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Life of retired people cannot be financed from the public systems only. The attrition rate has been decreasing for many years and pension systems in many countries are at risk of bankruptcy. The author compares different kinds of investments possible to be made to finance the retirement period. The analysis of risk and return is conducted for typical retirement investments like bonds, stocks, or real estate. The paper aims at answering the question if it is possible to choose the best asset at any time as the retirement time investment. The study is done on the basis of the Polish investor and also contains the analysis of different types of risks concerned with analyzed kinds of assets.
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According to Eurostat (2021), the at-risk-of-poverty rate of older people in the Republic of Croatia has increased over the past several years. In December 2020, it was 31 percent. The Strategy for Combating Poverty and Social Exclusion in the Republic of Croatia 2014-2020 (Strategy) recognizes older people as vulnerable to poverty, social exclusion, material deprivation, and discrimination. Poverty in the Republic of Croatia also has a territorial dimension. The highest geographical concentration of factors influencing the share of people at risk of poverty can be found in small towns and settlements in the country’s east and southeast regions and rural areas. This chapter aims to emphasize the problem of poverty among older people in the Republic of Croatia. The findings and recommendations may be used for policy suggestions to relevant institutions.
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Economists have been increasingly engaged in the scientific debate on a demographic trend that is taking place around the globe – aging. Their contribution is noticed when discussing and researching the impact of aging on the economy and society to provide various theoretical models, particularly from the macroeconomic point of view. The issue of aging is part of population economics which is again part of the neoclassical mainstream. On the other hand, academic scholars from other disciplines such as sociology, law, and the like are producing their standpoints recognized as the “political economy of old age”. This chapter briefly presents the focus of economists on the issue of aging.
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Online banking is considered one of the main contributions of the Internet to global society. Adoption of online banking services could be recognized as one of the metrics for digital inclusion of the population, especially for the elderly. Notably, the value of online banking services is considered significant and worthwhile during the pandemic period. Online banking is becoming increasingly crucial for the elders to meet their demands for high-quality, low-cost, and secure services. This study investigates online banking services among the elderly in Macedonia and Croatia, and compares the results with EU members. Through the survey analysis and available secondary data, the objectives are to identify differences in online banking services among the elderly and recognize the issues that influence the embracement of the digitalization of the banking services in the examined countries. The results have detected the gap existing in the adoption of online banking services and revealed the emerging, growing trend in the exploitation in all the examined countries.
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New trends in the use of social media, increasingly involving the general public, also widen the research focus of all generations, i.e. (new) media consumers and producers (prosumers). This chapter aims to establish the motivation for using social networks to explain the enormous popularity of Facebook, Instagram, and other networks among the older (Baby Boomer) generation. With the help of the uses and gratifications theory, the author investigates the gratifications the older population achieves when using social networks and the uses (desires) they satisfy. The author attempts to answer the questions – Does the elderly population (50+) use social networks, especially Facebook, to meet their cognitive needs and escapist purposes? Has the younger population decreasingly used Facebook as a social network since older generations (their parents, grandparents, and digital immigrants) appeared on it? – through research using in-depth interviews and the theory of uses and gratifications of social networks.
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Stárnutí populace je obvykle popisováno a diskutováno perspektivou standardních demografických indikátorů (porodnost, úmrtnost, naděje na dožití, migrace), které jsme prezentovali v předchozí kapitole. Souhrnná statistická data představují základní nástroj pro sledování obecných trendů věkové proměny společnosti, nicméně pouhý numerický výčet jedinců spadajících do stejné skupiny určené kalendářním věkem se stále zřetelněji ukazuje jako ne zcela dostačující pro nastavení adekvátních změn v příslušných oblastech sociální politiky. Autoři publikací tematicky zaměřených na problematiku stárnutí a stáří se vesměs shodují, že využití chronologické definice stáří je velmi limitující. Wilson (2000, s. 29–31) explicitně hovoří o „západní perspektivě“, která určuje stáří s ohledem k potřebám veřejné administrativy a byrokracie, takto je např. dolní hranice stáří stanovena podle věku, který je v dané zemi rozhodný pro odchod do penze. Považují za nezbytné vnímat kulturní odlišnosti, které ovlivňují stáří jedinců v různých zemích (odlišnosti v životních cyklech, význam rodinných a sociálních vazeb, zaměstnanost a příjem, výskyt nemocí, odlišná emocionalita apod.), zejména pokud se stárnutí populace neomezuje pouze na země západní kultury, ale stává se globálním tématem.
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„Výzkumníci stále častěji docházejí k závěru, že v současnosti může dospělý člověk strávit více let péčí o své rodiče než o své děti“ (Bookman, Kimbrel 2011, s. 119). Citované autorky k tomu dodávají, že manželské páry navíc většinou mají dohromady více rodičů, o něž se potřebují postarat než vlastních dětí. Sami tito lidé, nyní přinejmenším ve středním věku, již také často pocházejí z menších rodin a mají tak méně sourozenců, s nimiž mohou péči o své rodiče sdílet. (Bookman, Kimbrel 2011, s. 118–119). I když se autorky zabývají aktuální situací v rodinné péči o seniory ve Spojených státech amerických, podobná demografická situace s analogickými nároky na pečovatelskou kapacitu rodin nastává ve všech tzv. ekonomicky vyspělých částech světa, tedy stejně naléhavě dopadá na všechny evropské země. Podíl lidí vyžadujících dlouhodobou péči nebo těch, kteří pravděpodobně budou v blízké budoucnosti na péči jiné osoby odkázáni, tedy především seniorů nad 75 let, v populaci stále roste. Na druhé straně počty potenciálních pečujících spíše klesají s tím, jak se snižují počty příslušníků každé z následujících generací. Prarodiče se dožívají dospělosti svých vnuků, ale těchto vnuků mají stále méně (Krzyzowski 2011, s. 59).
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Jak bylo již zmíněno v předchozích částech textu, z hlediska problematiky sociální a zdravotně-sociální péče o seniory budou pozornost zasluhovat zejména vyšší věkové skupiny, často samostatně žijících1 seniorů. Podle Milligan (2009) představují právě nové informační a komunikační technologie (ICT) a služby asistovaného života (AS) jednu ze strategií, jimiž rozvinuté kapitalistické ekonomiky usilují o řešení celého spektra problémů souvisejících s rostoucí potřebou zajistit péči a pomoc seniorům s omezenou soběstačností. Potenciál těchto nových technologií reflektují i vlády napříč nejen evropskými zeměmi, které dle svých národních dokumentů považují růst v oblasti využívání ICT a AS za klíčový při zajištění péče o seniory (Department of Health, UK 2008; Hogenbirk et al. 2005; Mort et al. 2008).
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Smrt neoddělitelně patří k životu; každý z nás má jistotu, že jeho život na tomto světě jednoho dne skončí. Smrt je nevyhnutelným a jistým faktem našeho života, smrt je tajemstvím. Na náš skon většinou nahlížíme s rozporuplnými pocity; na jedné straně se střízlivým realismem a v ten samý okamžik s úctou a údivem (Vardy 1995). Nevíme kdy a za jakých okolností budeme umírat. Umírání je někdy dlouhé a provázené utrpením, někdy je smrt rychlá a překvapující, nebo nás může nečekaně zastihnout ve spánku. Někdo si přeje umírat sám nebo za přítomnosti své rodiny doma, ve svém přirozeném prostředí, jiný by, v případě možnosti volby, dal přednost umírání v institucionálním zařízení za přítomnosti zdravotních a dalších pomáhajících pracovníků.
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Koncept kritické gerontologie a sociálně konstruované závislosti, které byly zevrubně popsány ve druhé kapitole, nelze chápat pouze jako paradigma určené k akademickému bádání. Oba koncepty se stávají základem také pro aplikované analýzy problematiky stárnutí na makro-ekonomické úrovni a v rovině mikro-sociální. Postupně se pak koncept kritické gerontologie a sociálně konstruované závislosti stává východiskem pro rozvoj nových postupů v práci se staršími lidmi v řadě pomáhajících profesí, zejména v sociální práci. Záměrem následujícího textu je diskutovat obecné předpoklady výkonu sociální práce v rámci praktického naplnění konceptu kritické gerontologie a snižování rizika sociálně konstruované závislosti.
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Cílem knihy bylo diskutovat možnosti sociální práce při poskytováním pomoci starším lidem s omezeným funkčním potenciálem v kontextu kritické gerontologie. Pokud zrekapitulujeme obsah jednotlivých kapitol, jeví se jako značně pošetilé nyní vyslovovat závěry. Reálně jsme na začátku. Na začátku procesu demografické přeměny společnosti a zatím můžeme jen s větší či menší přesností odhadovat jaký bude další vývoj a s jakými výzvami bude nezbytné se vyrovnat. Rozhodně se ale můžeme pokusit o to, aby sociální práce nebo přesněji sociální pracovníci byli na tyto výzvy připraveni.
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This publication is a contribution to the debate on the possibilities to ensure the provision of social work services to older people in the context of demographic ageing of the Czech population. In the first part we discuss the functional potential and its assessment as a tool to adequately set the level of support for people whose self-sufficiency is limited. The problem of reduced self-sufficiency is regarded from the perspective of critical gerontology, which has been developing since mid-seventies of the past century as a counterbalance to the biomedical model of ageing and the old age. Under the concept of critical gerontology, the reduction in functional potential is perceived not only as an objective consequence of individual ageing, but in many respects also as a socially constructed fact that can be influenced by changing society’s attitude towards older persons.
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In this chapter, we summarise the findings regarding objectives, needs and existing solutions in child- and eldercare in views of care funders, regulators, formal care providers and other national level stakeholders. We are interested in various aspects of governance in care services and the analysis is conducted along the lines of perceived challenges in regulation, service delivery and financing (Sirovátka and Greve 2014). Given the multilevel character of care services governance, the chapter aims to explore the compatibility of various actors’ views and their capacity to act and cooperate within the existing policy context.
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In Norway, key actors in eldercare and key actors in childcare do not as a rule coordinate their work across the two care fields. On the contrary, each of the two fields appears to be anchored in sets of policy history that do not, at any recent point in time, converge. Yet they are both part of the same political and social development. Family care strategies and public care regimes are mutually constituted, so that changes in the one will necessarily lead to changes in the other. Comparing the two care fields within one country is especially useful in bringing out the characteristics of each field. In the present chapter, we shall look into some of the implications of the dynamics between family care and public care regimes on the macro level, with emphasis on gender equality both on the labour market and in the family as an explicit and undisputed political goal. In so doing, we build on Daly (2002), especially on her discussion about the implications of care provision for society and on her typology for provision of care. The former draws attention to the implications for gender and ethnic equity. The latter facilitates a comparison of two policy fields that, in spite of being contemporaneous parts of the same welfare state, are organized and understood very differently.
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Technological development, including the popularization of the Internet, has resulted in the transfer of many activities to the digital space. Currently, access to the Internet is not only a facilitation, but also a necessary condition for full participation in social, cultural and professional life. Older people, i.e., those after the age of 65, use new technologies to a lesser extent than young people do. Digital exclusion of older people in the face of an increasing number of seniors in the population may in the future be a serious social problem, and, in addition, a loss of a large market for suppliers of goods and services. The purpose of the article is to indicate the reasons for both the lack of interest and the lack of use of an online sales channel by people over 65 years of age. Focus studies showed the growing role of soft factors in the e-purchase exclusion of older people. At present, in Poland, lack of access to a computer or the Internet is not a basic barrier to making purchases over the Internet by seniors. The most frequently indicated reasons for not choosing to make purchases through this sales channel were the lack of the ability to make a transaction, being used to the traditional form of shopping, security concerns, and distrust shown to sellers.
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Financial exclusion is defined by the European Committee as a situation in which a person encounters difficulties in both access to as well as the usage of financial products and services at the level required to meet his/her needs. The idea beyond is also to enable them to lead a normal social life. It is necessary to point out that the access to financial products is understood as a possibility to use them under reasonable economic conditions. Among those most endangered by financial exclusion are, inter alia, elderly people because their reluctance to accept new technologies and opportunities provided by financial markets is much bigger than that one of younger generations. There is much evidence for that statement, some of it being the ratio of underbanked elderly people which in Poland for the aged 55-64 and over 65 is 32% and 57% respectively, with the average for the whole country population - approx. 23%. The question arises as for the reasons for such a situation and that is why the aim of this paper is to analyse the existence of barriers in the access to financial products and to verify their influence on the diagnosed higher level of financial exclusion of the generation 50+. To analyse the factors influencing behaviours of senior citizens on the financial markets, the research in the form of questionnaire sent to the group of approx. 380 citizens of the Lublin region in Poland was conducted. The results indicate that, while cooperating with financial institution, elderly people are aware of the barriers they meet such as modern technology, a professional and incomprehensible language, extensive or scarce range of banking services ,etc.
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Although the Polish economy, labour market and retirement system have been going through serious changes over the last thirty years, the effective retirement age in Poland is still relatively low. The aim of the paper was to evaluate if the main reasons to retire among Polish pensioners have been changing through time. The analysis is based on the qualitative research carried out in November 2017 in a form of individual in-depth interviews (IDI) with seniors in different age groups (65-74; 75-84; 85+) for whom the old-age pension is a main source of income. Preliminary results have shown that seniors, despite of their age, tended to retire as soon as possible. Respondents aged 65-74 often indicated that during retirement they were continuing economic activity for a few years and some of them, who quickly retired and did not continue their work, expressed the opinion that from the perspective of time it was a wrong decision. Seniors in older ages (75+) reported disability or health problems as an important reason of early retirement and leaving the labour market (transition from disability pension to old-age pension was treated as a natural path). This factor was less visible in opinions of younger retires. Few of them pointed out that they retired as they wanted to take the advantage of a leisure time. A retrospective look at pension decisions indicated as the results of the conducted study may provide some interesting conclusions for public policies in the field of pension systems.
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İnsan hayatının son gelişim basamağı olarak kabul edilen, büyüme ve gelişme tamamlandıktan sonra doku ve organların yıpranması olarak da tanımlanan yaşlılık, kişiye göre değişen bir dönemi ifade etmekte olup doğum ile ölüm arasında evrensel bir süreçtir. Yaşlanmanın biyolojik ve kronolojik olarak ikiye ayrıldığı görülür. Kronolojik yaş tüm bireyler için aynı iken biyolojik yaş kişilere göre farklılık göstermektedir. Yapılan araştırmalarda yaşlanma durumunda olan bireyler fiziksel, psikolojik ve sosyal yönden incelenmektedir. Günümüzde yaşlılık konusu geriatri ve gerontoloji bilimleri tarafından incelenmektedir. Geriatri yaşlılık ve hastalıklarını, gerontoloji yaşlanma olayını konu edinmektedir. Yaşlanma fizyolojisi olarak da tanımlanan gerontoloji bilimi yaşlanmanın bireylere yönelik olarak fizyolojik, psikolojik, ekonomik ve toplumsal etkilerini incelemektedir.
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The aim of the article is to evaluate the subjective aspects of the quality of life and local conditions for living in the area of the Local action group Podhůří Železných hor. In order to achieve this goal, a questionnaire survey was conducted. Also interviews with selected actors and discussion meetings with the public were used. Where participatory methods of public involvement were used. Participatory methods of public participation were useful in the discussion meetings. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was used. Standard methods were used for evaluation - basic statistical and thematic analysis. Thanks to the used methods, the local context was included in the evaluation. The highest rated area was nature and natural environment. Conversely, interpersonal relationships were the worst rated. According to the results, most need to improve are non-motorized transport and social services for seniors.
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