da die größten Städte Mährens den Juden ihre Tore verschlossen.

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BERNARD GUI, UN INCHIZITOR DE GENIU?

BERNARD GUI, UN INCHIZITOR DE GENIU?

Author(s): Mihai Floroaia / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Of the dozens of inquisitors that France had, the most illustrious image remained that of Bernard Gui (1261-1331), "a temperate, wise, modest, cultured man, a good speaker, deeply religious," according to the Scriptores Ordinis Praedicatorum. Born in 1261 in La Royère, he joined the monastic life and was converted to monasticism in 1275 at the Dominican Monastery of Limoges, where he found his resting place in 1331. Between 1280 and 1290 he studied in Provence. He took courses in logic and philosophy, after which he studied theology at the monastic schools of Montpellier and Toulouse. After completing his studies, he was appointed lecturer at the Limoges Monastery, then lecturer at Albi and Carcassonne. On August 4, 1302, Gui received the title of general preacher. At the age of 45 he was appointed inquisitor of Toulouse, a position he will hold for 17 years (1307-1323). As an inquisitor, he was very active. Historians who painted Bernard Gui's portrait insisted on his intellectual qualities. Sébastien Michaelis characterized him as "vir doctissimus", Jean-Jacques Percin emphasized his moral qualities as inquisitor „meritissimus” and bishop "dignissimus", and Jacques Echard saw him as "vir sua artate de republica litteraria ecclesiastica bene meritus". From the conclusions of his clergyman, Fr. Petrus Sicardi, it turns out that Bernard Gui had an exemplary life, fulfilling responsibly all the functions he held. He impressed with his oratorical and writing talent. In 1879, Léopold Deliste inventoried the works of Bernard Gui: The Practice of the Office Inquisitionis haereticae pravitatis (1324), A Brief History of Gaul, The Genealogy of the Kings of France and the Origin of This Kingdom, The Lives of some Bishops of the Holy Church of Toulouse, The Sentences of the Inquisition of Toulouse.

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Крепостта Русокастро в светлината на историческите извори от XII – XIV в

Крепостта Русокастро в светлината на историческите извори от XII – XIV в

Author(s): Milen Nikolov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The fortress of Rusokastro is only 22 kilometers west of the bed of the Bay of Burgas, at the foot of the south approaches towards the Aytos Pass and at north approaches of the Strandja Pass of Kovchas. Its significance to Bulgaria and Byzantium in 13th – 14th c. is well attested in the historical sources of the epoch. The information in them regarding the military campaigns of Andronicus III Palaeologus, the emperor, in 1330 – 1331 is particularly important. According to Ioannis Kantakouzinos as well as Nikiphoros Grigoras the emperor acted in a foreign country, his armies robbed the native population and annihilated their crops. Rusokastro was one of the main targets of the military expeditions of both campaigns. In accordance with the last archaeological investigations the fortress was newly built in the beginning of 13th c., and after 1263 there was new building. The significance of Rusokastro becomes apparent as well because the military camps of Byzantium and the Kingdom of Bulgaria encamped at the fortress in the 14th c.

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Археологически данни за представителeн неметализиран текстил от средновековните български земи – XIII–XIV век

Археологически данни за представителeн неметализиран текстил от средновековните български земи – XIII–XIV век

Author(s): Ivan Chokoev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

We have few written sources referring to the distribution of luxury textiles in medieval Bulgaria. Our knowledge on clothing is based primarily on foreign historical records, while the local Bulgarian sources (ecclesiastical texts mainly) provide general information without any details. The investigation on textiles, excavated in medieval Bulgarian lands lead to accumulation of data on silk fabrics, such as samite, twill damask, satin, velvet and partially covered the lack of written sources for this period. As a result of this study now we will have more solid grounds while comparing the distribution of luxury textiles in Bulgaria and Europe.

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Теодор Светослав – просопографски бележки за времето преди възцаряването му

Теодор Светослав – просопографски бележки за времето преди възцаряването му

Author(s): Lachezar Krastev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article again examines all sources of the life of Theodore Svetoslav before his reign. Their analysis leads to the conclusion that the assumption in science of his 15 years as a hostage to the Tatars and the severe dependence of the Bulgarian Empire after 1285 is insubstantial and there is no support in the sourses. From the point of view of Tatar political practice, such a long hostage is not possible. A new chronology of the events up to 1300 is offered, as well as a new look at the role of Smilets in Bulgarian history.

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Историческая память о Первом болгарском царстве в правление первых Асеней

Историческая память о Первом болгарском царстве в правление первых Асеней

Author(s): Dmitry Igorevich Polyvyannyy / Language(s): English,Russian Publication Year: 0

The restoration of the Bulgarian Tzardom in the end of the 12th – the beginning of the 13th c. in the current historiography is often described in the terms of wide political and ideological program, which was continuously realized by three brothers – founders of the new Asenides dynasty – Peter, John and Kaloyan from 1186 to 1207. Another trend of research considers the activities of the first Asenides as situational but in this case the mobilization of the historical memory provided substantial ideological resources, too. The article contains five cases – of the brothers’ meeting with Isaac II Angel in Kipsela in 1185; using the term Zagora to designate their restored Tzardom; role of Preslav in the époque of the first Asens; the rite of Theodor-Peter’s coronation and transfer of St. John’s of Rila relics from Sredets to Turnovo by John Asen. Their consideration leads to the conclusion, that the strategic course of the first Asens to restore the Bulgarian Tzardom was combined with situational decisions, while the arguments to support them were taken from common historical memory of Bulgarians and received the appropriate connotations in their actions. Later these arguments received verbal interpretations in agiographical, hymnographical, canonical and historiographical works created in Turnovo and Athos.

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Datowania cmentarzy wczesnośredniowiecznych na ziemiach polskich: problemy wnioskowania
4.50 €

Datowania cmentarzy wczesnośredniowiecznych na ziemiach polskich: problemy wnioskowania

Author(s): Andrzej Buko / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The fundamental problem in the context of research on the origins of the Polish state is the moment of its emergence in the funeral rite of inhumation. Its reception, according to many researchers, is a material correlate of the beginnings of Christianity. The conventional caesura - after 966 - is marked here by the baptism date of Mieszko I, the first historical ruler of Poland. Unsettled the question remains whether and to what extent his subjects followed in the prince's footsteps and to whom in the first place this new funeral custom concerned. The author on selected examples taken from both contemporary and medieval observations cemeteries illustrates the complex issue of dating the oldest early medieval cemeteries in Poland Polish. At the same time, he draws attention to inference errors, especially when separating their initial phases. On this sub-pond states that the thesis according to which in humation appears on Polish lands only after the year 1000 requires a critical verification.

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Podstawy datowania i początki najstarszej fazy cmentarzyska w Lubieniu
4.50 €

Podstawy datowania i początki najstarszej fazy cmentarzyska w Lubieniu

Author(s): Tomasz Kurasiński,Kalina Skóra / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The cemetery in Lubień belongs to the group of the oldest early medieval inhumation necropolises in Poland Central. According to the authors' findings, the cemetery in Lubień was established in the first quarter of the 11th century is important for considering the problem of the beginnings of inhumation in Poland at that time. Destruction of the central part of the establishment burial ground, which is also assumed to be the location of the first burials, seriously hinders drawing conclusions in a binding manner about its initial phase. The analysis of the archaeological material indicates that the time of the most intensive use of this place fell on the second half of 11th century, although members of the local community were buried there until the third quarter of the 12th century. Only the few products of material culture (numismatic items, earrings with a triangular bead, a ceramic vessel) allow us to wonder whether the cemetery was established at the end of the 10th century. New light on the beginnings of the necropolis and inhumation in this area may be shed by research biological material using absolute dating methods.

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Faza inicjalna najstarszego cmentarza wczesnośredniowiecznego Sandomierza
4.50 €

Faza inicjalna najstarszego cmentarza wczesnośredniowiecznego Sandomierza

Author(s): Marek Florek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In the years 2013–2015, the oldest part of the skeletal cemetery, which functioned in the 11th century on the so-called Town Hill in Sandomierz. Some of the graves dated to the end of the 10th and/or the beginning of the 11th century are in form and applied funeral ritual similar to the so-called chamber graves. They contained above-standard, as for the conditions Lesser Poland, equipment (including clay pots, an axe, horseshoe clasps, a set for striking fire). Forms of graves and equipment suggest foreign origin of some of the deceased, which is also confirmed by the results of specialist analyses on the content of strontium isotopes. Noteworthy is the relatively large number of "eastern" elements in the equipment of the dead: an ax (axe), a key reused as a flint, horseshoe clasps, whorls. Taking into account the dating of the graves and their forms and equipment, it can be assumed that we are dealing with elite burials belonging to people whose at least some of them came to Sandomierz from outside, probably representing the Piast rule. They could have been newcomers from Wielkopolska, however, it cannot be ruled out that - especially in the case of the deceased from grave 9 - we are dealing with a Varangian - Rus in the service of one of the first two historical rulers of the Piast dynasty. These graves gave rise to it probably the oldest necropolis in Sandomierz, used by its inhabitants deep into the 11th century.

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Cmentarzyska birytualne typu Bilczew i ich datowanie
4.50 €

Cmentarzyska birytualne typu Bilczew i ich datowanie

Author(s): Katarzyna Schellner,Krzysztof Gorczyca / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In recent years, three biritual cemeteries described as the Bilczew type have been discovered in the vicinity of Konin: Bilczew, commune of Kramsk, commune loco, and Kwiatków, commune Brudzew. This group also includes one archival cemetery at Konin, commune loco, which requires new interpretation and reanalysis. These sites are of special significance because continuity in the use of the necropolis after a change of religion, and therefore of the funeral rite, has been recorded there. It is a phenomenon that has not been noted in Greater Poland so far. The text presents and discusses most fully the cemetery at Bilczew, as it is the best recognised and published necropolis of this type to date. As a result of the excavation works, the entire preserved part of the site was examined, revealing 102 early medieval pit cremation graves and 27 skeletal ones, as well as one undetermined pit. The other cemeteries of this type were examined only by digging test pits (Kramsk), or the results of their excavations were initially misinterpreted (Konin). The largest of the recently explored cemeteries of this type (Kwiatków), where 127 cremation graves, 143 skeletal graves and 10 cenotaphs were discovered, awaits study and publication.

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Najstarsza faza rozwoju wczesnośredniowiecznego cmentarzyska w Kałdusie
4.50 €

Najstarsza faza rozwoju wczesnośredniowiecznego cmentarzyska w Kałdusie

Author(s): Jacek Bojarski,Wojciech Chudziak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The subject of this article are the beginnings of the oldest early medieval necropolis located under the mountain St. Lawrence in Kałdus. Its creation coincided with the period of building the Polish state and accompanying this process Christianization, which was expressed in the eschatological dimension by inhumation. In the case of Kałdus, it was considered the earliest chamber graves, which were to initiate the development of the first necropolis, which was then used by several generations of residents resort in Culmine. Among the issues that have been given the most attention in this place, they come to the fore Two issues arise: 1) the genesis of inhumation in the Chełmno region and 2) the moment when it began to be used.

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Uwagi na temat chronologii cmentarzyska w Lutomiersku
4.50 €

Uwagi na temat chronologii cmentarzyska w Lutomiersku

Author(s): Jerzy Sikora / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Cemetery in Lutomiersk, explored by Konrad Jażdżewski's team in the 1940s and 1950s, published by Andrzej Nadolski, Andrzej Abramowicz and Tadeusz Poklewski in 1959, continues to be the object of interest generations of archaeologists. This is undoubtedly one of the most important funeral sites from the first period the Piast monarchy. Publication by Ryszard Grygiel of new data in the form of radiocarbon dating for parts graves from Lutomiersk, allows us to resume the discussion on its dating. Using Bayesian modeling radiocarbon dates, analysis of burial equipment and the spatial structure of the cemetery, it is proposed to provide more detail here dating and interpretation of the development of the burial space. The presented findings are of a working nature and testify, above all, to the still significant research potential of this site.

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Początki inhumacji w państwie pierwszych Piastów w świetle wyników badań radiowęglowych
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Początki inhumacji w państwie pierwszych Piastów w świetle wyników badań radiowęglowych

Author(s): Dariusz Błaszczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author discusses the results of determining the age of the bones of skeletons buried with the use of the radiocarbon method chamber graves from the area of ​​the early Piast state. The test samples were taken directly from the skeletons and in most cases issued using the AMS method. Radiocarbon dating showed that most of the tested burials came from the second half of 10th century and the reign of Mieszko I. So these people lived and worked during his rule, too they died and were buried during his reign. Two of the examined graves can be related to the beginning of the 11th century, that is, until the reign of Bolesław the Brave. The obtained results of 14C dating indicate that the beginnings are associated with Christianity inhumation in Poland can be associated with the second half of the 19th century. 10th century, with the reign of Mieszko I. At that time, the first one was founded skeletal cemeteries, which in many cases were used continuously until the end of the 12th or the beginning of the 13th century.

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Czy najstarsze cmentarze szkieletowe w państwie pierwszych Piastów można datować na wiek X?
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Czy najstarsze cmentarze szkieletowe w państwie pierwszych Piastów można datować na wiek X?

Author(s): Przemyslaw Urbanczyk / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Until recently, the intuitive conviction prevailed that a departure from the centuries-old eschatological tradition, which required cremation of the corpse, took place shortly after the baptism of Mieszko I in 966. In this way, archaeologically confirmed the belief of medieval chroniclers that the conversion of the ruler resulted in the rapid Christianization of his subjects. Meanwhile from the time of his reign (before 963–992) there are no (except for Poznań) reliable evidence of a change in the funeral rite. The current dating of the oldest skeletal burials allows this change to be placed only in the last decade of the 10th century, that is already in the times of Bolesław the Brave. This means that our first historical ruler was not archaeologically visible successes in enforcing the Christian way of burying the dead.

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Datowanie początków cmentarzy wczesnośredniowiecznych na ziemiach polskich w świetle danych numizmatycznych
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Datowanie początków cmentarzy wczesnośredniowiecznych na ziemiach polskich w świetle danych numizmatycznych

Author(s): Stanisław Suchodolski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Coins are the best dater of any artifact discovered in archaeological contexts. The time of circulation must be added to the date of creation of the coins. Coin dating is also more precise than that using 14C radioactive carbon analysis. The earliest, but only sporadic, coins appear in graves at Silesia (Germany). They are more common in cemeteries in Wielkopolska (Dziekanowice, Sowinki), Kujawy (Bodzia) and Gdańsk Pomerania (Kałdus, Warm). The beginnings of depositing these coins in graves can be assessed for a period not earlier than the last quarter of the 10th century, and more certainly for the years 990–1000. This corresponds to the beginning of Bolesław's reign Brave (992–1025), i.e. a quarter of a century after the adoption of Christianity. Has this rite existed in Poland before, finally the reign of Mieszko I cannot be ruled out. For now, however, there are no numismatic arguments for this. We also don't know whether there were earlier skeletal graves, which, however, did not contain coins.

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Bağdâd’da Bir Moğol Yönetici: Emir Aruk1

Bağdâd’da Bir Moğol Yönetici: Emir Aruk1

Author(s): Mustafa Aylar / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Founded during the Abbasid period and one of the most important cities of the Islamic world, Baghdad was captured by Hülegü, the founder of the Ilkhanid Empire, in 1258 and was subjected to great looting, destruction and massacre. Although the appointment of an experienced person such as Ata Malik al-Juwaynī in the administration of the city had positive results for Baghdād, the troubles in the city did not completely end. During the reign of Arghun, who came to the throne thanks to Emir Buqa after the throne turmoil in the Ilkhanid Empire, the Mongol emir Aruq was appointed as the ruler of Baghdad. Relying on the power of his older brother Emir Buqa, Emir Aruq increased his personal power and wealth in Baghdad. He also engaged in a number of behaviors that disturbed other Mongol emirs. This added to the already existing problems in Bagdad. Every day, more and more people became disturbed by what Amir Aruq and his brother Buqa were doing. As a matter of fact, the Jewish Sa‘d al-dawla, the deputy of Tatarqiya, the shihna of Bagdad, reported this situation to the Ilkhanid ruler Arghun. Finally, the Ilkhanid ruler Arghun put an end to the rule of the Buqa and Aruq brothers and eliminated both of them. Amir Aruq was the ruler of Baghdad for about five years, oppressing the people with his aides in the city and collecting large amounts of money, goods and property.

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Crna smrt 1348. godine u Dubrovniku - godina krize i solidarnosti?
4.90 €

Crna smrt 1348. godine u Dubrovniku - godina krize i solidarnosti?

Author(s): Gordan Ravančić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The plague epidemic/pandemic in the mid-fourteenth century – commonly known as the Black Death – consumed almost the entire European continent in just a few years. Although its spread and causes are fairly well elaborated in existing literature, the extent of the epidemic’s reach in the historical Croatian lands and neighboring medieval Hungary has been less investigated. Still, extant sources from the medieval commune of Dubrovnik (later the Republic of Dubrovnik) provide enough material for a partial reconstruction of events regarding the arrival of disease in the city, reaction of the local authorities, and the course of events during the epidemic. Even though the epidemic of 1348 only lasted for several months in Dubrovnik, extant sources reveal that it left some deep marks in the social tissue of the city, and had at least a temporarily harsh effect on the economic well-being of contemporary Dubrovnik. Namely, since contemporary citizens of Dubrovnik could not comprehend the causes of the misfortune that struck the city, nor did they have an “effective” cure, their local authorities reacted quite reasonably and pragmatically. Since mortality caused by the epidemic instigated a significant administrative slowdown, and some of the healthy inhabitants wanted to escape from the infected city, Dubrovnik authorities produced a series of important – mostly palliative – normative measures, aiming to maintain order within the city and to overcome the troubles that burdened its subjects. At the same time, common people, facing a sudden and probable death, tried to ensure safe passage of their souls to the “other world” by writing their last wills, which today provide an excellent source in reconstructing a social change of medieval Dubrovnik. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate to what extent the epidemic of 1348 was an acute disruption or the beginning of a long-term crisis concerning social change and economic development. Moreover, the investigation of the extant sources will try to give answers to the question of whether this calamity provoked and caused any kind of institutional and personal solidarity among citizens of medieval Dubrovnik.

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The Relationship between Public and Private on the Island of Rab during the Second Half of the 14th Century
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The Relationship between Public and Private on the Island of Rab during the Second Half of the 14th Century

Author(s): Dušan Mlacović / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The second half of the 14th century was the only prolonged period after the year 1000 in which the island of Rab was not under the Venetian rule, but subjected to the Hungarian kings together with the rest of Dalmatia. The new political constellation entailed a significant restructuring of power within the commune. It was only to be expected that the noble kindreds who had linked their position in the commune to the presence of powerful Venetian kindreds, who had their own vested interests in Quarner, would gradually decline. This happened to the Hermolais, who were related to Rab’s noble Venetian kindred of Badoer and who had been used to their members holding the office of Rab’s bishops for so long. It was also easily predictable that those kindreds who were inclined to Hungary even during the Venetian rule would now have their chance of surpassing all their local rivals. There was, however, something that came as a novelty with the ascension of the Angevin kings, and the inhabitants of Rab still had to learn to deal with it, each in their own way: the absence of a powerful authority of a count, which increased the significance of the titles of the vice-count and the communal chancellor. The increased importance of these two functions, as well as the greater role of judges in the public life of the local commune, also led to the restructuring of the attitude of Rab’s elites towards the relationship between public and private in their own setting.

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Dubrovnik’s Burgus of St Blasius in the 13th Century
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Dubrovnik’s Burgus of St Blasius in the 13th Century

Author(s): Irena Benyovsky Latin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

There are a number of studies on the urban development of medieval Dubrovnik, which analyze the basic way of its expansion beyond the old city walls and its spatial formation to the north, which resulted in the final articulation of its urban area and the construction of the new city walls by the end of the 13th century. But regardless of these research results, the level of urbanization in 13th-century Dubrovnik is still a matter of debate among the historians, archaeologists, and art historians. An especially under-researched area is the situation of urban space regarding property or possessions, as well as the location and residential mobility of specific social subjects and their real estate, which are all crucial elements in understanding the city’s urban evolution. This article aims at analyzing the development of Dubrovnik’s burgus of St Blasius as it was transformed from an extra-urban territory into a suburb and then, at the turn of the 14th century, into a central area of the medieval city.

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Pasuria e Patrikanës së Pejës në kohën e psuhtimit otoman
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Pasuria e Patrikanës së Pejës në kohën e psuhtimit otoman

Author(s): Olga Zirojević / Language(s): Albanian Publication Year: 0

Kompleks mesjetar i objekteve kishtare afër Pejës. Në vendin ku e përshkruara gryka e Rugovës lidhët me rafshin e butë të metohisë. Seli e argjipeshkvinjëve dhe patrikëve serb nga shek., XIII gjegjësisht shekulli XIV. Kisha kryesore e manastirit është e kushtuar Apostujve të shenjtë. E ndërtuar mbi objektin e vjetër kishtar për të cilën supozohet se ka qenë i Shën Pjetri nën Zhdrellë (e njohur nga burimet historike). Në pjesët anësore të Shën Apostujve në shekullin e XIV, janë ndërtuar dy kisha në vend të kapelave të vjetra: kisha e Shën Dimitrit, në anën veriore, dhe ajo e Shën Hyjlindëses në anën jugore. Në të njejtën kohë me kishën kushtuar Hyjlindëses është ndërtuar veranda apo parahyrja, e përbashkët për të gjitha kishat, si dhe kapela e Shën Nikollës.

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