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Erken yaşta anne olan Suriyeli kadınların annelik deneyimleri üzerine fenomenolojik bir araştırma

Author(s): Huriye Tak,Hale Nur Kılıç Memur,Nur Başer Baykal,Hatice Betül Çakıcı / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2023

There has been an increase in the cases of early marriage and motherhood in Turkey, especially in the post-migration process. The aim of this study was to examine the motherhood experiences of Syrian women who experienced adolescence motherhood. Within the scope of this purpose, focus group interviews were conducted with 11 Syrian women who applied to the Bağcılar (Istanbul) Community Center, became mothers between the ages of 14-17, and are currently between the ages of 26-54. As a data collection tool, a semi-structured interview form created by the researchers was used. This form consists of 15 open-ended questions. The interviews were analyzed with interpretive phenomenology, which is one of the qualitative research methods. As a result of the analysis, early marriage experiences, encouragement to have children, deficiency of knowledge in childcare, difficulties in early motherhood, and power sources emerged as main themes. These themes were discussed in the light of the literature, and suggestions and limitations were stated.

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Klinik olmayan örneklemde evlilik uyumunun erişkinlerde görülen dikkat eksikliği ve hiperaktivite bozukluğu belirtileri ve çocukluk çağı ruhsal travma düzeyleri ile ilişkisi

Author(s): Cemile Esinç Arz,İpek Güzide Pur Karabulut,Elçin Sakmar / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2023

The main aim of the current study was to examine the relationship between childhood trauma, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms in adulthood and marital adjustment. For this purpose, the role of ADHD symptoms in adulthood as a potential mediator of the relation-ship between childhood trauma and marital adjustment was tested. The study involved 301 participants (164 women and 137 men) who were married once and officially, for at least one year, aged22-61, and had at least high school degree. A Demographic Information Form, Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and Dyadic Adjustment Scale(DAS) were administered. Spearman Correlation Analysis and “PROCESS” macro developed byHayes in regression analysis for the instrument variable were used to test the hypothesis. It wasdepicted that there was a positive relationship between adult ADHD symptoms and childhoodtrauma levels while there was a negative one between adult ADHD symptoms and marital adjust-ment. The association between childhood trauma and marital adjustment was also identified asnegative. It was indicated that there was a mediator role of adult ADHD symptoms in relation to childhood trauma and marital adjustment. The results were found to be consistent with the literaturein general and they were discussed in the context of the literature.

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Przegląd wybranych badań nad zastosowaniem arteterapii w pracy z dziećmi uchodźców i imigrantów

Author(s): Agata Goździewicz-Rostankowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

This article presents an overview of research on the importance and effectiveness of art therapy methods in immigrant and refugee children. The literature on the subject indicates an increased risk of problems in the area of both mental and physical health in immigrants and their children. Refugees and their children are in a particularly difficult situation because, in addition to the challenges of adapting to a new place of settlement, they also experience trauma related to the country of origin. Among the therapeutic interactions and work with refugee and immigrant children, art therapy has a special place. The article adopts a broad definition of it, according to which it is “all forms and methods of therapeutic assistance in which various fields of art are used: painting, drawing, literature, music, dance, drama”. A review of studies examining the importance of art therapy in the context of improving psychological functioning in various age groups of immigrant and refugee children is presented. It turns out that the therapeutic impact with the use of art may be important in the context of coping for dealing with the problems experienced by these groups of people.

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Functioning of Lexical Connections in Patients with Neurodegenerative Diseases. Case Study of a Patient with Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA)

Author(s): Izabela Gatkowska,Olga Jauer-Niworowska / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2023

Aim of the research: interdisciplinary description of functioning of lexical connections in a patient with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA-type1). There is little research on lexical networks in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Procedure: the subject was asked to give associations to 63 stimuli-lexemes. Tools used in the study: the Experimental lexical network of the Polish language, a digital recorder, an Olympus 650 DM. The Experimental lexical network was developed by Izabela Gatkowska (2017). It was created as a result of the study concerning the associations of 900 healthy Polish-speaking adults. Utterances of the subject were recorded, transcribed and compared with standard data. Results: the reactions of the subject were different from the associations presented in the Experimental lexical network. The most common verbal reactions were: creating definitions of stimuliword meanings or making comment on them. Associations created by the subject were based on paradigmatic or syntagmatic relations. The authors explain how the specific verbal behaviour of the subject is related to the cognitive and language dysfunctions caused by the cerebellar damages. The results showed that language processing should not be regarded as separate from other cognitive functions. Verbal reactions of the subject are slightly similar to aphasic symptoms, but mostly they are related to cerebellar damage and executive disorders. The results obtained proved the validity of the connection between linguistic and psychological methods and tools in studies which concern the language behaviour of patients with neurodegenerative diseases.

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Validation of the Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) based on the clinical diagnosis of IGD in Japan

Author(s): Satoko Mihara,Yoneatsu Osaki,Aya Kinjo,Takanobu Matsuzaki,Hideki Nakayama,Takashi Kitayuguchi,Takayuki Harada,Susumu Higuchi / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

Although the Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT-10) has been translated into Japanese and widely used, the Japanese version has not previously been validated. We used the clinical diagnosis of IGD as a gold standard for validating the test. Methods: The Japanese version was validated using 244 gamers drawn from the general young population in Japan. Expert interviews using the Japanese version of the Structured Clinical Interview for Internet Gaming Disorder evaluated diagnoses of Internet gaming disorder (IGD). This resulted in a diagnosis of IGD for eight individuals, categorized as the gold standard group. The screening performance of the two Japanese versions with different scoring conditions was examined: the scoring method proposed by the original study (original version) and a less stringent scoring method where responses of either “often” or “sometimes” were regarded as affirmative (modified version). Results: The results of the sensitivity and specificity analyses, the Cronbach’s alpha and the receiver operating characteristics analysis revealed a higher screening performance for the modified versus the original version. The optimum cutoff for the modified version was 5 or more – the sensitivity, specificity, and Youden’s index were 87.5, 85.2, and 72.7%, respectively. The rate of probable IGD using the original and modified versions were 1.8% and 11.3%, respectively. Discussion and conclusion: A less stringent scoring method for the Japanese version of IGDT-10 showed a higher screening performance than the original scoring method. Future studies comprising different ethnic groups and gaming cultures should further examine the suggested scoring method.

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Compulsive sexual behavior disorder in 42 countries: Insights from the International Sex Survey and introduction of standardized assessment tools

Author(s): Beáta Böthe,Mónika Koós,Léna Nagy,Shane W. Kraus,Zsolt Demetrovics,Marc N. Potenza,Aurélie Michaud,Rafael Ballester-Arnal,Dominik Batthyány,Sophie Bergeron,Joël Billieux,Peer Briken,Julius Burkauskas,Georgina Cárdenas-López,Joana Carvalho,Jesús Castro-Calvo,Lijun Chen,Giacomo Ciocca,Ornela Corazza,Rita Csako,David P. Fernandez,Elaine F. Fernandez,Julien Fournier,Hironobu Fujiwara,Johannes Fuss,Roman Gabrhelík,Ateret Gewirtz-Meydan,Biljana Gjoneska,Mateusz Gola,Joshua B. Grubbs,Hashim T. Hashim,Md Saiful Islam,Mustapha Ismail ,Martha C. Jiménez-Martínez,Tanja Jurin,Ondrej Kalina,Verena Klein,András Költő,Chih-Ting Lee,Sang-Kyu Lee,Karol Lewczuk,Chung-Ying Lin,Christine Lochner,Silvia López-Alvarado,Kateřina Lukavská,Percy Mayta-Tristán,Ionut Milea,Dan J. Miller,Oľga Orosová,Gábor Orosz,Fernando P. Ponce,Gonzalo R. Quintana,Gabriel C. Quintero Garzola,Jano Ramos-Diaz,Kevin Rigaud,Ann Rousseau,Marco De Tubino Scanavino,Marion K. Schulmeyer,Pratap Sharan,Mami Shibata,Sheikh Shoib,Vera L. Sigre Leirós,Luke Sniewski,Ognen Spasovski,Vesta Steibliene,Dan J. Stein,Julian Strizek / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Despite its inclusion in the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases, there is a virtual paucity of high-quality scientific evidence about compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD), especially in underrepresented and underserved populations. Therefore, we comprehensively examined CSBD across 42 countries, genders, and sexual orientations, and validated the original (CSBD-19) and short (CSBD-7) versions of the Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder Scale to provide standardized, state-of-the-art screening tools for research and clinical practice. Method: Using data from the International Sex Survey (N 5 82,243; Mage 5 32.39 years, SD 5 12.52), we evaluated the psychometric properties of the CSBD-19 and CSBD-7 and compared CSBD across 42 countries, three genders, eight sexual orientations, and individuals with low vs. high risk of experiencing CSBD. Results: A total of 4.8% of the participants were at high risk of experiencing CSBD. Country- and gender-based differences were observed, while no sexual-orientation-based differences were present in CSBD levels. Only 14% of individuals with CSBD have ever sought treatment for this disorder, with an additional 33% not having sought treatment because of various reasons. Both versions of the scale demonstrated excellent validity and reliability. Discussion and conclusions: This study contributes to a better understanding of CSBD in underrepresented and underserved populations and facilitates its identification in diverse populations by providing freely accessible ICD-11-based screening tools in 26 languages. The findings may also serve as a crucial building block to stimulate research into evidence-based, culturally sensitive prevention and intervention strategies for CSBD that are currently missing from the literature.

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On the current psychotherapeutic situation for persons with pornography use disorder in Germany

Author(s): Charlotte Markert,Florian Storz,Sarah Golder,Johanna Rechmann,Julian A. Rubel,Christopher Lalk,Rabea Vogt,Julia A. Glombiewski,David Braun,Christiane A. Pané-Farré,Tanja Michael,Hannah K. Mattheus,Nanne Dominick,Klaus Wölfling,Wolfgang Lutz,Jana Schaffrath,Ulrich Stangier,Schahryar Kananian,Dirk Strüwing,Doerthe Klingelhöfer,Frederik Valbert,Anja Neumann,Bertram Walter,Rudolf Stark / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Background and aims: For the first time, the ICD-11 provides the diagnosis compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD) that can be assigned for pornography use disorder (PUD). This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of PUD and associated consequences in Germany, to identify the psychotherapy demand among likely PUD (lPUD) cases and the treatment supply in different psychotherapeutic settings, to survey psychotherapists’ level of expertise regarding PUD, and to identify predictors for psychotherapy demand. Methods: Four studies were conducted: 1. Online study in the general population (n 5 2070; m 5 48.9%, f 5 50.8%, d 5 0.2%), 2. Survey among practicing psychotherapists (n 5 983), 3. Survey of psychotherapists in psychotherapeutic outpatient clinics (n 5 185), 4. Interviews with psychotherapeutic inpatient clinics (n 5 28). Results: The estimated prevalence of lPUD in the online study was 4.7% and men were 6.3 times more often affected than women. Compared to individuals without PUD, individuals with lPUD more often indicated negative consequences in performance-related areas. Among lPUD cases, 51.2% of men and 64.3% of women were interested in a specialized PUD treatment. Psychotherapists reported 1.2%–2.9% of lPUD cases among their patients. 43.2%–61.5% of psychotherapists stated to be poorly informed about PUD. Only 7% of psychotherapeutic inpatient clinics provided specific treatments to patients with PUD. While, among other factors, negative consequences attributed to lPUD were predictive for psychotherapy demand, weekly pornography consumption, subjective well-being, and religious attachment were not. Discussion and conclusions: Although PUD occurs quite often in Germany, availability of mental health care services for PUD is poor. Specific PUD treatments are urgently needed.

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Update on treatment studies for compulsive buying-shopping disorder: A systematic review

Author(s): Astrid Müller,Nora M. Laskowski,Tobias A. Thomas,Stephanie Antons,Nadja Tahmassebi,Sabine Steins-Loeber,Matthias Brand,Ekaterini Georgiadou / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

Compulsive buying-shopping disorder (CBSD) is mentioned as an example of other specified impulse control disorders in the ICD-11 coding tool, highlighting its clinical relevance and need for treatment. The aim of the present work was to provide a systematic update on treatment studies for CBSD, with a particular focus on online CBSD. Method: The preregistered systematic review (PROSPERO, CRD42021257379) was performed in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 statement. A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and PsycInfo databases. Original research published between January 2000 and December 2022 was included. Risk of reporting bias was evaluated with the CONSORT guideline for randomized controlled trials. Effect sizes for primary CBSD outcomes were calculated. Results: Thirteen studies were included (psychotherapy: 2 open, 4 waitlist control design; medication: 2 open, 3 placebo-controlled, 2 open-label phase followed by a double-blind discontinuation phase; participants treatment/control 349/149). None of the studies addressed online CBSD. Psychotherapy studies suggest that group cognitive-behavioral therapy is effective in reducing CBSD symptoms. Pharmacological studies with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors or topiramate did not indicate superiority over placebo. Predictors of treatment outcome were rarely examined, mechanisms of change were not studied at all. Risk of reporting bias was high in most studies. Discussion: Poor methodological and low quality of reporting of included studies reduce the reliability of conclusions. There is a lack of studies targeting online CBSD. More high-quality treatment research is needed with more emphasis on the CBSD subtype and mechanisms of change.

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Abnormal frontostriatal connectivity and serotonin function in gambling disorder: A preliminary exploratory study

Author(s): Albert Bellmunt-Gil,Joonas Majuri,Evelina Arponen,Valtteri Kaasinen,Juho Joutsa / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

The neurobiological mechanisms of gambling disorder are not yet fully characterized, limiting the development of treatments. Defects in frontostriatal connections have been shown to play a major role in substance use disorders, but data on behavioral addictions, such as gambling disorder, are scarce. The aim of this study was to 1) investigate whether gambling disorder is associated with abnormal frontostriatal connectivity and 2) characterize the key neurotransmitter systems underlying the connectivity abnormalities. Methods: Fifteen individuals with gambling disorder and 17 matched healthy controls were studied with resting-state functional connectivity MRI and three brain positron emission tomography scans, investigating dopamine (18F-FDOPA), opioid (11C-carfentanil) and serotonin (11C-MADAM) function. Frontostriatal connectivity was investigated using striatal seed-to-voxel connectivity and compared between the groups. Neurotransmitter systems underlying the identified connectivity differences were investigated using region-of-interest and voxelwise approaches. Results: Individuals with gambling disorder showed loss of functional connectivity between the right nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and a region in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (PFWE

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Electronic gaming machine accessibility and gambling problems: A natural policy experiment

Author(s): Alex M.T. Russell,Matthew Browne,Nerilee Hing,Matthew J. Rockloff,Philip W. S. Newall,Nicki A. Dowling,Stephanie S. Merkouris,Daniel L. King,Matthew Stevens,Anne H. Salonen,Helen Breen,Nancy Greer,Hannah Thorne,Tess Visintin,Vijay Rawat,Linda Woo / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

Electronic gaming machines (EGMs) are one of the most harmful forms of gambling at an individual level. It is unclear whether restriction of EGM functions and accessibility results in meaningful reductions in population-level gambling harm. Methods: A natural policy experiment using a large (N 5 15,000) national dataset weighted to standard population variables was employed to compare estimates of gambling problems between Australian residents in Western Australia (WA), where EGMs are restricted to one venue and have different structural features, to residents in other Australian jurisdictions where EGMs are widely accessible in casinos, hotels and clubs. Accessibility of other gambling forms is similar across jurisdictions. Results: Gambling participation was higher in WA, but EGM participation was approximately half that of the rest of Australia. Aggregate gambling problems and harm were about one-third lower in WA, and self-reported attribution of harm from EGMs by gamblers and affected others was 2.73 and 43 lower, respectively. Mediation analyses found that less frequent EGM use in WA accounted for the vast majority of the discrepancy in gambling problems (indirect path 5 0.055, 95% CI 0.071; 0.038). Moderation analyses found that EGMs are the form most strongly associated with problems, and the strength of this relationship did not differ significantly across jurisdictions. Discussion: Lower harm from gambling in WA is attributable to restricted accessibility of EGMs, rather than different structural features. There appears to be little transfer of problems to other gambling forms. These results suggest that restricting the accessibility of EGMs substantially reduces gambling harm.

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Brain responses to positive and negative events in individuals with internet gaming disorder during real gaming

Author(s): Zhengije Zhang,Shizhen Wang,Xiaoxia Du,Yanyan Qi,Lingxiao Wang,Guang-Heng Dong / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

This study sought to investigate brain responses to positive and negative events in individuals with internet gaming disorder (IGD) during real gaming as a direct assessment of the neural features of IGD. This investigation reflects the neural deficits in individuals with IGD while playing games, providing direct and effective targets for prevention and treatment of IGD. Methods: Thirty subjects with IGD and fifty-two matched recreational game use (RGU) subjects were scanned while playing an online game. Abnormal brain activities during positive and negative events were detected using a general linear model. Functional connectivity (FC) and correlation analyses between neural features and addiction severity were conducted to provide additional support for the underlying neural features. Results: Compared to the RGU subjects, the IGD subjects exhibited decreased activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during positive events and decreased activation in the middle frontal gyrus (MFG), precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus during negative events. Decreased FC between the DLPFC and putamen during positive events and between the MFG and amygdala during negative events were observed among the IGD subjects. Neural features and addiction severity were significantly correlated. Conclusions: Individuals with IGD exhibited deficits in regulating game craving, maladaptive habitual gaming behaviors and negative emotions when experiencing positive and negative events during real game-playing compared to RGU gamers. These abnormalities in neural substrates during real gaming provide direct evidence for explaining why individuals with IGD uncontrollably and continuously engage in game playing, despite negative consequences.

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Клинический случай нового Раскольникова в романе Текст Дмитрия Глуховского

Author(s): Irina Ermaszova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 185/2024

This article is devoted to the novel TEXT by Dmitry Glukhovsky and is especially focused on its reading in an interdisciplinary manner. It is a kind of attempt to compare evaluative readings and judgments, which mainly affect the novel’s intertextuality (a parallel with Raskolnikov), the modern realities of Russia, and the problems of technical evolution. This analysis considers the artistic embodiment of the PSTR in modern prose, in the Text, and contributes to the relationship between literature and medical humanities.

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Alcohol Use Disorders: The Role of Employment Status and the Effectiveness of Occupational Therapy

Author(s): Laura-Maria Matei-Mitacu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Alcoholism is an addiction that has a high prevalence in Central and Eastern Europe, alongside tobacco use and obesity, being recognized as one of the major factors contributing to disability and premature death. The economic pressure caused by alcohol consumption is significant, and national economies suffer major deficits due to this widely propagated phenomenon. Understanding the consumption behavior, from its origins to the development of the behavior itself, and the treatment of alcohol dependence, falls within the purview of psychiatric and psychological practice. The multitude of facets of alcohol consumption makes it both attractive to a wide range of individuals and difficult to define in terms of its influence on the person as a whole: physiologically, temperamentally, characterologically, and psychosocially. The effects of alcohol on consumers are specific to a versatile substance: disinhibition, reduction of anxiety, alteration of somatic sensations, speech rate and fluency, motor skills, and other cognitive-behavioral dimensions. The addictiveness of alcohol is closely related to its impact on consumers, especially in terms of the relationship that develops between the individual and the behavior of consumption. As the literature shows, the development of alcohol addiction is linked to deep emotional aspects specific to humans, giving it a psychosocial and cultural component that transforms it into a characteristic human construct.

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-DIRECTED EMOTIONS AND DEPRESSION: THE INFLUENCE OF RUMINATION ON THIS RELATIONSHIP

Author(s): Dana A. Iclozan / Language(s): English Issue: 36/2024

This study investigates the relationships among self-directed emotions (shame and guilt), depression, and the moderating role of rumination within a clinical sample. Prior research has identified rumination as a critical factor in depression, yet its interaction with specific emotions like shame and guilt remains underexplored. This research aims to elucidate how rumination influences the relationship between these self-directed emotions and depressive symptoms. Participants included N=53 psychiatric inpatients, for whom assessments were conducted to measure levels of shame, guilt, rumination, and depressive symptoms. Findings indicate that shame, but not guilt, is significantly correlated with depressive symptoms, with rumination not moderating these relationships. These results highlight the importance of targeting shame in depression treatments and call for further examination of rumination's role in this dynamic. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of the emotional underpinnings of depression and the complex function of rumination, suggesting directions for future research and clinical practice.

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SPEKTRUM CZYNNIKÓW OCHRONY PRZED RYZYKIEM ZACHOWAŃ PRZESTĘPCZYCH

Author(s): Piotr Boćko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

Given the extensive potential for risk factors, the article's attention to both clinical intervention and risk management offers a critical synthesis of what is known about risk factors for offending. The article provides a critical review of knowledge on protective factors. In particular, the identification of 'natural' protective factors can be used to guide prevention programmes from childhood and to formulate responses to adolescent risk. Investigating the sources of vulnerability and resilience is a promising area of research to improve prevention and identify the impact of risk factors, while aiming to improve individuals at risk of offending.

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The relationship between attachment styles, psychological disorders, and mentalization capacity

Author(s): Ștefan POPOV / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Attachment theory is widely regarded as one of the most significant advancements in psychology. Originally focused on early childhood development, it has expanded to offer insights into a broad spectrum of psychological disorders in adulthood. Additionally, some scholars propose that attachment theory could serve as a unifying framework in psychotherapy. If psychological disorders stem from attachment disturbances, then therapeutic interventions should theoretically impact attachment styles. However, there remains ongoing debate regarding whether attachment styles remain fixed throughout life or can adapt in response to environmental factors or psychotherapy. This theoretical study seeks to provide greater clarity on the malleability of attachment styles, the association between attachment and psychological disorders, and the examination of mentalizationa central concept in the genesis of psychological disorders. Mentalization is not only seen as a core feature of attachment styles but also as a key process in psychotherapy.

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Narsistik hayranlık ve narsistik rekabet ile takıntılı özçekim davranışları arasındaki ilişki: Eksik kalma korkusunun ve genel aidiyetin aracı rolü

Author(s): Erim Utku Küçüktopuzlu,Tolga Köskün / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2023

Selfie behavior is defined as taking a photo of oneself via a mobile phone and sharing it on social media. The personality traits or psychological processes related to selfie behavior have become a recent interest in psychology. In this study, the mediating role of fear of missing out and general belongingness in the relationship between narcissistic admiration/narcissistic rivalry and selfitis behaviors was examined. 440 Instagram users aged between 18 and 65 (74% female) participat-ed in the study online. Data were collected using the Personal Information Form, Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Scale, Selfitis Behavior Scale, Fear of Missing Out Scale, and General Belongingness Scale. Results indicated that narcissistic admiration and narcissistic rivalry are positively correlated with selfitis behaviors. The indirect effect of narcissistic admiration on selfitis behaviors was significant through fear of missing out and general belongingness. On the other hand, while fear of missing out mediated the relationship between narcissistic rivalry and obsessive selfitis behaviors; the mediating role of general belongingness was not significant. Find-ings indicated that different dimensions of narcissism may affect selfitis behaviors depending on an individual’s different psychological processes. It can be argued that selfie behaviors may be a way of establishing interpersonal relationships on social media. The current study focused on a single social media application and selfie behaviors only. For this reason, it is suggested to exam-ine social media behaviors in the context of different social media applications.

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ESSENTIAL QUALITIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COUNSELLOR

Author(s): Mihaela Stoica / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 37/2024

This article addresses the essential qualities and characteristics of the counsellor. Firstly, it specifies what counselling is and what the role of the counsellor is, and secondly, it presents the main characteristics and qualities of the counsellor that are essential to ensure its efficiency. Empathy is an essential quality of the counselor and refers to the ability to perceive the feelings, emotions of the interlocutor, his way of thinking and behaving, without identifying with him and without judging. The most important quality of an effective advisor is authenticity. Authenticity means that the counsellor does not play a role, he remains himself in the relationship with the client. All counselors need fundamental counseling techniques to relate to clients and help them understand their problems. Counseling techniques refer to communication skills, e.g., listening skills, questioning skills.

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DEVELOPING ACTIVE LISTENING SKILLS WITHIN DOCTOR-PATIENT INTERACTIONS

Author(s): Laura Ioana Leon / Language(s): English Issue: 37/2024

Developing good communication skills in healthcare settings, for all healthcare professionals, has become a mandatory thing today. Nonetheless, though in recent years, a lot of effort has been put in this direction, patients still complain about the fact they do not feel they are listened to. Also, recent studies show that with the development of technology, doctors tend to rely more on test results, diminishing the importance of listening to the patient’s story. The aim of this paper is to show how active listening should not become a neglected component of the communication process. Looked at from a different perspective, it may be regarded as the most important component of the communication process within doctor-patient interactions. Though usually neglected as a component of the communication process, active listening seems to be given its importance back again, as it is the very tool by means of which a doctor is able to build a trustworthy relationship. By being able to actively listen to their patients, doctors are likely to give better diagnoses and, more importantly, to change those perspectives that traditionally relied only on symptoms, without necessarily paying too much attention to the patient as an individual. Developing active listening skills, doctors will be able to understand more about their patients as they will be able to understand them in their whole context, be it cultural, social, economic or emotional. The quality of the doctor’s ability to listen will determine the whole shape of the doctor-patient interaction.

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Sposób odzwierciedlania w protokole emocji osób przesłuchiwanych w sprawie karnej – badanie praktyki

Author(s): Dariusz Jagiełło / Language(s): Polish Issue: 62/2023

The aim of the article is to provide a summary of the analysis of files from Polish criminal proceedings concerning the fidelity of reflecting the accounts of interrogated individuals within the interrogation protocols. The research sample encompasses protocols documenting both pre-trial and court proceedings. Additionally, in accordance with Article 174 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, service notes from police officers were subject to analysis. The content of this article encompasses a description of protocol practices, including the identification of observed errors. The analysis covers two distinct types of cases, specifically those related to charges under Article 207 of the Criminal Code (pertaining to the crime of abuse) and Article 197 of the Criminal Code (pertaining to the crime of rape). These cases align with the research objectives outlined by the author. This article primarily serves a descriptive and summarizing role, focusing on the practice of legal proceedings. In a subsequent section, guidelines will be proposed for creating effective protocols in criminal cases. Notably, this article does not delve into the impact on the course of criminal proceedings concerning the reflection or lack thereof of emotional states, primarily in terms of the principles of free evaluation of evidence and immediacy. References to the principles of the criminal process will be explored in the following section.

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