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Komunikacja pragmatyczna jako możliwa dla osób nieumiejących posługiwać się językiem naturalnym

Author(s): Anna Pietryga / Language(s): Polish Issue: 42/2024

By the “pragmatic communication” I mean the sort of communication described in the philosophical tradition launched by H.P. Grice. This tradition presents the conversational implicatures as indispensable to understand any human communication activities because they do not usually follow completely the scheme delivered from the lexical, morphological or syntactic systems of a given natural language. The aim of the paper is to present the modern communication possibilities achievable for people with different language dysfunctions, which were all recognized and classified by the Russian neuropsychologist Alexandr R. Łurija as six primary defects of linguistic ability. Every act of such communication requires a linguistic exchange in which not all human senses may be used. Anyone trying to start the communication with a handicapped person needs to imply by pragmatic communication (using the remaining senses) that his or her suggestion is to start the communication. Next, the persons with speech disabilities may avail themselves of the new achievements of speech therapy, new methods of non-verbal communication as well as innovative technical solutions which makes both hearing and speaking easier for them. All these aspects are discussed in the text.

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The Power of a Smile: Exploring the Connection Between Teacher Facial Expressions and ESL Learning

Author(s): Mona Abou Assali / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2024

This research was designed to determine the impact of smiling by an ESL teacher on students' learning achievement. Ten males and six females were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. All of them were students of a higher education program in the United Arab Emirates for the study. The findings suggested that a smile is a major part that can lead to better learning outcomes and affirmed the positive psychology theory. In addition, it was ascertained that a smiling teacher leads to positive changes in attitude; learning climate; motivation and involvement; rapport with the subject; reduction in stress; anxiety; fear and anger; and an improvement in trust and respect. Higher learning outcomes may be achieved through any of these ways. This conceptual model is conducive to empirical research study as presented in this research.

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DIFFERENCES IN FINGER LENGTH RATIO BETWEEN STUDENTS OF PSYCHOLOGY AND SPECIAL EDUCATION AND REHABILITATION

Author(s): Bajram KAMBERI / Language(s): English Issue: 22-23/2024

Background: The disproportionate length of human fingers has generated much interest among researchers. Attention has been drawn to the relationship between the palmar digit (2D:4D) ratio and personality, but the obtained results have been inconsistent. This pilot research project was a qualitative study that aimed to investigate the similarity or differences in the length of fingers 2 and 4 in two groups of students aged 20-21 years from different study programs (psychology and special education and rehabilitation) from Tetova University in Tetova to see if the selection of study program is influenced by the length of certain fingers. Materials and procedure: Single measures of the lengths of the 2nd and 4th digits from the fingertip to the ventral proximal crease of the left and right hand were collected using a ruler calibrated to 0.05 cm. The measurements were anonymous and performed in October of 2023 by the lecturer of teaching subjects in 30 consenting students who participated voluntarily and without any compensation in the participation. At the same time, the data analysis was done statistically using the paired samples test. Results: Means and standard deviations of the parameters with respect to group differences were calculated. We found a nonsignificant group difference in the 2D:4D ratio for the right hand (p=0.402) and for the left hand (p=0.775). Conclusion: Detailed information of finger length parameters and D2:D4 index in a sample study with more participants in the future period will be used from the perspective of neuropsychology.

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NEUROPLASTICITATEA - METAMORFOZA CREIERULUI UMAN

Author(s): Maria Dița,Libi Bubuioc / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 01/2024

The brain's ability to reorganize its neurons to form new neural connections based on life experience and learning is known as neuroplasticity. This process is continuous and allows us to learn new things throughout our lives. In addition, neuroplasticity not only helps us adapt to life and develop culturally and spiritually, but also represents a chance for recovery for neurological conditions that may affect the senses, movements or cognitive functions. Therefore, neuroplasticity allows neurons in the brain to compensate temporarily or permanently by forming new brain connections, fully or partially replacing functions affected by injury or disease.

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Mental health professionals’ use of the ICD-11 classification of impulse control disorders and behavioral addictions: An international field study

Author(s): Johannes Fuss,JARED W. KEELEY,Dan J. Stein,TAHILIA J. REBELLO,JOSÉ ÁNGEL GARCÍA,Peer Briken,REBECA ROBLES,CHIHIRO MATSUMOTO,Christoph Abé,Joël Billieux,Jon E. Grant,Shane W. Kraus,Christine Lochner,Marc N. Potenza,Geoffrey M. Reed / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Background and aims: The ICD-11 chapter on mental, behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorders contains new controversial diagnoses including compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD), intermittent explosive disorder (IED) and gaming disorder. Using a vignette-based methodology, this field study examined the ability of mental health professionals (MHPs) to apply the new ICD-11 diagnostic requirements for impulse control disorders, which include CSBD and IED, and disorders due to addictive behaviors, which include gaming disorder, compared to the previous ICD-10 guidelines. Methods: Across eleven comparisons, members of the WHO’s Global Clinical Practice Network (N 5 1,090) evaluated standardized case descriptions that were designed to test key differences between the diagnostic guidelines of ICD-11 and ICD-10. Results: The ICD11 outperformed the ICD-10 in the accuracy of diagnosing impulse control disorders and behavioral addictions in most comparisons, while the ICD-10 was not superior in any. The superiority of the ICD-11 was particularly clear where new diagnoses had been added to the classification system or major revisions had been made. However, the ICD-11 outperformed the ICD-10 only in a minority of comparisons in which mental health professionals were asked to evaluate cases with non-pathological high involvement in rewarding behaviors. Discussion and Conclusions: Overall, the present study indicates that the ICD-11 diagnostic requirements represent an improvement over the ICD-10 guidelines. However, additional efforts, such as training programs for MHPs and possible refinements of diagnostic guidance, are needed to avoid over-diagnosis of people who are highly engaged in a repetitive and rewarding behavior but below the threshold for a disorder.

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Как музиката влияе върху мозъка

Author(s): Stoyanka Tancheva,Maximiliyana Bazan / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

The idea for developing this topic came to us from observations on how music can help us to accomplish a large amount of intellectual work in a short period of time. Objective: Our objective was to study the influence of music on various aspects of brain activity. Tasks: Our task was to support our thesis that music causes effects on the brain, through which it provokes an increase in the cognitive and perceptual-motor impulse, causing higher functional and structural plasticity of the brain. Material and methods: To implement this task, we used the method of observation and analysis of experimental settings available for information in the scientific literature, conducted in some of the leading neurolinguistic centers around the world. Results and discussions: Our personal result was that against the background of musical works or by alternating musical activities with our main intellectual activity, we managed to summarize and structure a large volume of activity in a short period of time, while at the same time, with this model of work, our body and mind did not feel exhausted and we maintained our motivation to work and concentration of our attention to detail for a long time. Conclusions: Our conclusions support the influence of music on the speed of concentration, strengthening of selective attention processes, the speed of associative processes in the brain, rapid analysis of cognitive and emotional aspects, as well as faster and more effective memorization

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Музиката като терапевтична стратегия при постинсултна афазия

Author(s): Stoyanka Tancheva,Maximiliyana Bazan / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

Stroke can cause aphasia, motor dysfunction, cognitive impairment, mood disorders and other complications. Introduction: The idea for developing this topic came to us while analyzing our observations on a patient with non-fluent Broca's aphasia, obtained after a stroke and symptoms of dyspraxia and dysarthria, who significantly improved her ability to communicate by listening to her favorite music. Objective: Our goal was to study the influence of music on various aspects of brain activity. Tasks: Our task was to support our thesis that music causes effects on the brain, through which an increase in cognitive and perceptual-motor impulse occurs, provoking higher functional and structural plasticity in it, thus affecting the patient's health status. Material and methods: To implement this task, we used the method of observation and analysis of experimental settings available for information in the scientific literature, conducted in some hospices and leading rehabilitation centers around the world. Results and Discussion: The results and analyses of our observations of the use of music as a means of rehabilitation in post-stroke patients strongly indicate the effectiveness of melody and rhythm on the healing process in these patients, as well as the fact that they retain their motivation to work and concentration of attention to detail for a long time. We suggest that an intervention designed to engage brain regions that overlap with the MNS may have significant clinical potential. Guided by our observations, experience and theoretical training, we argue that this engagement can be achieved through forms of multimodal activity, such as music (playing instruments, singing and even simply listening to a favorite melody). Conclusions: The conclusions that the model of using music in the rehabilitation of post-stroke patients imposes are in support of its influence on the speed of coordination, strengthening of attention, motivation, speed and range of movements controlled by brain structures responsible for fine motor skills of the body. Music usage patterns may offer a promising approach to facilitating expressive language in otherwise nonverbal stroke patients.

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Mузиката като помощник на съня

Author(s): Stoyanka Tancheva,Maximiliyana Bazan / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

Lack of sleep increases the likelihood of mortality and the risk of chronic diseases, including heart attack, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, heart disease, stroke and depression. Introduction: The idea for developing this topic came to us while analyzing our patient, who suffers from insomnia and anamnestically told us that he only manages to fall asleep to the background of certain music. Interruption of music also interrupts his sleep, and its sound guarantees his sleep, regardless of parasitic noises around. Goal: Our goal was to study the influence of music on various aspects of brain activity. Tasks: Our task was to support our thesis that music causes effects on the brain that improve relaxation and sleep, thus affecting the patient's health. Material and methods: To implement this task, we used the method of observation and analysis of experimental settings on this topic available for information in the scientific literature. Results and discussions: The results and analyses of our observations of the use of music categorically indicate the effectiveness of melody and rhythm on sleep. Conclusions: The conclusions that the model of using music as a factor for sleep imposes support the idea that through the use of certain music, the sound environment is transformed into a calmer and safer atmosphere, which creates comfort, reduces the level of stress, relaxes the patient and potentially improves the quality of sleep

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TREATING NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY DISORDER WITH SCHEMA THERAPY – A CASE STUDY

Author(s): Maria Cristina Sterie / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2024

Objectives. This case study endeavors to provide an in-depth understanding of the schema and mode structure of narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) and to illustrate a possible therapeutic approach using schema therapy (ST). Material and methods. The recorded material from a 2-year therapeutic journey of a 38-year-old female client diagnosed with NPD was transcribed and systematically analyzed, together with the results of questionnaires that were given to the client at the start of therapy and at the end of the process. Results. The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III) was initially used to confirm the presence of NPD in the client. Concurrently, the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) and Schema Mode Inventory (SMI) were employed to measure changes across the course of treatment. The MCMI-III confirmed the existence of NPD. The YSQ revealed a high presence of schemas in the domains of disconnection and rejection, as well as schemas of subjugation, entitlement, and approval seeking. The SMI indicated elevated scores on Vulnerable and Angry Child Modes, Detached Self-Soother and Self-Aggrandizer, Punitive and Demanding Parent. The scores for Happy Child and Healthy Adult were medium. Upon completion of therapy, a reevaluation of the questionnaire’s scores demonstrated a reduction in narcissism on MCMI-III from 89 to 78, indicating that the client no longer met the criteria for NPD but only for narcissistic personality traits. The scores for YSQ and SMI also decreased significantly. Conclusions. The use of schema therapy was an adaptive and successful approach to addressing the narcissistic personality pathology of the client. The utilization of a limited reparenting stance allowed empathic confrontation of the main narcissistic modes. The utilization of mode conceptualization and schema understanding reduced feelings of shame and promoted participation of the client’s Healthy Adult Mode in the therapeutic process.

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Kindling in psychopharmacology: Unveiling an overlooked clinical challenge with significant implication

Author(s): Marcello Maviglia,Norman J Cooeyate,Donald Hume,Laura Guerra / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2024

The kindling phenomenon, often overlooked in clinical settings, emerges during the withdrawal phase from various substances, including sedative-hypnotic drugs (such as benzodiazepines and alcohol), psychiatric medications, and opioids. The progressive worsening of withdrawal symptoms with each successive episode characterizes this phenomenon. Consequently, its implications extend far beyond immediate clinical manifestations. A thorough understanding of how to prevent kindling is crucial in the treatment of Substance Use Disorders and mental health conditions. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying kindling is essential for researchers, clinicians, and individuals undergoing treatment. This article delves into the implications of kindling, explores the issue of differential diagnosis, addresses strategies for its effective clinical management, and aims to enhance treatment outcomes. Additionally, it highlights the invaluable roles of medical doctors, therapists, and peer support specialists in addressing the challenges of kindling.

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Post-traumatic stress disorder and potential biomarkers: a critical review

Author(s): Paul Brunoz / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2024

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is introduced by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5 TR) (2022) as a mental health condition that impacts approximately 6.8% of U.S. adults. Despite the abundant literature on the psychological underpinnings of PTSD, biological mechanisms are not well understood. Additionally, critical reviews are far and few between with regard to physiological research on PTSD. As such, it is crucial to explore the underlying biological mechanisms in addition to the psychological elements of PTSD etiology. Biomarkers are introduced as a potential indicator for exploring physiological and psychological symptoms, distinguishing diagnosis, and predicting symptom severity, intensity, and duration. While research supports biomarkers as an accurate indicator for understanding PTSD pathology, a clinically validated biomarker test has yet to be developed. This critical review evaluates the relevant literature related to biological markers and PTSD to identify strengths, limitations, and future directions in biomarker research as it relates to PTSD etiology. This critical review reveals that despite the robust internal and validity methods in biomarker PTSD research, the methodologies are limited in the scope of generalizability, inclusion of diversity and intersectionality interactions, and flexibility for complex presentations. Much of the literature also fails to incorporate treatment directions or clinical application suggestions, as much of the biomarker findings are too vague or complex for accessible implementation. Despite the limitations in methodology, this critical review concludes that biomarkers are the first step in facilitating an integrative and holistic approach to our understanding of PTSD pathology. Future directions include the application of biomarker research on PTSD treatment, progression of symptomology, prevention, and protective factors, and the development of a universal biomarker test for PTSD that is generalizable.

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The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among landslide victims

Author(s): Habibah Lateh,Jamilah Ahmad,Nur Afiqah Mohamad / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

Malaysia has been prone to both natural and man-made disasters such as droughts, flood, landslides, haze and others. These disasters affect livelihoods, destroy infrastructure, cause food shortages and health problems. People exposed to natural disasters have a greater risk of experiencing mental health problems, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This must have been a terrible experience with psychological consequences. The purpose of this study to investigate the prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among public that involved or have been a victim of landslides and to study the symptoms of trauma recovery by landslide for the benefit of well being.We assessed PTSD by using The Post-traumatic stress disorder checklist and Post Traumatic Growth Inventory for 500 respondent from five areas that hit by landslides. The post–traumatic stress disorder checklist, it is to test emotional trauma such as depression, psychological stress, fear, anxiety and others. The Post-traumatic Grow Inventory that test positive changes and development of the symptoms of trauma. The scale appears to have utility in determining how succesful individuals, coping with the aftermath of trauma, are in reconstructing or strengthening their perceptions of self, others and the meaning of events. We are using mix methods for this research uses purposive and snow ball sampling. The result show, some of public who experience hit by landslide had been a trauma. The location of study that most highest trauma victims is Bukit Antarabangsa 16.4% and Paya Terubong 13.25. But most of them are back to normal after trauma were 55.2%. Although traumatic or distressing events can cause long-lasting psychological symptoms but, they may report an increased interest in spritual matter, increased maturity, improved social relations or a new and healthier lifestyle after a traumatic event.

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Religious affiliation, combat exposure, and PTSD among military combatants in north east Nigeria

Author(s): Binan Evans Dami,Abel James,Dragona Zubairu,Haruna Karick,Arin James Izang / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

This study examined the influence of combat exposure on PTSD among military combatants in the North Eastern part of Nigeria. A total of 249 respondents participated in the study through a purposive sampling technique. Participants include both officers and men of the Nigerian army on the operation LAFIA DOLE. An ex-post facto design was employed in the study. It was hypothesized that religious affiliation and combat exposure would have a significant interaction effect on PTSD which was not significant (3, 249) 295.187=P>0.05). Religious affiliation was found to be significant on PTSD (1, 249) = 1485.215 P0.05. There is a need for combatants’ religious coping options to be buffered, this would help in stress buffer and other selfmanagement techniques inherent in their cultural values.

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Development of a scale to measure awareness of one’s needs

Author(s): Seth J. Gillihan,Emily F. Ferguson / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

Much research has addressed the question of what humans need in order to thrive, with recent research focusing on the fulfillment of basic psychological needs. However, much less attention has been given to the question of awareness of one’s needs-that is, identifying what one needs at a particular time and the extent to which one’s needs are being met. In principle, greater needs awareness could lead to the fulfillment of those needs. The present study designed and administered a scale to assess needs awareness in a series of studies. The first study examined the factor structure of the new scale, and determined which items best assessed the proposed construct. Additional administrations of the revised scale confirmed the internal consistency of the Needs Awareness Scale, demonstrated its strong test-retest reliability, and established the validity of the measure based on positive correlations with mindfulness and need fulfillment, and negative correlations with neuroticism, anxious attachment style, worry, fear of missing out, and social anxiety. These findings open the door for further avenues of inquiry, including the developmental antecedents of needs awareness, the causal role of this factor in affecting other variables, as well as ways to increase a person’s needs awareness.

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Helping your child with separation anxiety disorder

Author(s): Steven Richfield / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

One of the more frustrating and confusing dilemmas of parenthood occurs when children’s path towards independence is thwarted by separation issues. Fears, anxiety, or apprehension over some dreaded experience grips children’s will, interfering with their ability to assume the normal expectations for their age. Sleeping by themselves, sleepovers at a friend’s house sleep away camps, or other opportunities that entail overnights away from home, are passed up. Parents vacillate between worry and exasperation as they watch their children persistently avoid the steps that are so important to future emotional independence.

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I forgot that there was a huge kid on second: the importance of body protective play for ADHD child and teen athletes

Author(s): Steven Richfield / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

As a 12year old boy with ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) I have been injured more times than most other kids without ADHD. Most recently, I suffered a serious concussion while playing a casual game of football during my afterschool program. I dove to catch a ball without considering my surroundings. This is one thing that ADHD does to a kid: he focuses on one thing, kind of like blinders on a horse. My concussion sidelined me for two months and as soon as I was cleared for play I had another collision while playing third base for my little league team. A massive 12year old kid barreled into me, hyper-extending my knee. As I write this story, I am into my second week wearing a big brace. It never occurred to me to protect my body as I readied myself to make a play and knew that my large opponent was waiting on second to advance to my base.

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A comparison of personality characteristics and copping styles in self-immolation patients and normal in imam khomeini hospital in kermanshah

Author(s): Pegah Bahramian / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Introduction: This Study aimed to compare between personality traits and coping strategies in self-immolation patients and non- self-immolation group in emam Khomeini Hospital of Kermanshah. Materials & methods: This research was a causal-comparative (post facto) study. In which 200 patients were hospitalized (n= 100 self-immolation and 100 non self-immolation) the research sample was selected by in-reach sampling method. Evaluation tools included The NEO-PTR Questionnaire and Lazarus & Folkman 1 coping strategies questionnaire. For data analysis, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used. Findings: Patients with self-immolation showed significant higher personality traits in comparison with control group (P< 0.001). Also Patients with self-immolation showed higher use emotion-focused coping strategies and lower use problem-focused coping strategies in comparison with control group. Discussion & conclusion: Although patients with self-immolation have different personality characteristics compared with non-self-immolation group and these properties have a significant effect on their copying strategies, but copying strategies could change and improve by training and need to special consideration in treatment programs.

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Emotional arousal - The driving force of life

Author(s): Makudan CR,Kacker P. / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Emotional arousal is considered here as positive or negative experiences and expressions, based on the cognitive molding effects of the sensory – motor input and output contacts with the world. Presence of emotional arousal is a necessity as a drive for the system to initiate and execute all performances in the domains of responses and actions. It has been already proposed that an action is automatically initiated when the emotional arousal reaches a Critical Level of Potentiating (CLP). Each person learns to control own emotional arousal through social conditioning, and learns to control the occurrences of all responses and actions through control of emotional arousal. Cognitive molding of emotional arousal is the process of identifying an emotional experience and expression with a semantic expression indicating the experiential and expressive attributes in a positive to negative range. Cognitive capabilities allow us to create new concepts and relationships first virtually, and then create new realities. Emotional arousal and cognitive capabilities of the brain are the two functions of the brain that work together as the brain-mind. Emotional arousal provides the driving capability to the system, while cognitive capabilities help choose and channelize the responses and actions. Cognitive molding of emotional arousal is a core capability developed within the human system, which identifies the presence - absence of internal satisfactions, happiness or the opposite. The positive and negative effects of emotional arousal produced by cognitive judgments and reinforced by behavioral effects contribute to the personal experiences and expressions in each person. The article deals mainly with the relevance of emotional arousal as a basic driving force, and considers the beneficial effects of learning to maintenan emotional arousal in a cognitively unmolded manner so that the cognitive molding would not automatically occur and shape one’s life, influencing behavioural manifestations as well as personal experiences. These may become negative and disastrous or positive and rewarding to the individual. Focus of interest here is on the presence and utilization of emotional arousal, instead of the art of developing positive thinking for molding the emotional arousal in a positive manner in life. Each individual needs to develop emotional arousal along with positive thinking, which would mold the emotional arousal positively and bring in happiness to life. Cognitively unmolded emotional arousal has been labelled ‘nascent emotional arousal’, which is of a unique emotion state as it allows objective view of the sensory-motor contacts made by a system, allowing impartial decisions. Those who have entered and staying in that state experience immense happiness, which they may also consider as blissful, loaded with love, without any specific personal gain from it.

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Editorial Opinion: What Are We Missing? Is there a Moral Judgment in Psychiatry as Well as Mental Illness?

Author(s): Vernon M. Neppe / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

This five-section paper approaches the neglected area of morality, particularly in the psychiatric and sociological context. The author introduces the Complexity and Perplexity surrounding Good and Evil (in S1), asks whether evil acts reflect mental illness or are just evil (in S2), tries to classify good and evil (S3), addresses Social responsibility and raises questions pertaining to fame and assassination, political correctness and relative versus absolute evil events (in S4) and then provides a perspective (S5). The author illustrates evil behaviors through 7 ‘epiphanies’. He suggests an independent ‘DSM’ Axis 6 of Good and Evil and recognizes this may be applicable to all individuals, not just the mentally ill. He discusses the psychopath, sociopath and antisocial behaviors, and differentiates these groups from the mentally ill DSM Axis 1 psychopathologies that only rarely reflect evil behaviors (e.g., in psychoses, paranoia and organic brain disturbances). Theological issues and spiritual growth, as well as legal implications are important topics. Social responsibility is also examined in the context of society providing fame for assassins, of what is relative to the times such as ‘evil’ based on political correctness. There is a difference between compliance with evil (‘Evil Obedience’), inaction versus active opposition by good people against evil. The 8-tier ethicospirituobiopsychofamiliosocioethnicocultural systems approach may be useful in more broadly conceptualizing good and evil. The author guesstimates that only a small number of ‘evil’ doers (perhaps 5%) exhibit Axis 1 mental illness; he argues too that antisocial behaviors should not be condoned and classified as mental illness.

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THE REVISABILITY OF COMMONSENSE PSYCHOLOGY

Author(s): Nada Gligorov / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2010

Various views of the mind/body problem adopt one of the two general strategies towards explaining phenomena: one approach is to take into account the intuitions found in common sense, and the second is to go against those intuitions. The first type of theory attempts to ground views of particular phenomena on our common sense. Eliminative Materialism (EM) is not such an approach. EM urges that commonsense psychology is false and should be replaced by neuroscience. Eliminativism has often been challenged. Some have attacked the premise that commonsense psychology is a theory; others have attacked the claim that it is a false theory, which can be replaced. I plan to countenance the argument that commonsense psychology is an empirical theory that can be replaced, which will, surprisingly, lead me to an argument against eliminativism. My view is that commonsense psychology cannot be eliminated because there are no commonsense theories.

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