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TŁUMIENIE I UWRAŻLIWIENIE W GRUPIE STRAŻAKÓW Z OCHOTNICZEJ I PAŃSTWOWEJ STRAŻY POŻARNEJ: WSTĘPNY RAPORT Z BADAŃ

Author(s): Angelika Kleszczewska-Albińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

The fulfillment of professional tasks by fiefighters includes taking actions aimed at preventing and fighting fires, natural disasters and other threats, as well as protecting health, life, human property and the environment. The involvement in these duties often requires working in harmful and/or threatening conditions. As a result, firefighters are exposed to many negative, long-term effects in both somatic and mental health. One way to deal with experienced problems is to take actions aimed at repression or sensitization. Repression is associated with the tendency to avoid contact with any type of threatening material and stimuli. Sensitization, on the other hand, is connected with high awareness toward threatening material. So far, no research has been carried out to verify the level of susceptibility to repression and sensitization in a group of firefighters. In the present study, this topic was analyzed. Data were collected from 122 men aged 18–72 (M = 34.14; SD = 8.49) serving in the State Fire Service (97 persons) or in the Volunteer Fire Service (25 persons). The average work experience in the firefighter’s profession for the respondents was M = 10.71; SD = 8.05. Respondents were asked to complete the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Social Desirability Questionnaire (KAS). It was proved that in the group of firefighters the most frequent types are people with a tendency for repression and high-anxiety. The group of sensitizers remains the least numerous among firefighters. The obtained result was discussed in the light of the consequences of the tendency for repression or sensitization in the work of a firefighter.

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KOSZTY I KORZYŚCI DOBROWOLNYCH UBEZPIECZEŃ W RAMACH III FILARU – UJĘCIE TEORETYCZNO-POZNAWCZE

Author(s): Anna Milewska,Katarzyna Głowacka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2023

In this article, the authors took up the issue of voluntary pension insurance. The main objective was to present the principles of its operation, as well as the costs and benefits associated with joining and resigning from this insurance formula. In connection with the above, aspects concerning the functioning of programs of the third pillar of the pension system in Poland, i.e. PPK, PPE, IKE and IKZE funds, were presented in the context of their strengths and weaknesses. The authors used the method of analysis and criticism of literature. During the critical review of the literature, scientifi c articles related to the pension system in Poland and its elements, such as individual programs or pension funds, were selected and used. In addition, the source of knowledge and considerations were legal acts, i.e. acts on the retirement benefi t or the PPK programme, IKE and IKZE. Among the netographic items, there were websites created and updated by the state administration, which were the source of current information on the retirement benefi t. In addition, the authors used the statistical databases of the Central Statistical Offi ce.

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Files of the Polish Welfare Committee Kraków–Miasto as a source for studying women’s history in 1939–1945

Author(s): Anna Czocher / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Files of the Polish Welfare Committee Kraków–Miasto (Polish name: Polski Komitet Opiekuńczy Kraków-Miasto, acronym PolKO) are stored in the National Archives in Kraków and have been open to research for years. These files are a highly valuable source for researching the reality of life under occupation, and one of the archival collection whose potential is not being fully exploited by researchers. The purpose of this review is therefore an attempt to show the potential that the PolKO files contribute to the study of women’s history and its interdisciplinary potential. The Polish Welfare Committee Kraków–Miasto was a local branch of the Central Welfare Council (Rada Główna Opiekuńcza, RGO) that remained the only Polish welfare organisation in the General Government whose operation was permitted by the Germans. The records produced by the committee, albeit incomplete, reflect the main courses of activities these institutions undertook. Why can they useful as a source for researching women’s history? During the German occupation, official charitable activities became the domain of women. They were the majority among PolKO Kraków–Miasto personnel and cooperating individuals. The wartime circumstances also made women a majority among the committee’s beneficiaries. Analysing the PolKO records, you find information concerning both individual women’s motivation for embarking on charitable activity, the nature of work they performed, and the degree of involvement on the one hand, and reasons for poverty, and the types of support expected and delivered on the other.

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ACTIVATION OF THE UNEMPLOYED ON THE LOCAL LABOUR MARKET

Author(s): Antoni Domagała / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2023

The aim of this article is to characterize the local labour market by describingunemployment in macrosocial terms, as well as to present social policy towards theunemployed, based on selected literature on the subject. Next, an overview of the activationprograms and projects of the unemployed, implemented in 2023 by the District Labour Officein Bielsko-Biała has been demonstrated. The research method used by the author to obtainthe information contained in the article was the method of literature research – a literatureanalysis and criticism.

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Yeni Nesil Afetlerde Üniversite Hastanelerinin Afete Direnç Kapasitelerinin Artırımına Yönelik Keşfedici Bir Araştırma

Author(s): Ebru Caymaz,Ebru İnal Önal,Işıl Deniz Alıravcı / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2024

Although the COVID-19 pandemic, which affected the whole world in a relatively short time, is not listed among the classical disaster definitions and has caused many negative effects as the largest-scale disaster the world in terms of economic, public health, and social aspects. While the vulnerability approach in integrated disaster risk management reveals the hazards, exposure, and effects, the resilience perspective emphasizes the capacity to handle and adaptation capacity, and emphasizes adaptation, transformation and change in the process of determining the level of damage we may suffer. For this reason, enhancing the resilience of hospitals, which play a critical role in the epidemic, to next generation disasters, especially pandemics, requires a coordinated governance process in which many stakeholders participate. This study aims to reveal how to increase the resilience of university hospitals towards next generation disasters, with an approach that positions integrated disaster risk management at the center. Within the scope of the study, focus group interview was selected among qualitative research methods, and seven specialist doctors working in different branches of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Hospital were interviewed, and the findings were analyzed using the MAXQDA 24 Program. In this regard, it has been concluded that instead of classical awareness-raising seminars and standard hospital exercises, focusing on awarenessraising studies and inter-unit experience sharing within the framework of adaptive governance in which healthcare professionals can develop their adaptive skills in the light of the basic principles of an effective risk management process, is highly essential.

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Quality of Life for the Elderly in the Jeulingke Health Center in Banda Aceh, Indonesia

Author(s): Khairani Khairani,Hajjul Kamil,Muhammad Yusuf,Yeni Marlina / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2023

The increase in the elderly population has several impacts on various aspects of life, such as social, economic and health. Moreover, various physical, cognitive and psychological changes occur in older people in the health field. Besides, life expectancy and quality of life are also significant for older people. The main goal of this study was to determine the elderly quality of life in Jeulingke Health Center Banda Aceh. This quantitative descriptive study involved 100 older adults. Data were collected through simple random sampling. The data collection tool used was the World Health Organization Quality of Life-Bref (WHOQOL) concept questionnaire, which consisted of 4 domains: biological, psychological, social, and environmental. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis. The results showed that 59% of respondents had a high quality of life, with 52% having a high biological domain, 56% having a high psychological environment, 57% having a low social field and 57% having a high environmental part. It is hoped that the Head of the Jeulingke Community Health Center in Banda Aceh can improve the quality of life of older people through a group mentoring program for elderly families.

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Efekt redystrybucyjny świadczeń rodzinnych w Polsce – wykorzystanie monetarnych i wielowymiarowych wskaźników zamożności

Author(s): Adam Szulc / Language(s): Polish Issue: 08/2024

The aim of the study discussed in the article is the evaluation of the impact of family benefits and their modifications on the household wealth distribution. The key research question reads: which of the two characteristics of the benefits – their relative size or regressive character (i.e. the volume of benefits decreasing while the recipient’s income grows) – is more conductive to the analysed effects? The Kakwani decomposition, which makes it possible to split the total effect into the two above-mentioned components, was adopted to answer the research question. As wealth measures, the study employed three kinds of equivalent income, i.e. income declared by households, income declared by households plus money remaining from the previous month and income corrected by means of non-monetary wealth determinants, as well as the multidimensional indicator. The study was based on data for 2015–2020, drawn from subsequent editions of Statistics Poland’s Household Budget Survey. Therefore, a period before the launch of the ‘Family 500 plus’ programme in 2016 was analysed, and modifications, such as waivering in 2019 the income criterion for granting the benefit for the first child, were taken into account. The results of the analyses demonstrate that the redistributive effect of the benefits was mostly affected by the relative size of the benefits, while their regressivity played a secondary role. The comparison of the computations for four wealth indicators leads to the conclusion that the selection of the method of evaluating the wealth of households does not significantly impact the assessment of the redistributive effect of family benefits, which stands in opposition to some other studies employing monetary and multidimensional wealth indicators.

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INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE TO TURKEY 2023 EARTHQUAKE: A POLICY ANALYSIS

Author(s): John R. Fisher,Muhaedin Bela,Zijavere Keqmezi Rexhepi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Western Balkan states, among them Kosovo and North Macedonia, joined others from around the world in offering aid to Turkey, which, along with Syria, was hit by two deadly earthquakes on February 6, 2023. The epicenter of the 7.8-magnitude earthquake was in Kahramanmaras province near the border with Syria. As a result of the earthquakes, there were 50,783 deaths, 297 missing and 107,204 injured across 11 of the 17 affected provinces of Turkey. At least 15.73 million people and 4 million buildings were affected. About 345,000 apartments were destroyed. Over 1.5 million people were left homeless. Over 100 nations and 16 international organizations offered aid to the earthquake victims in Turkey. In addition, 11 countries contributed search and rescue teams accompanied by specially trained dogs to locate survivors trapped in the rubble. In contrast, aid to Syria was comparatively less, primarily due to Western sanctions on the nation and government-imposed restrictions on humanitarian organizations operating beyond their controlled regions. The paper conducts an analysis of ten existing international response organizations, examining their agreements and procedures in disaster response efforts. It investigates the history and effectiveness of these organizations in managing disaster situations, with a specific focus on their roles in addressing the Turkey and Syria disasters. The paper assesses their effectiveness in the context of the February 2023 earthquake. Furthermore, the paper explores the concept of mutual aid mechanisms, which are commonly utilized by countries worldwide for disaster response. These agreements, whether bilateral or multilateral, are typically established at different levels of government, ranging from local to national and even international. While the specifics of these agreements may vary among nations, the overarching goal is to create a framework for sharing resources, personnel, and expertise during times of emergency. Additionally, the paper discusses the response efforts of two Balkan countries, Kosovo and North Macedonia, which provided assistance such as search and rescue teams, handlers with dogs, and material aid like blankets and stretchers. Notably, these nations offered their support independently, without being part of any international organization. Their response was established through direct communication with Turkey. It was characterized by its immediacy and sincerity, Finally, the paper draws conclusions based on an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of existing response systems, offering recommendations to policymakers to enhance overall disaster response procedures.

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Pre-COVID-19-pandemic differentiation of employment and wages in county hospitals in Poland

Author(s): Agata Sielska,Ewelina Nojszewska / Language(s): English Issue: 50/2023

The difficult current global situation in the aspect of Human Resources for Health was clearly seen during the COVID-19 pandemic. The spending on healthcare is still increasing and the rate of increase outpaces the growth rate of GDP. Only part of these funds is dedicated to the training of new staff and current healthcare employees migrate in search for better job conditions and work- life balance. Personnel migration combined with the demographic structure in the high-income countries simultaneously leads to increasing demand for healthcare services and limits the supply of specialists who can provide such services. The confrontation between the demand for medical personnel and its supply will lead to a reduction in the quality of care and accessibility of services. In the study based on the large group of Polish county hospitals in 2015–2018, differences and sim- ilarities between the hospitals in terms of employment, measured in full-time equivalents (FTEs) and in terms of wages were analyzed.Similarity and dissimilarity analysis was conducted, based on distance measures and cluster analysis. Bigger differences between the hospitals were found for wages than employment levels. The hospitals with an ED and efficient units were less similar to one another than their counterparts in terms of employment (FTEs), except for 2016. When it comes to wages and both types of variables (wages and employment) considered simultaneously, the hospitals with an ED and high number of bedswere characterized by lower similarity to one another than their counterparts during the whole period. Clustering all the 3 approaches (FTEs, wages, FTEs and wages) the results were the same. One of these groups was characterized by a rather low employment level per bed, while the other one – by high.

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Praca socjalna z rodziną

Author(s): Daniel Zając / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2024

The aim of the article is a reliable study of the scientific literature devoted to social work with the family and the description and integration of selected content and theoretical framework into a coherent whole in connection with the selected topic.Concepts discussed. The article presents a review of selected issues. Based on previous scientific reports and legal regulations regarding social work with the family, this work illustrates its substantive validity and the essence of assistance activities located in theory. Moreover, the work presents its approaches and indicates selected solutions and models of working with the family. The text also discusses the definitional issues of social work, the family and its problems.Results and conclusions. The content of the work emphasizes the value and validity of implementing systemic solutions included in the professional activities of social work for families and their members. The article highlights and combines the theoretical and practical matter of selected content and accumulates their reports in the form of conclusions and descriptions of issues. Therefore, the article determines the substantive validity and effectiveness of assistance activities, as well as introduces and discusses the concepts and models of social work with the family that are relevant to the topic.Cognitive value. The article presents a comprehensive list of theories oscillating around the definitional matter of social work and family. Moreover, the work attempts to explain the premises proving the validity of implementing social work solutions and activities for families. Moreover, the text also describes and introduces approaches and models of social work with families by citing selected practices and their theoretical bases. Therefore, it is a text emphasizing the theoretical and practical nature and form of social work with the family. As a result, it serves to highlight the above-mentioned topic and may also constitute a reference point for a larger discussion within the issues raised.

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Opieka nad Osobą Starszą Chorą na Alzheimera z Perspektywy Opiekunów Rodzinnych

Author(s): Paulina Herkt / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2024

Aim. The aim of this article is to draw attention to the problem of elderly care and to show what challenges family caregivers face. Moreover, this article show more light on the issue how care for the elderly affects the life of the caregiver and what can be learned from this experience.Method. An analysis of a virtual self-help group operating on the social network Facebook dedicated to family carers of elderly people with Alzheimer’s disease was carried out.Results. The analyzed posts were divided into four categories: Alzheimer’s diagnosis, which included posts about the experiences of caregivers related to the diagnosis of a loved one; daily care, which described posts related to the daily challenges of family caregivers; learning areas, which analyzed the learning process of group users, and forms of support of caregivers, i. e. posts related not only to the mutual support of users, but also to external help offered, e. g. by therapists.Conclusions. Today, in an age of ageing society, with an ever-increasing number of post-productive age-related illnesses, there is a high demand for carers to provide appropriate care to the sick. In Poland, social policy is not developed enough to provide professional, institutional care for all those in need, which is why most often it is undertaken by unqualified family members. At this difficult time in their lives, when they are faced with new challenges, they need a place where they can let go of their feelings and connect with people who are dealing with the same difficulties having the same problems and feeling the same emotions. Therefore, a virtual self-help group is an ideal space for meeting these needs.

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Service-Oriented State in the Conditions of Digital Transformations

Author(s): Svetlana Petkun / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2023

The article examines the essence of the concept of a “service-oriented state” in the context of digitalization in Western Europe and identifies the peculiarities of its implementation in Ukraine. The concept of a service-oriented state involves a change in the approach to public sector management and transformation of the principles of relations between public authorities and citizens. The service approach in public administration primarily involves the introduction of information management technologies aimed at improving the quality of public services, enhancing social protection of the population and, ultimately, creating effective social security. The priority task of the state is to create conditions for self-realization of individuals, ensure their individual freedom and rights, and provide public services that would meet the needs of citizens. Modern digital technologies are significantly changing our lives, namely the way we produce products and services, methods and forms of education, and affect the social structure of society, the economy, politics, and the development of socio-cultural institutions. Ukraine’s priority task is to create a service-oriented state in which digital technologies would create conditions for self-realization of individuals, their individual freedom and rights, provision of quality public services, and effective social security.

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Zasięg i skutki ubóstwa dzieci w Niemczech

Author(s): Aleksandra Sander / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

Aim. The article presents issues regarding the scope and effects of poverty experienced by families affected by statutory poverty and the children living in them. The definition of poverty presented in German literature on the subject was presented. Their focus is on the life situation of children. The first of them refers to determining the poverty line in the welfare state (statutory poverty). The second definition of poverty is relative. In this case, the level of income in the households in which the children live is analyzed. The aim of the article is to describe selected dimensions of child poverty in Germany. It identifies issues relating to the scope and effects of poverty experienced by families affected by statutory poverty and the children living in them.Materials and methods. The effects of poverty were characterized based on representa- tive PASS surveys. They were divided into two groups. The first is created by shortages in the material sphere (material deprivation) in families where children live. The second group includes deprivation of needs specific to children.Results and conclusion. Despite numerous forms of material support for German families provided by the federal government, child poverty is a serious social problem in Germany. The proportion of children at risk of poverty remains high. It is assumed that in Germany every fifth child is affected by poverty. This means that approximately 2.8 million children and young people under 18 years of age (of which 2.4 million children and young people under 15 years of age) are growing up in poverty.

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Językowe wsparcie dzieci i rodzin migracyjnych na przykładzie rozwiązań Familienzentrum Lebenshilfe w Elmshorn

Author(s): Katarzyna Sadowska,Kinga Kuszak,Marta Jadwiga Kędzia / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

Introduction. Due to the currently intensifying phenomenon of migration, one of the par- ticular challenges of the 21st century is cultural, educational, and linguistic support for migrants in the receiving countries. It is important that a child who finds itself in a position of dependence on the decisions of adult guardians, functioning in the space of a country that is previously foreign to it, experiences language education in a broad socio-cultural context, taking into account the interactions and interpenetration of the microsystem, me- sosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.Aim. The aim of the study is to show linguistic support for migrant children and families on the example of the Familienzentrum Lebenshilfe in Elmshorn in the Pinneberg. The following are considered important for creating methodological premises for the langu- age education of a migrant child: the process of language education in a broad socio- -cultural context, taking into account the interactions and mutual interpenetration of the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem (in the context of the ecological theory of Urie Bronfenbrenner’s concept of human development). Re- search problem: The main problem is: How are migrant children and families staying in Elmshorn supported in the linguistic field through the solutions of the Familienzentrum Lebenshilfe (in the context of Uri Bronfenbrenner’s ecological concept of human deve- lopment)?Materials and methods. During the study visit (December 11-14, 2022) the authors car- ried out a diagnostic survey using the technique of participant observation of classes ta- king place at the Familienzentrum, non-participant observation conducted in educational institutions associated with and cooperating with the Familienzentrum, and informal inte- rviews with employees (psychologists, educators, social activists, director).Results and conclusion. The authors discuss a child in a migration situation, challenges in the process of multicultural integration in the example of Germany, and ways of sup- porting migrant families in the process of immersion in the language, and in the context of strengthening the microsystem and creating a mesosystem on the example of the Familien- zentrum Lebenshilfe . All solutions proposed in the examined institution provide a chance for reliable linguistic and social support for migrant children and families.

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(Nie)zasadność pobytu dzieci i młodzieży z problemami psychiatrycznymi w ośrodkach wychowawczych w Polsce – studium przypadku

Author(s): Arkadiusz Kamiński,Karolina KAMIŃSKA / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2024

Aim. Child and adolescent psychiatric care is a complex process because it involves not only the young patient but also his wider environment, including the family. The fact that a patient may behave aggressively is not necessarily related to social maladjustment per se, but may be a symptom of a psychiatric disorder that, if properly treated, may improve the patient’s condition. The aim of this study is to highlight the problematic placement of adolescents with affective and psychotic mental disorders in Youth Educational Centres (MOW).Materials and methods. This article presents a case report of a 16-year-old female re- sident of a MOW. The girl was hospitalized several times in psychiatric wards because of affective, psychotic, and conduct disorders. During her stay in the MOW, a clinical interview and a semi-structured questionnaire K-SADS (Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia) in the Polish version were conducted with her to identify psychopathological symptoms and enable early diagnosis of mental disorders. Available medical documentation was also reviewed.Results and conclusion. There might be pupils in MOW with mental disorders that requ- ire appropriate treatment or even hospitalization. Access to specialized psychiatric care in MOW institutions is difficult and psychiatric consultations do not always take place, which has a significant impact on the mental condition. It is also worth noting the nationwide character of problems related to the psychiatric care of children and adolescents, which concerns not only the residents of such institutions but is a problem very often occurring among children and adolescents brought up in the so-called “normal family environments”.

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How well are the Elite Players Performance Plan (EPPP) supporting young players with Psychological Welfare?

Author(s): Susan Jones / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

The aim of this report was to assess how well equipped and supported Heads of Education feel in maintaining and promoting psychological welfare of young footballers, within their setting, as directed by the EPPP. Based on Wylleman & Lavallee1 it was considered there are many stressors affecting young pros around maturation and transition. Similarly Brown & Potrac2 argue that it is a build-up of resilience strategies that determine psychological welfare success. Six semi-structured interviews were conducted with Heads of Education, Welfare and Safeguarding at six football academies throughout the English Football Leagues. The findings revealed that parents, injuries and peers were the main psychological stressors facing young football players. The main strategies in place to combat the effects of these for players were found to be holding workshops, and maintaining reflective journals. Consistently, money and time were the major battles Heads of Education, Welfare and Safeguarding faced in delivering these methods successfully. The EPPP was considered to have brought psychological welfare towards the frontline of academy provision but was still very much behind technical and physical player development.

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Инструменти за постигане на социално сближаване и социален диалог

Author(s): Ralitsa Manolova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The report reviews the application of social approaches through projects under various European programs – Erasmus+ and others and their contribution to achieving social cohesion. Good practices of projects under the program related to convergence in a socio-economic dimension, as well as within the dimensions indicated in the European Pillar of Social Rights, have been presented. The author reviews the contribution of these good practices as social tools for improving social cohesion. Review some factors as social investments, mobility and institutional frameworks, legal framework, social systems, social dialogue and structural reforms.

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Стълбове на устойчивoст – концепция за развитие на Дневен център за възрастни хора в района на Кюстендил

Author(s): Irina Yovcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

This paper search the concept of sustainable development of day care centers for the elderly, which enables for implementation of a polya -specific approach to support clients in the target group to improve their physical and mental health by initiating or continuing their spiritual development also. This concept is based on four main pillars: economic, social, cultural and environmental. Тhe author of this report makes a recommendation how these centers can be transformed into places for the active participation of the senior citizens in society, promoting their social integration and improving their standard of living and preventing social isolation. Successful examples from different countries prove their transnational and intercultural pervasion.

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Акушерски грижи в условията на е-здравеопазване

Author(s): Svetlana Radeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

With the introduction of e-health care in Bulgaria, a number of reforms have occurred in the organization of medical care and the created medical documentation. The launch of the National Health Information System marked the beginning of e-health. The process covered all participants and main flows of information in the sector, including: Electronic Health Record (patient file); Electronic recipes (e-recipes); Electronic directions (e-directions). The purpose of this development is to study the opinion of specialists about the new organization of work with the electronic database. 106 medical specialists directly engaged in the activities of the hospital departments of Obstetric Hospital in Varna, for the period January-March 2023. More than half of the respondents (53.13% of medics and 51.35% of healthcare professionals) have difficulty working with a database. More than 60% believe that the work process is facilitated with the introduced amendments regarding the work with electronic file, compared to paper media. Aggravating factors for the workflows are the frequent change of requirements in the regulatory framework and the lack of clear regulations for content and requisites of the electronic file. In conclusion, the current information society electronic communication technologies are the basis of the most successful economic, administrative, health activities that support the processes of diagnosis, treatment in hospital structures. They save time, resources, ensure patient safety and improve the quality of service when providing electronic peripheral sources.

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Social responsibility and the resolution of moral dilemmas in business organizations

Author(s): Daniela Dunca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2024

If in the first half of the 20th century, for business organizations, obtaining profit was the only purpose, the postmodern model of doing business related, at least as an aspiration, the two benchmarks - profit and moral values. Business ethics examines how economic concepts comply with ethical prescriptions, involves the empirical approach to business practices, looking at aspects of civil liberty, the well-being of individuals in industrial societies, the compatibility between economic activities and environmental policies. Starting from a meta-ethical approach, which aims at the moral status of corporations, business ethics pursues the ethical aspects of corporate management, the definition of corporate codes of conduct and equally, the social responsibility of companies and the consequences of their activity. The analysis of morality in the business environment has a different approach in schools and currents of thought regarding business ethics. From a critical perspective on the relationship between ethics and business, both the German, French and American schools, argue that in the post-industrial society business must be done only respecting moral values. In business, there are often unclear, dilemmatic situations, conflicts that are difficult to resolve, especially due to the desire to balance economic and social performances. When achieving this balance is particularly difficult (good or bad cannot be clearly specified and identified), a dilemma arises for decision-makers, considered one of the most demanding ethical problems. Regardless of the environment in which they appear (marketing, production, human resources) the solution of moral dilemmas must consider as the main criterion social responsibility and the social consequences and less the current economic results of the corporation.

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