"Rabovačky" v závere prvej svetovej vojny a ich ohlas na medzivojnovom Slovensku

Author(s): Miloslav Szabó / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2015

In the last days of the First World War soldiers returning home, along with civilians, attacked representatives of the Hungarian state and wealthy individuals, especially Jews. They expelled them from their homes and looted them, or they simply destroyed their property. In some places regular Hungarian troops executed the leaders of these rioters. This study seeks to offer an alternative to the prevailing interpretation of the looting, which emphasize the social or ethnic motivations of the economically and nationally oppressed Slovak rioters. Instead, it examines the reversal of the perpetrators and victims that was carried out not only immediately after the looting had occurred, but repeatedly throughout the whole interwar period. This is to be seen as an expression of the growing anti-Semitism, because the Jews were ultimately accused of the murder of allegedly innocent Slovaks.

Psychologiczne determinanty wykluczenia społecznego kobiet-ofiar przemocy w rodzinie

Author(s): Urszula Struzikowska-Seremak,Jakub Lickiewicz,Marta Makara-Studzińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2018

The article embraces the problem of woman’s victimology in domestic violence environment; origins and sustainability of her role as a victim of familial abuse – all in context of her psychological portrait. According to the author, the components of such portrait are personality, capability in stress management, fear and socioeconomic situa on. Author’s own research referenced in the ar cle suggests that characteristics of a woman who repetitively experiences violence in domestic environment are: neuroticism, introversion, low openness for experiences, coping with stress focused on emotions and lesser job skills as in comparison with subjects in control group. It allowes to come to a conclusion which personality traits are most likely to be fund in people who are subjects of social exclusion due to domestic violence.

Przywództwo polityczne w społeczeństwie informacyjnym. Kryzys czy ewolucja modelu?

Author(s): Paulina Sekuła / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2008

The construction of fake war news. Specificities of disinformation in social media during the first six months of the Russia-Ukraine war (March-September 2022)

Author(s): Katarzyna Kopecka-Piech,Dorota Dyksik,Mateusz Sobiech / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Modern warfare, including the Russia-Ukraine war, relies heavily on disinformation. Fake news on social media is an integral part of this. At the same time, each conflict is characterised by distinct communication specifici- ties and in the context of the complex effects of fake news, questions arise about their specificity for a given conflict. The aim of the presented research was to answer the question of what the various fake news about the RussianUkrainian war disseminated in Polish-language social media have in common and what narrative they generate. The analysis covered the construction of the messages as well as their contexts: social, cultural, historical, and political. For this purpose, a three-stage analysis of ten fake news cases disseminated between March and September 2022 was conducted, applying a three-element analytical matrix. The research made it possible to identify the properties of fake news, generated narratives, and their possible effects.

NASILJE U SPORTU

Author(s): Anita Zovko,Valnea Siljan,Leo Klapan / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 9/2024

Traditional understanding of sports focuses on physical activities and competitions that require specific skills or tactics. On the other hand, contemporary understanding of sports is oriented towards it as an activity that enhances individual's physical, mental, social, and moral capacities. Although sports are often a source of entertainment and recreation, they are frequently associated with various forms of aggressive behavior within sports and recreational activities. Violence in sports is present at various levels, from amateur competitions to professional leagues, and can occur in various sports disciplines. In sports matches, racism and nationalism are often highlighted as forms of violence that indicate deep social problems. Additionally, it is concerning that aggressive behavior often receives public approval. The media subtly present violence in a way that attracts audience attention, thus creating an aestheticized image of violence. Apart from violence on the field, violence in the stands is also recognizable and often much more intense.

Russia’s golden thousand and the last days

Author(s): Tomasz Dominik Kamusella / Language(s): English Issue: 03+04 (56)/2023

Russia’s propaganda, which is largely aimed at the so-called “global south”, denigrates the West as degenerate, poor, and being in “satan’s power”; while Vladimir Putin is portrayed as their representative and saviour. Never mind the fact that the Russian onslaught on Ukraine triggered a worldwide food crisis and made automobile transport and education once again unavailable for hundreds of millions in the global south.

From war propaganda to aggression Recognizing a new crime

Author(s): MAKSYM POPOVYCH / Language(s): English Issue: 01+02 (59)/2024

Disinformation has become an effective weapon in Russia’s ongoing assault against Ukraine. However, there is currently little that can be done to prosecute those guilty of spreading such dangerous narratives. A new framework is needed in order to effectively challenge this key part of Moscow’s war.

„Ziemie Odzyskane” w obiektywie Polskiej Kroniki Filmowej – obraz Ziem Zachodnich i Północnych w propagandzie państwowej 1945–1948

Author(s): Wojciech Bednarski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The “Recovered Territories” had an immense significance in communist propaganda, with the authorities aiming to mold a distinct image of these regions through diverse media forms. The Polish Film Chronicle (PFC – i.e., newsreel) played a pivotal role in this endeavor. This article analyzes communist propaganda in PFC films from 1945 to 1948. Through quantitative and qualitative analysis and content and image examination, it scrutinizes the images and slogans employed in conveying message, the created image, and the propaganda tools used to shape the perception and help the postwar Polish society to “get used” to new Polish territories and perceive them positively.

Generał Edward Rydz-Śmigły przed mikrofonem Polskiego Radia (1935–1939). Medialny wizerunek następcy Komendanta

Author(s): Elżbieta Kaszuba / Language(s): Polish Issue: 56/2023

After Józef Piłsudski’s death general Edward Rydz-Śmigły instantly advanced in the hierarchy of power gett ing to position of a head-on personage of the Second Polish Republic. To this dizzying career signifi cantly contributed pre-war Polish Radio. This article is an att empt to reconstruct the image of Rydz-Śmigły, shaped by the mentioned mass media, which was not a subject of separate historical studies so far. Presented considerations focuses on the activity of the radio that served to build popularity and strong political position of the general inspector of the armed forces, both in society and in the ruling camp. The purpose of the research is to analyze forms and content of broadcasts dedicated to genera Rydz-Śmigły which made up the record of his political and military career for the years 1935–1939. Due to the fact that documentation (including recordings) produced by pre-war Polish Radio was almost entirely destroyed by German occupier the basis of the submitted studies are indirect sources. Among them weekly „Antena” is of key importance. This magazine belonged to Polish Radio which allows us to assume it is the most authoritative publisher on matt ers relating to radio policy, content, and ideological overtone of broadcasts.

„Worthless and in Fact Harmful” – Censorship in Poland in 1951 on Two English Writers: Graham Greene and Gilbert Chesterton

Author(s): Gabriela Gajda / Language(s): English Issue: 56/2023

Censorship in Poland during the Stalinist Era was one of the most important organs of power which made it possible to infl uence the worldview of citizens. As a propaganda tool, it decided what to convey to the recipients and in what interpretation. The aim of the article is to present how the works of two English authors were assessed by the employees of the censorship offi ce. The accusations and the interpretations of the novel made by the censors help to understand how the West was perceived in the country of people’s democracy and how capitalist countries were wanted to be presented to readers.

Art in protest discourses – on the example of the Belarusian anti-government protest movement

Author(s): Aleksander Kiklewicz,Julia Mazurkiewicz-Sułkowska,Helena Pociechina / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

In protest discourses the problem of using aesthetic and artistic elements lies in the centre of attention. The authors draw empirical material from the Belarusian protest movement, especially the anti-government protests of 2020. In the current study the problem of the use of aesthetic elements in protest discourses is considered in two aspects: 1) in the aspect of artistic activism, i.e. the involvement of artists in resistance activities; 2) in terms of the use of aesthetic speech acts in various forms of protest activity, i.e. as a special rhetorical tool with emphatic and persuasive function, but also as a means of expression with the satisfying function. As a result of this dichotomy, the article is divided into two parts. The authors point out that even though public art is not developed in Belarus (e.g. in the field of visual arts), aesthetic creativity is a very characteristic feature of both street poster discourses and forms of protest in the Internet.

Глобализация и съдебна система

Author(s): Mitko Dimitrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

As globalization can be viewed as a new social revolution in modern society, the need arises to respect the right of every human being to live in dignity. It is of paramount importance to formulate a model of values based on the principles of a civilized art of communication in a globalizing society, in which the individual must bear his or her personal responsibility to the future of humanity, and in which force must not replace justice. The judicial system has to be a delicate segment to help people overcome boundaries – external and internal, moral and material – in order to protect ourselves as a society from the negatives of modernity and to preserve the foundations of the constructiveness and vigour of the individual in the pursuit of creation. The judicial system should transform societal rules and create conditions for a world of unity and freedom, shaking up the free market with one goal in mind - to create and carry radical and positive ideas into the future.

Türkçülerin İslamcılara Karşı Eleştirisel Yaklaşımları

Author(s): Goomaral Damdinsuren / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 33/2024

Although the Turkism movement is defined as one of the elements that could save the state during the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the historical and political roots of the concept should be seen as the process of a nation holding on to itself. Turkism, which has been criticized for being worldly and discriminatory against Islamism, has been the subject of these criticisms for a long time, and has often not had the opportunity to express itself clearly among these discussions. In this study, the critical approaches of Turkists against Islamists have been tried to be explained as a whole, through a literature review, through Ahmet Ağaoğlu, Ziya Gökalp and Nihal Atsız. During the phase of the study, a literature review was conducted and opposing views were examined with a comparative method.

Pozaprawne uwarunkowania partycypacji społecznej na poziomie lokalnym w Polsce. Przegląd literatury

Author(s): Monika Klimowicz,Małgorzata Michalewska-Pawlak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2024

Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja stanu wiedzy naukowej w zakresie pozaprawnych uwarunkowań partycypacji społecznej na poziomie lokalnym w Polsce oraz sformułowanie rekomendacji do prowadzenia dalszych dociekań naukowych we wskazanym obszarze badawczym. W pracy dokonano systematycznego przeglądu literatury, w oparciu o zasoby wiedzy naukowej, dostępne w wybranych bazach naukowych. Na podstawie kwerendy literatury oraz krytycznej analizy treści publikacji zidentyfikowano stan wiedzy, w tym także jej luki oraz wskazano rekomendacje dotyczące kierunków przyszłych badań nad pozaprawnymi uwarunkowaniami partycypacji społecznej na poziomie lokalnym w Polsce. Wyniki systematycznego przeglądu literatury pozwoliły na sformułowanie wniosków, że stan aktualnej wiedzy wskazuje na cechy społeczno-kulturowe poszczególnych wspólnot lokalnych oraz działania władz lokalnych jako główne, pozaprawne determinanty aktywności społecznej.

РОЗВИТОК МАСОВОЇ ВИДОВИЩНОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ В ПАРАДИГМІ ВІЗУАЛІЗАЦІЇ ТА ЕКРАННИХ ФОРМ

Author(s): Mykyta Statsenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2024

The purpose of the work is to investigate the development of mass entertainment culture in the paradigm of its visualization and the spread of screen forms. The methodological basis of the research was made up of the following methods: systemic, cultural, semantic, analytical, which fully allowed to consider the defined perspective of the research issues and obtain substantiated results and conclusions. The scientific novelty of the research is revealed in the consideration of spectacular culture as a subsystem of mass culture, which is formed by its semantics and the identification of trends in its visualization in further development, in particular, screen forms mediated by digital information technologies. Conclusions. Mass spectacles in the paradigm of visualization and screen forms are an integral part of modern culture. They not only reflect technological progress, but also influence the way we perceive and interact with the world. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, it became obvious that audiovisual communication had significantly supplanted other types, and screen forms of creativity gradually changed traditional arts and began to serve as new means of their distribution. In the conditions of the information society, mass culture becomes a priority form of living cultural phenomena. Spectacle culture in the conditions of visualization and digital technologies is a powerful force that shapes our ideas about the world, influences social processes and determines new directions for the development of the entertainment industry, it constantly evolves, responding to technological innovations and changes in society. Spectacularity is one of the important constituent technologies of creating a modern cultural product, one of the properties of expressiveness, which is achieved through the synthesis of various artistic means. It should also be noted that modern challenges related to ethics, privacy and ecology require us to take a deliberate approach to the consumption and creation of content that becomes part of the entertainment culture.

Framing of Information, Psychological Distance, and Belief in Health Related Information under Time Pressure in Older Adults

Author(s): Vita Mikuličiūtė,Vytautas Jurkuvėnas,Viktorija Ivleva,Antanas Kairys,Vilmantė Pakalniškienė / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The time of pandemics could be described by the overflow of health-related news in media, but also the rise of researches concerning it. However, there is still a lack of information about message characteristics which effect belief in it, besides older people are underrepresented in these studies. Belief in fake news is especially dangerous for older people, not only because fake news usually promotes dangerous behavior (e.g. do not seek COVID-19 vaccination), but also because older people are the ones who are most likely to share fake news on social media in such way helping to spread them. The aim of the study was to estimate the influence of information framing and psychological distance on belief in health-related information under time pressure in older adults. Study was based on representable sample of 50 years and older Lithuanians. In total 505 participants took part in the study. 200 (30.6 %) were men, 305 (60.4%) were women. Participants ranged in age from 50 to 94 with the mean age of 66.27 (SD = 11.24). Study was a between-subject design experiment. Belief in health-related news information served as a dependent variable, Framing of Information and Psychological Distance as independent variables, also age, gender and education were control variables. Participants were presented with eight fake and eight true news headlines about vaccination and COVID-19 in the form of social media posts for 7 seconds and had to evaluate their belief in these headlines. Results indicate, that neither psychological distance (country of living vs. other EU country), nor information framing (positive vs. negative) have any influence on overall belief in health-related information in older adults. Even though gender and education were not related to overall belief in news, a significant positive correlation between age and belief in health-related information was found. Our research prove that older people become more truth biased with age.

Why do Bulgarians Resist Vaccination Against COVID-19? Reflections on an Outlier

Author(s): Tihomir Mitev,Plamen Nanov / Language(s): English Issue: Special/2024

The COVID-19 pandemic revealed some of the divisions existing within the European Union. The rates of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 clearly divide Western from Eastern European countries. The article presents “the curious case” of Bulgaria, which has the lowest vaccination uptake of all EU countries. Even though Bulgaria had been receiving vaccines since the beginning of 2021, by the end of November of that year, scarcely 25% of Bulgarians were fully vaccinated, a percentage far below that of the second lowest-ranking country in this respect, Romania. In seeking an explanation for the scepticism of the Bulgarian population towards vaccination, and analysing the roots of the problem, the authors use the Vaccine Hesitancy Matrix of Determinants, developed by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts at the World Health Organisation. The research reconstructs and traces the public institutions’ efforts to govern the crisis and shows that, in 2021, a constellation of three groups of determinants intensified hesitant attitudes to anti-COVID-19 vaccination. The study is based on media and content analysis of documents, as well as on secondary data analysis, interpreted through the frame of the Vaccine Hesitancy Matrix of Determinants as a heuristic perspective for understanding a specific pattern of vaccination hesitancy. The analysis reveals that the main driving forces of growing hesitation and behaviour regarding vaccination are the populist use of experts and authorities’ positions and the low level of public understanding of science, technology and medicine.

THE EFFECT OF MASS MEDIA ON ATTITUDES TOWARDS AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER

Author(s): Salomeea PANAIT,Claudia Coman / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The media has a significant impact on public attitudes and understanding of autism. Media representation can perpetuate negative stereotypes and misconceptions or promote positive and accurate portrayals that challenge stereotypes and promote acceptance. Autism is a spectrum, and media outlets must strive to accurately represent the diversity of experiences associated with it. Mass media awareness campaigns can educate the public about the realities of the condition and promote inclusivity. The media has a crucial responsibility in shaping public attitudes towards autism and must provide accurate and respectful representation of the condition and those affected by it to support the development of a more inclusive and understanding society. The study aims to investigate the impact of mass media on the attitudes of primary school teachers towards children with autism and their inclusion in mainstream public schools in Romania. It will use a mixed methods design with a large sample size from all schools in Brasov and the outskirts. The study will employ content analysis, questionnaires, focus group studies and semi-structured interviews to gain an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon. The results will provide insights into how mass media influences general attitudes towards individuals with autism and their inclusion in mainstream public schools. In this proposed research study, a mixed methods design combining quantitative and qualitative methods will be used to gain a comprehensive understanding of teachers' attitudes towards autism, including the impact of mass media on these attitudes. The results could be used to develop targeted interventions for promoting inclusive education practices and providing programs for teachers on creating an inclusive environment for students with autism.

Nie taki rekin straszny, jak go malują… Wywiad z Justyną Szumacher – polską podróżniczką i miłośniczką nurkowania z rekinami

Author(s): Justyna Szumacher,Justyna Tymieniecka-Suchanek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 14/2024

An interview with Justyna Szumacher – a traveler who dives (not in a protective cage!) with sharks in various places around the world – aims to show that these fish do not pose such a threat to humans as is commonly believed. Szumacher is considered an expert in diving with sharks in Poland, with extensive theoretical and practical knowledge about the behavior of these fascinating fish in their natural environment. It carries out activities aimed at raising awareness of the necessary protection of this apex predator, which is in danger of extinction, and shaping the appropriate perception of these animals by refuting the ethologically false image of a man-eating shark established in popular consciousness by the movie Jaws.

LËVIZJET KONKURRUESE NACIONALISTE DHE PËRPJEKJET PËR HAPJEN E SHKOLLAVE SHQIPE NË MAQEDONI

Author(s): Nikolle Loka / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01/2024

Since the society continued to be divided based on the system of millets, competing nationalist movements developed within each milet, which for Macedonia belongs within the Muslim milet between the Albanians and the Ottoman state, as well as within the orthodox system of millets from Greeks, Bulgarians, Serbs, but also Albanians and Vlachs. The division of the orthodox millet into smaller millets caused the competing nationalist movement for the school to develop on Macedonian Christians, who had low national consciousness and still considered religion as the first source of self-identification. At first glance, with a religious and educational character, these movements aimed at clear political goals, to possess as much territory as possible, the population of which would be declared in favor of one or the other orthodox milet. In this clash scene was involved and the Albanian nationalist movement. The decision to make the Monastery the national center of the movement for Albanian education should be seen in the context of the clash of Albanian nationalism with other nationalisms and efforts to assert the claims of Albanians on their ethnic lands in Macedonia. Albanian teachers were working to increase the national consciousness of the compatriots of those countries, who were threatened three times: by the Bulgarians, the Serbs and the Greeks. The nationalist movements and clash between Balkan nationalisms in the field of education was fierce in Macedonia and preceded other forms of conflict that culminated in the Balkan Wars of 1913.