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Cross-generational Investment Behavior and the Impact on Personal Finance

Author(s): Alexander Zureck,Janusz Reiter,Martin Svoboda / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Money is an important topic for all generations. Young people are often stressed about money. They worry about not having enough money to retire or just to make it until the end of the month. In contrast to young people, old people often have a full understanding of the gravity of their financial situation. This paper analyzes the financial decision making in relation to the age in Germany. Within the paper we concentrate on the investment behavior in general and give an outlook to the retirement situation. The analysis is based on a logistic regression with data from an online survey in 2015. It includes data from 1,489 participants. The results of this analysis show that young people prefer secure financial investments like call money, fixed deposit, savings book, or building loan contract. In total, the participants save between 400 EUR and 500 EUR. Between 100 EUR and 200 EUR the save monthly for retirement.

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Rodiče a jejich (ne)dospělé děti: Jak vypadají vztahy a život v rodinách s dvacátníky?

Author(s): Petr Macek,Lucie Lomičová,Lenka Lacinová,Ivana Dvořáková,Tomotaka Umemura / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Vztahy s rodiči a vztahy v rodině mají pro mladé lidi nepochybně zásadní vliv na cestu do jejich vlastní dospělosti. Jedná se přitom jak o aktuální vztahy v období vynořující se dospělosti, tak rovněž o dlouhodobou zkušenost z předchozího vývoje. Rodiče bývají obvykle těmi nej bližšími lidmi, od nichž se už od prvních let života dítě bezděčně i záměrně učí, jak se dospělý člověk chová, jaké na sebe bere role, za co si bere zodpovědnost, jaké normy a hodnoty jsou v jeho životě důležité, co činí dospělého šťastným a spokojeným či naopak nešťastným a zklamaným. Přes zjevnou důležitost rodičů se jim jejich dospívající děti na cestě do dospělosti na určitou dobu pocitově a mentálně spíše vzdalují, ve snaze nalézt a naplnit svou novou identitu jako dospělého člověka. Tento proces vnějšího a vnitřního odpoutávání od rodičů však neznamená ztrátu vztahů, respektive snížení hodnoty či kvality vztahů s nimi.

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Partnerské vztahy a vynořující se dospělost: Na zkoušku, či naostro?

Author(s): Lenka Lacinová,Tomotaka Umemura,Ondřej Bouša,Jan Širůček,Radka Neužilová Michalčáková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Partnerské vztahy patří svým významem mezi zásadní témata řešená mladými lidmi. Důležitost tématu je nesporná, neboť partnerská zkušenost má signifikantní a dlouhodobý dopad na individuální vývoj (Gala & Kapadia, 2013). Koncept vynořující se dospělosti pokládají Meier a Allen (2008) za výhodnou perspektivu, s jejíž pomocí lze podobě a vývoji partnerských vztahů v období třetí dekády lidského života v současnosti lépe porozumět. Skutečnost, že oproti minulosti mají mladí lidé více prostoru, času a společenského souhlasu ke vstupu do vyššího počtu partnerských vztahů, může být chápána jako jeden z aspektů charakteristik vynořující se dospělosti — období zaměřeného na sebe (setf-focused) a období prohlubujícího exploraci vlastní identity (identity exploration). Zdá se tedy, že bohatší partnerské zkušenosti mohou napomáhat při exploraci emocionální a fyzické intimity.

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Spíme spolu, ale nechodíme spolu: Komunikace o nastavování pravidel ve vztahu přátelé s benefity

Author(s): Marie Szopová,Lenka Lacinová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Termín „přátelé s benefity” (friends with benefits — FWB) se začal objevovat v médiích relativně nedávno. O FWB lze mluvit také jako o jednom z typů vztahů spadajících do kategorie nezávazných sexuálních vztahů (casual sex relationships). Jako další pojmenování a typy lze uvést například one night stands, booty calls, fuck buddies. Jednotlivé typy nezávazných sexuálních vztahů pak mohou být definovány na základě toho, kde se nacházejí na kontinuu různých vztahových charakteristik, jako je frekvence setkávání, typ kontaktu (sex versus sociální kontakt), přátelství, sebeodhalování a diskuse o vztahu (Wentland & Reissing, 2011). Vztah FWB lze definovat jako vztah mezi přáteli, který obsahuje také společnou sexuální aktivitu, ale zároveň jej aktéři tohoto vztahu nedefinují jako vztah romantický/partnerský (Hughes, Morrison, & Asada, 2005).

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THE ECONOMICS OF AGING AND MACROECONOMIC APPROACH

Author(s): Dražen Barković / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Based on statistics, it is an indisputable fact that the world population is constantly aging, both in terms of the number and proportion of old people in the total population. Thus, population aging is becoming a significant social transformation that has implications for almost all sectors of society. Older people can be seen as contributors to the development involved in policies and programs at all levels. The inverted population pyramid is becoming increasingly apparent, creating difficulties in maintaining the health and pension systems, especially in countries where the share of the elderly has almost doubled. Recently, the perception of older people has changed. Regardless of the reduced abilities, it should not be forgotten that aging brings some values that integrate them into the social environment. One should not forget the acquired professional knowledge and experience, voluntary work and the like, which can contribute to economic growth. The discussions conducted by economists on the problem of age are predominantly neoclassical. The view from another angle comes from sociology authors, sociological politicians who themselves produced their own “older age policies”. In contrast to neoclassical individualism, the sociological picture of aging outlines the social construction of older age and the structural dependence of the elderly. At the heart of this paper is a view from modern macroeconomics that puts into the forefront a household that uses its intertemporal function to plan its consumption. Theoretical explanations are contained in four main modeling frameworks that have become central tools in economic and age studies: the Ramsay model, the generations model, the perpetual youth model, and the overlapping generations model.

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ICT USE GAP AMONG THE ELDERLY: EVIDENCE FROM THE EU COUNTRIES

Author(s): Jovanka Damoska Sekuloska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

ICT is considered as one of the fundamental values and contribution to the digital economy. ICT use is becoming an increasingly crucial determinant for the old-age population to meet their demands for high-quality life and low-cost services. However, ICT use, including the employment of online purchase of the elderly population, varies widely among different EU-281 countries. This study aims to investigate Internet usage, especially in terms of online purchase behaviors among elderly Europeans aged 65 and older. Through clustering analysis, the aim of the paper is to identify the heterogeneity in Internet usage among the elderly population in the EU members. Results highlight the gap that exists in the level of online purchasing widely among EU countries.

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ICT AS A BASE FOR QUALITY SILVER ECONOMY

Author(s): Milan Puvača / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Since the world’s population is aging, there have been numerous articles, books, and research conducted on that topic connected with the quality of life, expectations, and realistic possibilities. An additional point in favor of considering the elderly population as an unresearched economy or market is that for the first time since 2018 we have more people over 64 than children younger than 5 years of age. Elderly people today are of course different than previous generations of pensioners. This is especially important when it comes to technology usage. On the other hand, information and communication technology has never been more affordable and accessible. Software solutions have become our everyday passion and mobile devices are the last thing we check before falling asleep. Also, the information, in general, is more important and easier to get and resourceful for different kinds of analysis. The main aim of the chapter is to research ICT options and solutions for the population gathered under the umbrella term Silver Economy (the elderly in our societies). Services and applications which can make their life easier and better will be considered together with preparation of pensioners to use ICT. Mainly analyzing statistical data, the chapter will use a short questionnaire and interviews to check the situation in the local environment. Finally, a comparison will be made among the elderly population in terms of ICT usage in Japan, the USA, the EU, and Croatia.

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LIFELONG LEARNING PERSPECTIVES AND EFFECTS IN THE AGING SOCIETY SEGMENT THROUGH THE UTILIZATION OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES

Author(s): Helena Štimac,Ivan Kelić,Davorin Turkalj / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The prevalence of the aging society phenomenon in the last decade forces governments, countries, and people to re-evaluate the perspectives and potential of lifelong learning and the effects it has on the society as a whole. According to World Bank data, the percentage in the total world population in the 0-14 year-old segment is declining, while the United Nations predict that by the year 2050 there will be more people over the age of 60 (2.1 billion) than the adolescents and young people aged 10-24 years (2 billion). The segment of elderly people has longer life expectancy and better overall health condition due to advances in medicine and technology. These trends implicate urgency for better inclusion and defining new roles for this segment. The most effective way to do this is to enable the elderly to have access to information and to know how to properly use it. The major role in this shift is certainly played by information and communication technology. The aim of this paper is to examine the state and possibilities of including the elderly as a more active society member through the use of digital technology and lifelong learning.

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Analiza socio-demografică a populaţiei din teritoriul românesc adiacent Dunării

Author(s): Raluca Petre / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The chapter presents a socio-demographic analysis of the population from the Romanian territory adjacent to the Danube.

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Collection of Good Practices of Youth Work in Shrinking Cities

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The shrinkage of cities is not a new or unique phenomenon. In the past, localities have always experienced population losses for a multitude of reasons. In modern European literature, urban shrinkage is often understood as a local manifestation of the interplay of one or more economic, spatial, demographic and/or political forces. In this project, the toolkit will show citizen participation methods based on best practice cases with a significant approach towards youth work in shrinking cities from four countries: Croatia, Spain, Portugal and Germany.

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Best Practices of Youth-Work in Shrinking Cities

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

1. Spain (Granada, Cadiz); 2. Germany (Saalfeld, Altenburg); 3. Portugal (Covilhã, São Pedro do Sul); 4. Croatia (Karlovac, Sisak)

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Lessons Learned

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

During our project, we observed two different patterns of shrinking. The process of shrinking in the majority of the observed cities is characterized by deindustrialisation, negative migration and aging of the remaining population. These characteristics could be described as a classic pattern of shrinking which can be recognized in the waste number of small and middle-sized cities across the European continent.

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Conclusion

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Shrinkage represents one of the major challenges in the 21st century Europe. The inhabitants and authorities of many cities and regions across the continent are already facing a shrinkage to a dramatic extent. The bad news is that once the shrinkage has started, it is hard to stop it without significant and very expensive interventions. A decisive investment in the local infrastructure or an acquisition of tax benefits for entrepreneurs may create new jobs and thus contribute to the revitalisation of the local economy. However, even when the investments are assured, there is no guarantee for longterm social sustainability of a shrinking city.

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LIFE CYCLE AND ECONOMICS OF AGING

Author(s): Dražen Barković / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The contribution of economists in the scientific debate over aging and its impact on society and the economy comes in the form of various theoretical models, particularly from the macroeconomic point of view. The aging problems have been dealt with by using a common approach to problem-solving and interdisciplinarity. In this paper, we took a more straightforward model approach from macroeconomics, Modigliani’s Life-Cycle Hypothesis, whose content can be incorporated into the concept of life cycle theory. In this way, the theory shows how resources are transferred at different times to the outcome logically and rigorously.

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RETIREMENT ASPIRATIONS OF TEACHERS ALIGNED WITH CURRENT PRIORITIES IN LIFE

Author(s): Verica Jovanovski,Ivana Barković Bojanić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Population aging and its repercussions have a powerful impact on the traditional concept of retirement and the established transition patterns from work to retirement. Demographic statistics in the twenty-first century show low fertility and low mortality rates for most countries, leading to the Croatian population aging. Several trends impact the aging population: most people live much longer lives, have better health, and have different personal expectations than generations before us. For example, people now expect to live longer after leaving full-time work. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the retirement and post-retirement attitudes of teachers aligned with the current priorities in life. The paper aims to present the changing perception of aging from biological, economic and social perception and investigate how teachers in the region of Slavonia view their pension plans, life expectancies, and the expected needs in old and retirement age. This paper analyzes part of the data collected in the survey conducted on a sample of 5%of 11,839 teachers employed in elementary and secondary schools in the five Slavonian counties: Virovitica-Podravina, Požega-Slavonia, Brod-Posavina, Osijek-Baranja and Vukovar-Srijem counties. The research results may be beneficial for age-friendly policy-making and administrative reforms needed to accommodate the Croatian „silvering” of economy and society.

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STRATEGIC PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION OF OLDER ADULT EDUCATION

Author(s): Dominika Crnjac Milić,Ivanka Ferčec,Yvonne Liermann-Zeljak / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Data on demographic trends in developed countries indicate the need for increased attention and a better approach to care for older adults. Better health care results in increased life expectancy, which as such poses certain challenges to society. Life expectancy accompanied by good health alone often does not guarantee an individual’s satisfaction. Due to an accelerating pace of life and continuous lifestyle changes, social exclusion of retired older adults from the community appears to be increasingly present. To reduce the occurrence of this phenomenon and enable this population group to remain active members of the community, it is important to offer them the opportunity for education. After the analysis of European trends, the paper points out the need for continuous strategic planning and more agile organization of education in the Republic of Croatia. Special attention is given to the situation in the city of Osijek, which is a center for education in Osijek-Baranja County. The types and usefulness of the most common forms of education conducted in the period from 2015 to 2020 are also presented.

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DEEP DEMOGRAPHIC AGING OF CROATIA - PREDICTING OF NATURAL POPULATION CHANGE WITH DIGITAL DEMOGRAPHY TOOLS

Author(s): Tado Jurić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper demonstrates a model for predicting natural population change (the number of live births) with digital demography approaches. We demonstrate that this prediction model significantly improves forecast accuracy over several cross-validation criteria. Prediction is done by means of the analytical tool Google Trends, and in the context of the pandemic crisis, the number of births in 2021 will be just 87% of what would otherwise be „a normal year” in Croatia. We estimate that between 12 and 14% fewer children will be born (from 3,400 to 3,800), i.e., about 32,000 – 33,000. Croatia is on its way to becoming an excellent nursing home of the European Union. The causes of natural depopulation in Croatia are complex and intertwined. Increased emigration, demographic aging, the white plague, and challenging economic conditions have a disincentive effect on the natural population change. The country has already unquestionably lost the core of population that creates new generations. Namely, in the last seven years alone (since it became a member of the EU), Croatia has lost 50,000 pupils and gained 50,000 new pensioners. Today, Croatia would have 10% more pupils if there had not been such intensive emigration of the population after joining the EU, and consequently, it would be younger. A particular problem in terms of demographic issues are numerous areas that are becoming a periphery due to young people migration - with already 3/4 of the country being a periphery in the cultural and economic sense. In this paper, we discuss the assumption that emigration and population aging is a process primarily shaped by the lack of modernization policy. The EU, which systematically neglects the demographic issue in the center-periphery relationship, also plays a profound role in this process of mechanical and natural population change in Croatia.

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Correlations Between Agility, Speed And Effort Capacity In Women's Soccer, Handball And Rugby

Author(s): Florin Nichifor,Petrut-Florin Trofin,Florentina-Petruța Martinas / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In team sports, the essential factors in achieving performance are represented by speed and agility, expressed in conditions of high intensity and high volume. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationships between speed, agility and effort in women's soccer, rugby and handball. At the same time, we want to compare these parameters in order to determine the profile for each discipline. The research analyzed 49 performance women athletes from the first leagues of Romania, divided into 3 groups: soccer, rugby and handball. To evaluate the speed we applied the 10 m test. Agility was assessed using samples 505 and 1001. Anaerobic effort capacity was assessed by the 8x10 + 10m and aerobic effort capacity by the VAM-Eval test. The Pearson correlation showed a direct relationship between 505 and 1001, for all groups. Significant correlations were shown between speed and agility, the effort capacity being also involved in the detected interferences.

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Challenges in Proxy Lifecycle Portfolio Modeling of Mandatory Pension Funds in the Republic of Croatia

Author(s): Dražen Novaković,Marija Ileš,Domagoj Karačić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The introduction of proxy lifecycle portfolio modeling in Croatian mandatory pension funds in 2014 has resulted in pension fund categories A, B, and C. Category A has more risk appetite, while category C is conservative. This pension system reform aimed to provide higher returns to younger members and gradually transition to a safer, more conservative investment profile as retirement age approaches. This chapter aims to analyze the current situation and the challenges encountered and explore the possibilities for a complete implementation of this model under Croatian conditions. A descriptive statistical analysis of the results achieved between 2014 and 2020 was conducted. Expectations at the time of introducing this concept and a comparative analysis of theoretical life cycle portfolio management models were considered. It was found that the age structure of the participants of the A, B, and C funds are approaching the optimum. At the same time, the improvement of the whole society’s financial literacy can be considered the leading social implication of this chapter.

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OBRAZOVANOST STANOVNIŠTVA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI

Author(s): Adila Pašalić Kreso / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

Pismenost je jedna od osnovnih pretpostavki razvoja svakog pojedinca i svakog društva. Podaci koji nam dolaze iz pregleda i analiza međunarodnih organizacija poput UN-a, UNESCO-a, OECD-a, EU ukazuju na zakonitost obrnute proporcionalnosti: što je niži obuhvat djece i mladih obrazovanjem, i što je stopa pismenosti stanovništva niža, to je stopa nezaposlenosti i ukupne nerazvijenosti društva veća. Višestruko je potvrđena tijesna povezanost između ekonomskog i socio-kulturnog razvoja i obrazovanja, ukazivanjem na vezu između prosječno dostignutog nivoa obrazovanosti koje stanovništvo jedne zemlje posjeduje i zapošljivosti, produktivnosti, ukupnog standarda i sl. Obrazovan se pojedinac svojim znanjem znatno uspješnije snalazi u intenzivnim promjenama koje donose društvene, ekonomske, kulturne, naučne, informacijsko-tehnološke, migracijske i sve druge promjene savremenog života. Statistički pokazatelji nedvojbeno ukazuju na logiku da što je viši nivo obrazovanja to je niža stopa nezaposlenosti I niži postotak onih koji se teško snalaze u društvenim tokovima i promjenama. Analiziranje statističkih podataka vezanih za obrazovanje i obrazovanost stanovništva u jednoj zemlji doprinosi jasnijoj spoznaji ukupnih društvenih mogućnosti i određivanju glavnih strateških ciljeva razvoja humanog kapitala. Ovaj rad zasnovan na proučavanju i obradi statističkih pokazatelja dobivenih nakon objavljenih rezultata popisa stanovništva BiH1 polovinom 2016. godine teži da predstavi realnu sliku obrazovanosti stanovništva u BiH i ukaže na najvažnije prednosti na koje se treba oslanjati u razvojnim projektima, ali i moguće nedostatke i probleme koje treba ubrzanije otklanjati.

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