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The Gračanica monastery is one of the Serbian King Milutin’s last monumental endowments, a beautiful Byzantine building. In fact, it is a Serbian Orthodox monastery, located in Kosovo, built in 1321. The village of Gračanica itself is a Serb enclave nearby Priština.
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This article is the second part of a two-part study of the relationship between the full menology to the 13th-century western Bulgarian Karpino Gospel (“KE”), a family of Greek full menologies (the “α family”), and five other related Greek and Slavic menologies. Part I1 contains the introduction, the manuscript descriptions (section one), and an interlinear transcription of the KE menology commemorations and their α-family equivalents (section two). Part II begins with section three, an analysis, organized by typikon tradition, of uncommon calendar entries and textual formulae which are shared by KE and the Greek family members, but which only infrequently co-occur in the earliest Slavic menologies. Subsection 3.4 offers a tentative hypothesis regarding the place of KE within the rough stemma of the family. Section four, which also is organized by typikon tradition, examines the Greek α-family commemorations that are omitted from KE; conversely, section five examines the commemorations in KE that are not shared by the Greek family, and explores the relationship of KE and the α family to the three 13th- and 14th-century Slavic menologies introduced in Part I that, like KE, contain unusual α-family commemorations. Section six examines distribution patterns of the rare KE and/or Greek family commemorations in the three Slavic apostoli menologies and one Slavic tetraevangelion described in section three below. Section seven offers general conclusions and a full stemma of proposed relationships among KE, the Greek α-family members, and the additional six Slavic and Greek gospel menologies in the orbit of the Greek α family. Part II is followed by Appendix I, a list of the manuscripts referred to by codes in the study. Appendix II is a spreadsheet of all the commemorations contained in KE, in each of the Greek α-family members, and in each of the other five menologies in the family’s orbit.
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In this paper, attempts are being made to present the fashion and dressing of different social stratums in XIV-XV century and to classify the various typologies during this period. For the first time, has been taken into consideration the myth of mourning found in various parts of the traditional costume. Based on written sources, the engravings of foreign travelers, as well as the older generation of Albanian photographers, we argue that the male felt pant (tight woolen pantstirqe) came into use in the second half of the XX century.
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In the XIV-XV centuries, the Republic of Venice, or the Seignory as it is otherwise known, was a powerful political and military state of the time. It raised and strengthened as an aristocratic merchant republic in the XI century and had a powerful maritime fleet to control the stocks circulation in the Mediterranean, Aegean and in the Adriatic mere.
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Nell’anno 1468, lo storico bizantino Giorgio Sfrantze, durante il suo esilio veneziano sull’isola di Corfù, vicina al territorio albanese, annotò la seguente notizia nel suo diario: "A gennaio Scanderbeg, sovrano dell'Albania, morì di morte naturale".2 Lo storico era ben informato sulle circonstanze della morte, perché rifiuta le voci di una morte non naturale del sovrano. Il diario dello Sfrantze si chiude nove anni dopo, ultimo nella lunga serie di storiografi bizantini. La cronaca di Laonico Calcocondila, che riunisce, come vedremo, la più grande quantità di notizie sugli Albanesi, termina nel 1463, mentre il racconto di Duca si conclude nel 1462. Nel decennio della morte di Scanderbeg finiscono le fonti che racchiudono informazioni sugli Albanesi da parte bizantina. Gli Albanesi, nelle fonti scritte bizantine non sono mai stati trattati in una sintesi d'insieme, possibile da poco tempo grazie alla banca dati del Thesaurus Linguae Graecae, in cui quasi l’intera letteratura greca, antica e medievale, è accessibile elettronicamente.
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Su Scanderbeg esiste una vasta storiografia, si può dire un’intera cultura. Il mito nazionale, il più grande personaggio della storia albanese, Scanderbeg ha senz’altro una notevole rilevanza nel passato dei Balcani, il suo personaggio va misurato su scala europea, quale esempio di chi cerca di resistere nel proprio contesto di riferimento dinanzi a forze politiche soverchianti. Scanderbeg esprime bene il carattere e il senso della sua terra, l’essere tra Oriente e Occidente. La sua vicenda è quella di chi si trova al confine di due mondi – perché questa è la situazione che si definisce nelle terre albanesi nel XV secolo-, tra gli Ottomani e la cristianità. Ma è anche una vicenda che va posta sullo sfondo della complessiva storia del versante albanese dell’Adriatico, una storia fatta di ripetuti tentativi per controllare l’ingresso nel mare, lungo e stretto. Tutto il medioevo vede la contesa tra potenze estranee all’Albania per possedere il canale d’Otranto, la porta dell’antica via Egnatia.
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The Lectionary and Pontifical of the Diocese of Kotor, which is now kept in St. Petersburg, contains on the free pages on the margins of the main text, transcripts of the documents of the Kotor authorities from the first half of the 12th century until the middle of the 13th century. In the Manuscript Department of the HAZU Archives in Zagreb, in manuscript collections from the 18th century, there is a certain number of these documents. This paper provides basic information about these manuscripts and provides the texts of the transcripts of the documents.
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In relation to the territory, the social structure and the populated localities of Plav, regarding the medieval period, as well as the first decades of the Ottoman rule, there seems to be a deficit of works in science. Until now, the province has not been subjected to a detailed research aimed at the exploration of material sources and archival documents, which would create adequate ground for a more advanced interpretation in the historical context. However, according to the existing data, including the charters of the Serbian feudal society, the Ottoman administrative summaries, the relations or correspondence of the time, narratives from the collective memory and examples from the discipline of toponymy, it seems that even in these circumstances a short history of the area can be laid out. In this context, as a result of this study, it seems that the province of Plavs includes a territory, which, although it gained political significance only from the end of the Middle Ages, later was characterized by quite dynamic developments in the socio-political plane. However, when it comes to the ethnic configuration, until the 15th century, it seems like a very diverse environment where the pre-Slavic society, specifically Vlach and Albanian, appears quite competitive, furthermore it could have dominated the area. However, with the passage of time, thanks to political and religious pressure, this stratum may have started towards serbization, a process which is not known to what extent it was completed, since in the second part of the 17th century they collectively gravitated towards other territories, while their new habitat after emigration is unknown.
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The book is a detailed description of major military campaigns from the early Middle Ages to the anti-Ottoman crusades.
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The article introduces medieval mathematics reflected in Arabic manuscripts kept in the collection of the Department of Oriental Collections, some of which are included in the exhibition dedicated to this topic. Two emphases are chosen: the first is valuable works on arithmetic, algebra, geometry and other sciences related to them. The second emphasis, pointing to the application of knowledge of arithmetic and geometry in the making of the codes.
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The state area of the present-day Bulgarian Empire has always belonged to the eastern part of the great Roman Empire since the division of the empire in 395 and than to the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, before it gained its first political independence at the end of the seventh century. The proximity to the Byzantine Empire has determined the character of the Bulgarian state in all centuries. So the two International Congresses for Byzantine Studies, in 1934 and 2011, took place on Byzantine soil in a certain sense. The first of the two congresses was attended by 167 scientists and there were 105 lectures, in 2011 there were 1500 participants and almost 800 lectures. The first congress was still under the patronage of the king, and Vassil Zlatarski was the president of the congress. In 2011, the President of the state took over the patronage, Vassil Gjuzelev and Axinia Dzhurova shared the task of presiding over the Congress. , the Faculty of History took over the organization and assumed the role of a keeper of the Bulgarian-Byzantine tradition.
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The study deals with the issue of securing peace and security in the Kingdom of Bohemia in the period before the Hussite Revolution, focusing on the second half of the 14th and the beginning of the 15th century. Attention is paid to the role of the monarch and the efforts of the land community represented by the lords, and the role of the royal towns is also highlighted. The provincial judges played a key role in protecting security in each country, as did the royal towns. The turbulent reign of Wenceslaus IV, coupled with the king's rivalry with other members of the Luxembourg dynasty and a small group of Bohemian lords, brought with it a disruption of the security situation in the country. One of the tools used to restore security and stability to the country was the institution of the "Landfriede", which was adopted in its basic form from the imperial environment and applied in the western regions of the Kingdom of Bohemia. Special attention is paid to the situation in western Bohemia in the medieval Pilsen region, where the institution of the regional "Landfriede" began to take shape around the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries. The study focuses on the early development of the "Landfriede" until 1417, when a stable grouping was formed, headed by prominent members of the West Bohemian nobility. The noble families of the lords of Švamberk, Rýzmberk, Rýzmburk and Kolovrat played a key role. An important role was played by the group of royal towns headed by Plzeň (Pilsen).
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Numerous publications have been dedicated to the phenomenon of the early medieval Ladoga, the first urban formation of Northern Rus. However, with few exceptions, the city is often studied in isolation from its rural surroundings. Furthermore, the prevailing view is that Ladoga, as a hub of crafts and international trade, lacked local roots. The article analyses data on the rural environment of the emerging city. The historiographical review describes the formation of the source base and the main observations of the researchers. Data from 13 archaeological sites are collected and critically analyzed (map, picture 1). Their primary chronological periodization was undertaken: objects belonging to the time of the Early Metal Age and antiquities of the first millennium A. D. — the time before the emergence of Ladoga in the middle of the 8th century A.D.; settlements and burial grounds of the Viking Age of the 8th — 10th centuries, settlements of the 11th — 15th centuries; written accounts about “historical villages” of the 16th — 19th centuries were also involved. It has been concluded that attempts to resolve issues related to the emergence and development of Ladoga in isolation from the surrounding sites are unproductive. To gain a proper understanding of the formation of Ladoga as an urban centre, it is imperative to address specific questions about the formation of the rural distric.
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This article aims to show the clear line of apostolic succession and the apostolic founding of the Bulgarian Archbishopric and its direct link with Justiniana Prima, but in a concrete historical continuity, i.e. through Pliska and Preslav, rather than through Ochrid. The succession relates also to the name of the church and, as is the case here, Bulgaria or Bulgarian is always mentioned. This name carries not only state-building but more than anything else – ecclesiality and church-building. In this sense it is a mark more of ecclesiality rather than ethnicity. This makes the topic predominantly theological or theologically-historical. This is not just a historical question and the contemporary terms are not without import.
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The object of study of this paper is the Polog valley during the period of the 11th ct. to 1355. The concept Arbëri and Polog will be addressed in particular, as well as the involvement of this region within the ethno-geographic borders of medieval Albania. Thus, the achievements in the fields of archaeology, history, linguistics, prove that Polog valley has been involved in the east side of the Albanian lands during the Middle Ages and the presence of the Albanian ethnos in these settlements.This paper will also address the political situation of Polog in the 11th ct to 1355 using the data extracted from the sources of the time. These sources inform us about the political position the valley held during the Bulgarian, Byzantine, Serbian, Epirote and Nicaean rule.The historical data presented in this paper enable us to get to know the main routes that crossed Polog during the Middle Ages used for internal economic and cultural communication as well as with neighboring countries. We have also identified the settlements and religious facilities and their properties in Polog.
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The paper shows the territorial expansion and administrative-ecclesiastical organization of the Roman province of Dalmatia and the Byzantine themes of Dalmatia and Upper Dalmatia on the territory of present-day Montenegro. A special segment is made up of relations between Byzantine Upper Dalmatia and the state of Duklja. Their intense ties led in the middle of the 11th century to the intertwining of the two national traditions. This was also reflected in the relations between the Archdiocese of Dukljan-Bar and Dubrovnik. The paper also shows the relations between the Byzantine Duchy of Dalmatia and Croatia with Duklja, as well as the Dukla-Dalmatian state heritage in the state of Nemanjića and in the Catholic Church until the middle of the 13th century. The work was created on the basis of relevant literature and published sources.
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The article presents the key directions of French foreign policy during the reign of Louis XIV (1643-1715). The research focus was on the most representative elements of French foreign policy, especially diplomatic and military activities, with which Louis XIV tried to establish the absolute hegemony of France in Europe. The paper predominantly relies on contemporary literature, through which the position of France in European politics is explained, the most important military and diplomatic activities are analyzed, and the importance of the internal organization of the French state in these processes is pointed out. Apart from a detailed analysis of Louis XIV's military and diplomatic activities in which he tried to create conditions for the establishment of French supremacy in Europe, a special research focus was placed on the model of the so-called reunionist policy of the French king, with which he tried to unite the territories of the German states and the Spanish kingdom.
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In the manuscript known as the Banitsa Gospels the colophon of the priest John reveals that it was completed in "St Nicholas, in the place called Banitsa". Benyo Tsonev suggested, mainly from philological evidence, that this allegedly detailed comment refers to the village of Banitsa near Vratsa (North-West Bulgaria) and its church St Nicholas. Indeed, the scholar also considered other locations of the same name but eventually he and all other researchers after him accepted the Vratsa region as the most рrоЬаЫе place of origin of the manuscript. What is more, certain authors ranked Banitsa as а literary centre related to the capital Tamovo. Not only the peculiarities of the codex, but also the lack of data about any scribal activity in Banitsa or in Vratsa itself in the late thirteenth or early fourteenth century, demand an attempt to confirm or reject Tsonev's attribution. Starting from the unclear reference "St Nicholas" (church or monastery?), the proЫematic existence of literary centre of either in/near the village and the evidence of the Greek titles (in Cyrillic script) of the Gospels of Luke and John, the author of this paper reconsiders the question of the manuscripts' origin. As far as sources were consulted, none of the proposed solutions - the present-day villages Vevi near Florina and Karie near Seпes, the metochion Banitsa on Mount Athos and the castle Banishta near Bachkovo Monastery - proved satisfactory; so Tsonev's arguments remain valid. The reason of this study then lies in the tum of the perspective: the Banitsa Gospels should not any more Ье seen as an evidence for а village with scribal activity, but as а departure point towards proving the provenance and estaЬlishing the characteristics of а supposed centre in а cultural contact zone. Only in this way will bе substantiated either Naumov's and Skomorokhova's opinion of the liturgical novelty of the rubrics and the early date of the manuscript or Vakareliyska's claim of its later composition in the mid fourteenth century and its membership in а group of Gospels preserving а remarkaЬly archaic textological tradition.
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Generally speaking, there are two juridical systems in Europe: the continental one, based on the positive law and the Anglo-Saxon juridical system based on the common law1. In the history of the European peoples the latter reflects a primitive stage in the society. But, starting with the Codex of the Illyrian Emperor Justinianus (6th C), elements of the common law have been integrated into the various legal codes published anywhere.2. 1 Joseph Dainow, “The Civil Law and the Common Law: some points of comparison”, in: The American Journal of Comparative Law, 15, no. 3 (1966-1967), p. 419 and then; Lisa Bénou, “Droit positif-droit coutumier: une relation conflictuelle ou un dialogue continu”, në: L "Homme et son environnement dans le Sud-Est Européen, Actes du Xe Congrès de l’Association Internationale du Sud-Est Européenne, Paris 24- 26 Septembre 2009, éd. Association Pierre, Paris, 2011, p. 252, 253. 2 G. Ostrogorsky, Storia dellTmpero Bizantino, Torino: Einaudi, 1968, f. 65-66. 3 “omnes bonos usus et consuetudines eorum”. Acta et Diplomata res Albaniae mediae aetatis illustrantia, bot. L. Thalloczy, C. Jirecek, M. Sufflay, vol. I, Adolph Holzhausen, Wien, 1913, no. 269, p. 77. 4 J. Huillard-Bréholles, Historia Diplomatica Frederici II, vol. I, Parisiis, 1859, p. CDXIII; vol. IV, f. 182; vol.V, f. 958; J. Ficker, Forschungen zur Reichs-und Rechtsgeschichte Italiens, I. Band, Innsbruck, 1868, p. 364-365; D. Abulafia, Frederick In Albania, the common law is explicitly mentioned in two letters of the year 1272 from the King of Naples, Charles of Anjou, who by that time was also proclaimed “King ofAlbania” (Rex Albaniae). In the said letters addressed to the nobility of the land and to the patricians of Albanian towns, Charles promised that he “would observe all their good practices and customs”3 However, these “good practices and customs” would have to cohabitate with the feudal law ofthe Kingdom ofNaples, as it has been made up from the time of Frederick II Hohenstaufen into the so-called “Constitution ofMelfi”.
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The article is dedicated to the person of Hayton (Hetum) of Corycos, a historian from Cylician Armenia from the end of the 13th and the beginning of the 14th centuries and his main work, known as “Flower of the Histories of the Oriental Land” or „History of the Tatars“. Hayton was a member of a prominent aristocratic family, branch of the royal dynasty of the Hetumids, a significant political leader and active promoter of the Union between the Roman Catholic and the Armenian Church. His treatise was addressed to the Avignon Papacy and the French King and aimed to convince them to offer generous support to his native Cylician Armenia, and to popularize the idea of an anti-Egyptian coalition among the West, Armenia and the Tatar-Mongol Ilkhanide rulers of Iran. The article presents also the main ideas of the treatise. It is followed by a full translation from Latin into Bulgarian of the Latin version of the treatise, which followed immediately the Old French original, which has been consulted. The translation is based on the edition of Charles Kohler from 1906.
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