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Büyükşehir belediyelerinde stratejik atık yönetimi: stratejik hedefler ve uygulama sonuçları

Author(s): Çağlar Eren Ayaz,Hikmet Yavaş / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2021

The environment, which is the living space for all living beings, also contains the resources necessary for their survival. Because not all of the resources are renewable and the renewable ones are exposure to a consumption higher than their renewal rate, the natural sources face the risk of extinction. Another danger for natural sources arises from the waste generated while consumption or production activities. Leaving wastes to the environment without control or disposal of the wastes with a harmful method causes serious effects on the environment. For this reason, the process from the production to disposal of the waste must be managed sensitively. Sustainable environment will be possible if the waste management is also sustainable. The United Nations, one of the most important actors of the international environmental management, dwelled on the sustainable waste management subject in the final declaration of the Rio+20 Sustainable Development Conference, named “The Future We Want”. Also the sustainable waste management was ranked as one of the Sustainable Development Goals, determined in 2015. Due to the importance of waste management, subject of this study is the waste management of the metropolitan municipalities in Turkey. Strategic plans of the four metropolitan municipalities, which are decided on their population density criteria, were examined within the scope of waste management. The goals of the metropolitan municipalities will be found out from the strategic plans and the achievement levels of them will be monitored through their annual activity reports. Also, the reasons of the unachieved goals will be analysed with MAXQDA Analytics Pro qualitative data analysis software. The study aims to reveal how the waste management issue is handled, how much of the goals are achieved and how the unachieved goals are justified by the metropolitan municipalities.

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Transformationsprozesse im Hohen Mittelalter aus vergleichender Sicht: Irland und Ostmitteleuropa

Author(s): Anngret Simms / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2013

Einführende Bemerkungen zum nachfolgenden Beitrag von Niall Brady “Current research and future directions in medieval rural settlement in Ireland”.

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Current Research and Future Directions in Medieval Rural Settlement in Ireland

Author(s): Niall Brady / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2013

Die Erforschung der mittelalterlichen ländlichen Siedlung ist in Irland eine junge, aber dynamische Disziplin. Die Dynamik der interkulturellen Entwicklung zwischen den Kolonisten und den altansässigen Iren stellt ein Hauptthema der gegenwärtigen Forschung dar. Es gibt ein aktives Studium von Landschaften, bei dem Archäologen, Historiker, historische Geographen und Umwelthistoriker zunehmend zusammenarbeiten, indem sie einen festen Rahmen für interdisziplinäre Studien schaffen. Aus einem solchen methodologischen Paradigma heraus beginnen die Forscher, sich der „Gesamtwirtschaft“ (total economy) anzunähern. Das wird im Laufe der Zeit zu komplexeren und letztendlich lohnenden Beobachtungen der menschlichen Dynamik quer durch Irlands mittelalterlichen ländlichen Bereich und seine sich entwickelnden Stadtlandschaften führen. Irlands reiche archäologische Hinterlassenschaft, kombiniert mit der Anwendung komplexer Datenanalysen bietet ein Modell für andere Gebiete, die nur über eine relativ bescheidene Anzahl zeitgenössischer Schriftquellen verfügen.

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Das Lebensmilieu des hoch- und spätmittelalterlichen Dorfes als archäologisches Forschungsproblem

Author(s): Jan Kypta / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2013

The standard of living of farmers at the end of the Middle Ages and beginning of the Modern Period is relatively well proved by the written sources and especially then the rich iconographic sources. On the other hand, for the period before the middle of the 15th century, we mainly have to rely on the testimony of the archaeological sources; these provide direct but frequently deformed evidence. The study submitted strives for a balance of the evidence on the culture of housing, dining and dressing. The finds of tableware (aquamanile, earthenware), tiles, weapons and equine tack are discussed.

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Die archäologischen Untersuchungen der Städte in Polen – Stand und Hauptprobleme

Author(s): Jerzy Piekalski / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2013

In the Middle Ages, the towns that are on Poland’s current territory, have developed in different culture zones. Archaeological research of material remains confirm the differences in spatial structure and urban culture. The towns of Pomerania, Silesia, Greater Poland, Lesser Poland and Mazovia differ from each other a lot. All of them, however, show signs of similarity to the towns of post-Carolingian zones. The problem, that is impeding the interpretation, is the fact, that the availability of archaeological data on a lot of polish towns is still insuffizient.

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Der Beginn der Kleinstädte in Niederschlesien. Der Fall Neumarkt

Author(s): Grzegorz Borowski / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2013

Until now, the beginnings of small towns in Lower Silesia have not been a subject of broader interest the effect of which would be a comprehensive study of this topic. This probably results from unbalanced archaeological recognition of individual areas. Out of several dozen of these types of organisms, few are recognised to a degree allowing the formation of more supported hypotheses with respect to their beginnings. In the context discussed, the example of Środa Śląskia, a small town located approximately 30 km to the west of Wrocław – the biggest city in Lower Silesia – is very characteristic. It was the subject of research by historians mainly from the 19th century, however they did not dedicate too much space to its beginnings. In the sixties of the 20th century, based on opinion poll research conducted in the area of a no longer extant medieval castle, a view of the very early beginnings of Środa Śląska appeared which supposed them to take place in the 10th or at the turn of the 10th/11th century. At that time, this opinion was not supported by much archaeological research. Besides, as it seems, it appeared during the period of planned celebrations of the 1000th anniversary of the Polish state which took place in 1966. The communist authorities of Poland at that time clearly put pressure on the necessity of proving everlasting belonging to the Polish state of territories recovered after the second world war (Silesia and Pomerania). This view survived for several dozen years. The situation began to change with development of archaeological research which happened at the end of the eighties of the 20th century. Since that time, this research has been carried out without interruption and each year new sources are added to get to know the medieval beginnings of Środa Śląska. All archaeological research completed so far indicates that beginnings of Środa Śląska can be related to the activities of Henry I the Bearded in the first half of the 13th century or at the earliest with his father – Boleslaw the Tall at the end of the 12th century. At the current understanding, there is no premise which would indicate establishment of the town by the 10th century. Furthermore, reanalysis of fragments of ceramic vessels obtained in the sixties of the 20th century during archaeological research in the area of the nonexistent castle showed that these monuments should be dated from the beginning of the 13th century at the earliest. In addition, historical sources indicate that the earliest written record concerning Środa Śląska come from 1223. The same sources confirm that development of the settlement network around the town took place also only from the beginning of the 13th century. Therefore, if Środa Śląska had existed earlier, the settlements around also would have been functioning at that time. Archaeological research carried out in the recent years also confirms a very thin settlement network in the Środa Śląska area before the 13th century. All these data show that Środa Śląska was established at the beginning of the 13th century on virgin land. However, this opinion should be verified further in the course of subsequent archaeological research.

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Tradicijska prehrana kao prilog poznavanju primorsko-bunjevačkog identiteta

Author(s): Jasmina Jurković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2004

During field work in the Krivi Put region some data about traditional nutrition was collected. They represent specialities, ‘markers’ which are important to self-identification of the coastal group of Bunjevci. The data were collected in two periods: in the Podbile region and Alan in June 2003 and in the Krivi Put region, Mrzli Dol and Primorski Veljun in June 2004. Some economic methods which were related to nutritional habits of the rural population are described here. Selected and described dishes, like cheese ‘škripavac’, cabbage, meat, halves or pork and delicacies are not only characteristic of the coastal Bunjevci. These are basic differences in comparison with other neighbouring groups, mostly those of the citizens of Senj. Valorisation of the nutrition of this group through the time section in the past and present show us a strong statement about the quality of food which in the past was not polluted by pesticides. The last part of this paper is dedicated to traditional nutrition in modern life and expression of hospitality amongst the coastal Bunjevci which especially was evident during our visits to interviewees.Today’s nutrition is trying to unify food and dishes of traditional cuisine. The reason for this is the increasing importance to the general orientation of tourism to healthy and local food. Systematic field research gives a great contribution to these ends. Collection of data, synthesis and publishing of this sorts of works are part of scientific work the same as this research about the coastal Bunjevci.

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Trgovina i sajmovi. Rezultati istraživanja na području općine Krivi Put

Author(s): Tihana Rubić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2004

In this work are presented the trade activities in the local community of Krivi Put and trade relations: the region of Krivi Put – Senj; the region of Krivi Put – Brinje and Otočac. Researched data is related to the period between the two world wars and up until the 1970’s. After this period trade and trade communication in the local community of Krivi Put were redirected to fairs in the Cooperative Redemption Station in Podbila. Research was carried out by a questionnaire created for the needs of research about fairs and trade in this region and according to the questionnaire about fairs (subject No. 105 Ethnology Atlas). Here questions about fairs and domestic trade from Radić’s Fundamentals for collection and study of sources about folk life were also used. Although trade in the Krivi Put region was important way of supplying products which could not be found in local community in ethnologic literature this subject was poorly researched and there none in the local community of Krivi Put. The collected data and added subject questionnaire with an overview of the relevant ethnological literature are an important addition to the complete knowledge about the traditional life of the Bunjevci in the Krivi Put region.

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TEACHING COMPLEX FIELDS OF SOFT MATER, PROPOSAL OF A NEW LIQUID CRYSTAL ANALOGY

Author(s): Uroš Jagodič,Jacob Staines,Samo Kralj,Robert Repnik / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

The key reason behind the richness of different structures and patterns displayed in nature is the universal mechanism of symmetry breaking. It shapes configurations at all length scales encountered in universe. Structures reached via symmetry breaking transitions are commonly described in terms of order parameter fields. One of the simplest systems where symmetry breaking concepts have already been explored in detail, are various liquid crystal (LC) phases. The reason behind this is rich variety of structures exhibited by LCs and their convenient experimental accessibility. Consequently, a wide spectrum of different theoretical tools have been developed in LCs. In this contribution the orientational ordering of housing block in San Francisco, which we choose as a typical large-city representative, was studied. Following nematic LC analogy we determine the local degree of ordering. The structural pattern of the city displays a domain-type pattern. The average degree of ordering within a domain strongly correlates with crime rate within it. Therefore, the results confirm an intuitive expectation that structures define properties. This model can be used as a helpful tool in education as it provides a way of understanding complex topics with the help of well-known every day phenomena.

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Reflections on Sreten Vukosavljevic’s “Letters from Village”

Author(s): Aleksandar A. Miljković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1-4/1993

ln this article is discussed Sreten Vukosavljevic's Letters from Village, that is his articles published in the prewar daily and weekly journals and newspapers. The objective of this article is to make corrections of wrong and incomplete opinions on this part of Vukosavljevic’s work. A few examples among his articles unintentionally selected are presented. A special attention has been paid to the Vukosavljevic’s articles critical to the project of the reform of the actual Civil Code as well as to the relation of state legislation to traditional law, For the first time is published archive data concerning Vukosavljevic’s appointment as a lecturer of sociology on the prewar Faculty of Law in Beograd. At the end it is discussed the Vukosavljic’s concept of the people of whom he was studying in his "letters from village', and it is persuaded that he conceived Yugoslavs as non-complex and non-composed nation. The differences among the people of Yugoslavia are regional and not national.

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Schlussbemerkungen

Author(s): Eike Gringmuth-Dallmer,Jan Klápště / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2013

Die Gliederung des Sammelbandes Tradition – Umgestaltung – Innovation in fünf Themenkreise entspricht den üblichen Forschungsschwerpunkten der Archäologie des Mittelalters. Diese reichen von der Landschaft als Einheit über Dörfer, Burgen und Städte bis zu jenen wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Aktivitäten, die ein relevantes archäologisches Zeugnis hinterlassen haben. Die konkrete Ausfüllung der einzelnen Themenkreise ergibt sich aus dem Angebot, das den Herausgebern zur Verfügung stand. Das Ergebnis entspricht somit auch der aktuellen Orientierung der Universitätsinstitute, die am vorliegenden Sammelband teilgenommen haben. Auch in diesem Sinne schließt das Werk frei an die seit 2006 jährlich veranstalteten Treffen von Doktoranden der Archäologie des Mittelalters aus Deutschland, Polen und der Tschechischen Republik an.

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Cultural consumption proposed by parents and cultural consumption choosen by children

Author(s): Tiberiu Dughi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2010

This article highlights aspects of cultural consumption proposed by parents to children with ages between 7 and 11. The approach had an exploratory type, with the main purpose of highlighting the differences regarding cultural consumption compared between families living in an urban and a country environment and between t²cultural consumption proposed by parents and cultural consumption accepted by children. Results do show that there are significant differences on these plans; the data can be used by parents to adjust their educational endeavors and by teachers to provide effective information to parents in order to ease the structuring of their children’s free time activities.

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The combination of cheese dairy and agri-tourism as a way of doing business in rural areas – case study

Author(s): Monika Sczygiol,Vesna Mrdalj,Dragan Brković / Language(s): English Issue: 3/1/2018

The main aim of this paper was to describe the activity of the artisan cheese dairy and agri-tourism on the example of the farm “Wańczykówka”, which is located in the village of Krzeszów in the south Lower Silesia. The original source of information was used in the study, which was obtained by direct interview with the owner of the analyzed object. The farm is located in attractive tourist areas and has a good chance of developing non-agricultural activities as an additional source of income. The paper presents the motives for starting a business and characteristics of the farm profile. In addition, it was discussed the sourcing of raw materials and characterized the product variety, as well as the offer of agri-tourism services. The described artisan cheese dairy combined with agri-tourism is an excellent example of pursuing an interesting form of entrepreneurship in the countryside as well as promoting of local quality food.

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On Altıncı Yüzyılda Anadolu’nun Kent Nüfusu: Kayseri, Karaman, Amasya, Trabzon Ve Erzurum Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Author(s): Ronald C. Jennings / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

On altıncı yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda hızlı nüfus artışı iyi bilinen bir gerçektir. Ömer Lütfi Barkan, on iki önemli Osmanlı şehrinin 1520/1530 tarihindeki toplam 142,562 nüfusunun, 1571/1580’e gelindiğinde 271,494’ e ulaştığını gösteren çalışmasını uzun zaman önce yayımladı; benzer surette Anadolu’daki beş büyük sancağının toplam nüfusunun aynı dönemde 872,610’dan 1,360,474’e yükseldiğini, bir başka ifade ile %59.9 arttığını da göstermiştir. Fernand Braudel’de on altıncı yüzyılda Akdeniz havzası boyunca nüfusun genel olarak %100 arttığı tezini destekler ayrıca Barkan, Osmanlı Akdeniz’inde ve genel coğrafyasında bu yükselişin çok daha hızlı ve değişken seyrettiğini de iddia etmiştir. Ancak hala on altıncı yüzyıl Osmanlı nüfus hareketliliği, akışkanlığı bu alana dair spesifik çalışmalara, monografilere ihtiyaç duyar.

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Sonic Maps: On the Acoustic (Trans)Formation of Urban Space in Straight Outta Compton (2015) and Grand Theft Auto (1997-2013)

Author(s): Martin Butler / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

This contribution sets out to explore the sonic dimension of representing the city in the film Straight Outta Compton (2015) and the computer game series Grand Theft Auto (1997-2013). It analyzes the ways in which sounds and noises produced in and through these media contribute to constructing urban settings – not only in geographical terms, but also with regard to the various lines of (ethnical, racial, class or gender) demarcation that turn these settings into highly contested spaces characterized by power-laden processes and dynamics of social and cultural in- and exclusion. To do so, the article identifies the aesthetic means the film and the game series employ to render specific areas/sites of the city. At the same time, it explores the technological options of what is referred to as “sonic mapping” by also taking into consideration the forms and potential functions of 3D-sound in contemporary (home) cinema.

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The habitat of crime - Random Acts of Senseless Violence from the criminological perspective

Author(s): Klara Mednis / Language(s): English Issue: 01 (28)/2020

This article analyses Jack Womack’s Random Acts of Senseless Violence from the perspective of criminological research focusing on the correlation between criminality and the environment, i.e. the particular areas where either criminals reside, or where the crimes are committed. The ideas of the ecological school of criminology (the Chicago School), especially the studies by Shaw and McKay and their predecessors, and the so-called “Broken Windows” theory by Wilson and Kelling are introduced. The paper shows that the neighbourhoods depicted in Womack’s novel might be seen as models exemplifying, albeit in a rather extreme manner, the processes presented in the aforementioned theories. This article demonstrates how the link between high crime rates and the social disorganisation of communities inhabiting specific areas may provide a possible explanation for the drastic transition of the novel’s protagonist into a violent criminal.

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Savings behaviour of bottom income group: Is there any role for financial efficacy and risk preference?

Author(s): Muhamad Suriyani,Suhal Kusairi,Nadia Zamri / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

An immense concern of governments globalwide today is financial inclusion as one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Governments arrive at many solutions by addressing the policies to improve financial achievement, mainly through financial education programmes and specifically personal finance. Yet, financial management has such a broad scope and is not limited to just knowledge and financial literacy. Individuals are born with different confidence levels and non-identical financial abilities. This study investigates financial self-efficacy by applying psychometric instruments, risk preference and demography characteristics towards saving decision behaviour. The sample in the survey consisted of 479 respondents in Peninsular Malaysia that then became subject to structural equation modelling. The results show that financial self-efficacy is one of the critical factors that explain individual saving decision behaviour. Also, risk preference, gender and area (rural or urban) determine the saving decision behaviour. This paper also implicates that there might be a gap between the rural and urban levels of financial efficacy that needs government’s action to narrow it.

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THE IMPACT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION PROCESSES ON THE INVESTMENT POTENTIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL MATURITY OF RURAL COMMUNITIES

Author(s): Ruslan Kostiukevych,Halyna Mishchuk,Aknur Zhidebekkyzy,Joanna Nakonieczny,Oleksandr Akimov / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of European integration processes in Ukraine on the development of investment potential and institutional maturity of rural communities. As a result of the analysis of strategic documents of all rural communities of Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv and Rivne regions, a low level of institutional capacity to attract investments was established. Based on the analysis of the strategies, programs, and investment passports of 79 united territorial communities, it is found that only 39.2% of them have approved development strategies, and 45% of communities have socio-economic development plans. To assess the challenges and threats arising during the process of implementation of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement, the author’s methodology was developed and the method of expert assessments was applied – the survey involved 75 experts from 20 regions of Ukraine. It is found that there are much more opportunities (59) than threats (17) at the level of rural communities. Such findings, together with low community activity in attracting investment and developing investment attractiveness, indicate that decentralization and new opportunities arising from European integration processes are still underutilized and are a sign of low institutional maturity of rural communities.

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DETERMINING FACTORS IN BECOMING A SUSTAINABLE SMART CITY: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY IN EUROPE

Author(s): María Teresa Nevado Gil,Luísa Carvalho,Inna Paiva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

This paper aims firstly to identify differences and similarities between cities according to the activities which are necessary to become a smart city and secondly to identify relevant factors that could influence positions in the smart cities ranking. To achieve these goals, this study uses a quantitative analysis applied to 73 European cities to identify the factors that influence differences between smart cities. The results suggest the formation of clusters around European smart cities and also that cities located geographically in the west of Europe and with governance by women present higher levels in the European Smart Cities rankings.

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INTEREST-BALANCED AGRICULTURAL POLICY-MAKING: KEY PARTICIPATIVE AND COLLABORATIVE CAPACITIES IN THE OPINION OF NGOS’ EXPERTS

Author(s): Agota Giedre Raišiene,Askoldas Podviezko,Virgilijus Skulskis,Lina Baranauskaitė / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2019

Stakeholder participation in the process of agricultural policy-making is a way to express public interest and thus to better ensure sustainability of the sector as well as of a country. In agriculture, variety of stakeholders and their organizations is huge, and their power and ability to protect common interests are uneven. Studies on interest management note that contradictions between interest-based actors could be solved most effectively through their collaboration. Thus, the article aims to identify key capacities of agricultural organizations to fulfil their members’ interests at the level of agricultural policy. With this aim, interviews with the leaders of agricultural NGOs were carried out. Opinions of experts were elicited using the 10-point Likert scale. The LiT method of grades’ transformation given in the Likert scale to weights was proposed and used. The resulting weights revealed the significance of each question. As the result, shared resources, stakeholders' motivation and commitment, teamwork and synergy between intersectorial actors was found as the main collaborative capacities while influence-making, and the ability to act according to regulations and procedures has been estimated as a highly important participative capacity for agricultural NGOs.

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