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Wypalenie zawodowe u nauczycieli. Przyczyny zainteresowania tematyką wypalenia

Author(s): Jacek Łukasiewicz ,Agata Płatek,Adam Raczkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

The problem of occupational burnout, which is the subject of numerous studies in pedagogy, psychology and social psychology, affects a large part of our society. This issue calls for a question about the reasons for this state of affairs and, at the same time, for seeking effective and innovative ways to overcome its pathogenic effects on individual and social life. The reasons for the burnout phenomenon can be seen both on the side of the unit and on the side of the environment. The most frequent reasons are: specificity of own expectations, experience of the crisis of values, personality traits, seniority, domestic and economic situation, and others. The sense of optimism and sense of humor, self-esteem and self-esteem belonging to the valuable personal resources of the individual and remedial strategies in situations of occupational stress are important to minimizing symptoms of burnout.

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Pomiar stylu przywiązania w relacji człowiek–pies. Struktura i własności psychometryczne polskiej wersji Pet Attachment Questionnaire (PAQ)

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Pomiar stylu przywiązania w relacji człowiek–pies. Struktura i własności psychometryczne polskiej wersji Pet Attachment Questionnaire (PAQ)

Author(s): Olga Cholewa,Kamilla Bargiel-Matusiewicz,Bogdan Zawadzki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2017

The aim of the article is to present the Polish version of the Pet Attachment Questionnaire and its psychometric properties. The tool is used to measure both the strength and quality of attachment of the owner to the animal. Authors of the original version indicate that the strength of the attachment to a dog is often considered without any theoretical background. On the other hand, the quality of the relationship is reflected in the attachment style, mainly through two dimensions: anxiety and avoidance, taken from Bowlby’s theory. The Polish version was created for dog owners. The study was attended by 119 dog owners. The results confirmed the two-factor structure of the tool and high reliability. The questionnaire was shortened to 24 items to achieve better psychometric properties. It has been shown that the results of both subscales are significant predictors of owners’behavior towards their dogs and that the anxious attachment is positively related to the intensity of depressive symptoms.

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Türkiye’de İnternet Bankacılığı Kullanımında Demografik Faktörlerin Tüketici Algısına Etkisi Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma

Author(s): Ece Armağan,Eren Temel / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 02/2016

Internet banking, that has millions of users around the world, is new banking system which is increasingly important today with it’s convenience and rapidness. Developments in technology make the online banking services compulsory in more interactive ways. At this spot, banks are utilizing online banking system intensively and endeavor to canalize their customers. Thus, a new field of competition has emerge and it has a huge impact on the image of banks. Therefore, consumers' preferences, attitudes and behaviors has become important to study. The aim of study is examining the development of Internet banking in Turkey, revealing the status and trends and identifying the perceptions of it. The answers of 400 participants are interviewed both face to face and online and the results are analized by SPSS 21.00 software. In conclusion, perceptions about internet banking which was divided into several sub-dimensions by factor analyses were analized by Anova one-way analysis of variance and t-tests and the distribution of consumers according to demographic characteristics have been revealed.

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Does empathy always inhibit amorality and offending?

Author(s): Tatjana Vukosavljević Gvozden,Goran Opačić,Ivana Perunicic-Mladenovic / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

Results of previous studies have been inconsistent over the role of emotional and cognitive empathy in aggressive and antisocial behavior. The aim of this study is to clarify the specific nature of the empathic profiles associated with different types of amoral behavior (induced by impulsivity, frustration and brutality), measured through self-reports. The sample consists of male prisoners who have committed violent and non-violent types of offenses (robberies and thefts) and the control group with no criminal history (N=200). Results demonstrate that general amorality which combines all three types of amoral attitudes is negatively associated both with emotional and cognitive empathy, but the association with the emotional empathy is much stronger one. On the other hand, amorality induced by frustration (characterized by resentment, dark picture of reality which justifies personal Machiavellianism) is positively associated with cognitive empathy which might be used for manipulation. These results provide guidelines for empathy trainings for offenders, highlighting the significance of increasing emotional empathy.

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Word-based categorization in 14 to 16 month-old infants: evidence from a Slavic language

Author(s): Slavica Tutnjević,Siniša Lakić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2014

We investigate early word-based categorization by testing one sample of infants at the ages of 14 and 16 months using an object manipulation task. Specifically, we investigate the facilitating effect of labeling on: a) categorization of unknown objects with a shared label and a similar shape; b) categorization of unknown objects with a shared label, but no perceptual similarity. The results indicate that an average infant can categorize novel objects with a similar shape and a shared label starting at 16 months of age. Categorization of novel objects with a shared label but no perceptual similarity is at chance level at both ages. These results confirm and extend previous research findings to a new language.

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Empathic capacity of delinquent convicted minors

Author(s): Sonja Milojević,Aleksandar Dimitrijević / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2014

The psychological approach to juvenile delinquency introduced in recent years postulates “empathy impairment” as one of the origins of youth criminal behaviour. This means that in order to be cruel, people need to be unable to imagine the pain their victims experience. To test that hypothesis, we compare a group of convicted juvenile offenders (N=43) with a control group of adolescents (N=47) on self-report and ability measures of cognitive empathy (Interpersonal Reactivity Index and Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test, respectively). Discriminant Analysis reveals a significant difference between the two groups, most notably in the dimensions of personal distress, RMET score, and perspective taking. However, after the control for age and education, only the differences in measures of cognitive empathy remain. Although delinquents perceive themselves as less capable of taking the vantage point of another person and, when tested, prove themselves to be inferior in perceiving emotions and facial expressions, there are no differences in self-report scores of the affective component of empathy. On the basis of these findings, we draw several practical implications concerning everyday work with delinquents.

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Entropy measures and predictive recognition as mirrored in gating and lexical decision over multimorphemic Hungarian noun forms

Author(s): Csaba Pléh,Kornél Németh,Dániel Varga,Judit Fazekas,Klára Várhelyi / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2013

Our paper is an attempt to indicate the relevance of information theoretical accounts to understand word recognition and morphological processing in Hungarian, along with other studies using more traditional predictors like linear position and morphological composition. The first two experiments were gating studies. The effect of the decision points was only evident in frequent words. The correct recognition means for the recognition points differ from the means for one-before-recognition points, indicating that the recognition point follows a sudden drop of the entropy value. This shows how entropy measures can be used to predict word recognition in actual language performance. The next two experiments examined the word reconstruction effect. A clear bathtub effect (Aitchison, 1987) was obtained: reconstruction was highest in the cases where both the beginning and the end were correct. The last, lexical decision based study used four basic morphological types of markers (plural, second and first possessive) and three types of case (-nak,-ban-,-ra ‘DAT, INSIDE, ONTO). The main effect of the frequency and the error type was significant. Frequent words were judged faster but less accurately, suggesting a trade-off. The later the mistake is, the faster and easier its rejection was.

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Neurocognitive mechanisms for processing inflectional and derivational complexity in English

Author(s): Mirjana Božić,William D. Marslen-Wilson / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2013

In the current paper we discuss the mechanisms that underlie the processing of inflectional and derivational complexity in English. We address this issue from a neurocognitive perspective and present evidence from a new fMRI study that the two types of morphological complexity engage the language processing network in different ways. The processing of inflectional complexity selectively activates a left-lateralised frontotemporal system, specialised for combinatorial grammatical computations, while derivational complexity primarily engages a distributed bilateral system, argued to support whole-word, stem based lexical access. We discuss the implications of our findings for theories of the processing and representation of morphologically complex words.

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Semantic relations and compound transparency: A regression study in CARIN theory

Author(s): Hien Pham,R. Harald Baayen / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2013

According to the CARIN theory of Gagné and Shoben (1997), conceptual relations play an important role in compound interpretation. This study develops three measures gauging the role of conceptual relations, and pits these measures against measures based on latent semantic analysis (Landauer & Dumais, 1997). The CARIN measures successfully predict response latencies in a familiarity categorization task, in a semantic transparency task, and in visual lexical decision. Of the measures based on latent semantic analysis, only a measure orthogonal to the conceptual relations, which instead gauges the extent to which the concepts for the compound’s head and the compound itself are discriminated, also reached significance. Results further indicate that in tasks requiring careful assesment of the meaning of the compound, general knowledge of conceptual relations plays a central role, whereas in the lexical decision task, attention shifts to co-activated meanings and the specifics of the conceptual relations realized in the compound’s modifier family.

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Semantic growth of morphological families in English

Author(s): Regina Henry,Victor Kuperman / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2013

This paper explores the question of when and how morphological families are formed in one’s mental lexicon, by analyzing age-of-acquisition norms to morphological families (e.g., booking, bookshelf, check book) and their shared morphemes (book). We demonstrate that the speed of growth and the size of the family depend on how early the shared morpheme is acquired and how many connections the family has at the time a new concept is incorporated in the family. These findings dovetail perfectly with the Semantic Growth model of connectivity in semantic networks by Steyvers and Tenenbaum (2005). We discuss implications of our findings for theories of vocabulary acquisition.

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Aesthetic Experience of Dance Performances

Author(s): Maja S. Vukadinović,Slobodan Marković / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

In this study the aesthetic experience of dance performances is investigated. The study includes construction of an instrument for measuring the aesthetic experience of dance performances and an investigation of the structure of both dancers’ and spectators’ aesthetic experience. The experiments are carried out during eight different performances of various dance forms, including classical ballet, contemporary dance, flamenco and folklore. Three factors of aesthetic experience of dance performances are identified: Dynamism, Exceptionality and Affective Evaluation. The results show that dancers’ aesthetic experience has a somewhat different factorial structure from that of the spectators’. Unlike spectators’ aesthetic experience, dancers’ aesthetic experience singles out the Excitement factor. The results are discussed within the context of dancers’ proprioception and spectators’ exteroception since these findings confirm the idea of a significant role of proprioception in dancers’ aesthetic experience.

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Błąd perspektywy czasu a odpowiedzialność odszkodowawcza

Author(s): Radosław Zyzik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2015

Hindsight bias is one of the cognitive biases, which are biases that people make systematically and predictably. The essence of this bias is inability to correctly evaluate the probability of past events. Our tendency to overestimate it can lead to disturbing consequences in legal proceedings where such activities are on the agenda. In our analysis we will focus on assessing how the hindsight bias affects the way in which judges determine guilt in civil proceedings. Moreover, we will try to identify the consequences of moral, economic and legal aspects of theoretical analyzed cognitive error.

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Cognitive and affective reactions to success and failure – the quality of feedback as the determinant of self-verifying and self-enhancing motivation

Author(s): Bojana Bodroža / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2011

A study was conducted to ascertain what the dominant self motivation is like – self-verifying or self-enhancing? – in a situation when a person is faced with a negative evaluation of a central personality characteristic. Previous research suggested that affective reactions should follow the pattern predicted by self-enhancement theory by which all individuals would react with positive affect to positive evaluation and with negative affect to negative evaluation. On the other side, cognitive reactions are expected to follow the pattern predicted by self-verification theory which suggests that information consistent with the self-concept should be the most convincing (i.e. cognitive reactions should be influenced by interaction of feedback and self-esteem). Ninety female respondents were given a false favorable or extremely unfavorable feedback about their achievement on an intelligence test, after which their cognitive and affective reactions were measured. The results revealed that the respondents demonstrated a self-enhancing motivation both in the affective and the cognitive domain, i.e., regardless of their level of self-esteem, those who had failed experienced more negative affect, rated test more unfavorably, assessed it as less accurate, and claimed they had invested less effort to solve the test, than those who were successful. The research imposes conclusion that cognitive reactions to failure are not conditioned only by the degree of negativity or positivity of global self-views, but also by the quality/intensity of unfavorable feedback. This conclusion provides important methodological implications for future research in this area.

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Verbal vs. visual coding in modified mental imagery map exploration task

Author(s): Ivana Ćirović,Sunčica Zdravković / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2011

We modified classical mental exploration task introducing verbal modality. Consequently, we could test robust effects from lexical processing in an attempt to understand whether the underlying mental representation is strictly propositional. In our three experiments, in addition to map modality (visual or verbal), lexical frequency, concreteness and visual frequency were also varied. The symbolic distance effect was replicated, regardless of map modality. Exploration of distances was regularly faster on pictorial maps. Effects of lexical frequency and concreteness were not significant for verbal maps. However, when visual frequency was introduced on pictorial maps both type of frequencies generated measurable effects. Our findings directly contradict the assumptions of propositional theories (1) subjects were faster in the visual modality, which would be difficult to explain if the perceptual code had to be transformed into propositional, (2) word frequency and concreteness did not contribute as would be expected if propositional code were a default.

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On advantage of seeing TEXT and hearing SPEECH

Author(s): Jelena Živanović,Dušica Filipović-Đurđević / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2011

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of congruence between the sensory modality through which a concept can be experienced and the modality through which the word denoting that concept is perceived during word recognition. Words denoting concepts that can be experienced visually (e.g. “color”) and words denoting concepts that can be experienced auditorily (e.g. “noise”) were presented both visually and auditorily. We observed shorter processing latencies when there was a match between the modality through which a concept could be experienced and the modality through which a word denoting that concept was presented. In visual lexical decision task, “color” was recognized faster than “noise”, whereas in auditory lexical decision task, “noise” was recognized faster than “color”. The obtained pattern of results cannot be accounted for by exclusive amodal theories, whereas it can be easily integrated in theories based on perceptual representations.

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The Effects of Matching a Persuasive Message to a Recipient’s Self-Concept on Attitude Change

Author(s): Marija Branković,Iris Žeželj / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2010

The paper addresses the question of whether matching a persuasive message to a recipient’s self-concept can enhance message processing. A large body of experiments within the Elaboration likelihood model proved that framing a message so as to be perceived as self-relevant led to more careful argument scrutiny. In this research, we matched the messages with previously assessed need for cognition – tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive tasks. Two possible sources of motivation to process a persuasive message were hereby confronted: dispositional (cognitive style) and situational (matching). Results showed a significant attitude change, but the main hypothesis was not confirmed: matched messages did not produce more argument processing activity than the mismatched. Manipulations did not have any significant effects on message processing of the high need for cognition participants. Contrary to expectations, participants low in their need for cognition elaborated the message more carefully when it was mismatched, that is when the message addressed them as persons inclined to careful thinking. Results can be explained within the framework of self-affirmation theory, which argues that providing people with an opportunity to affirm their sense of self-worth makes them more open to persuasion attempts, as well as more objective. Results are discussed from a wider theoretical and empirical perspective of motivation.

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Fonološka složenost i mesto slogovnog akcenta kao indikatori fonološkog razvoja u usvajanju srpskog jezika

Author(s): Maja Savić,Darinka Anđelković,Nevena Buđevac,Heather Van der Lely / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2010

In this research we investigate the relevance of phonological parameters in acquisition of Serbian language. Implementation of British Test of Phonological Screeing (TOPhS, van der Lely and Harris, 1999) has revealed that phonological complexity (syllabic and metrical structure) influences accuracy in non-word repetition task and could be used in assessment of phonological development of typically developing children, as well as of children with Grammatical Specific Language Impairment (G-SLI) (van der Lely and Harris, 1999; Gallon, Harris & van der Lely, 2007). Having in mind phonological properties of Serbian language (Zec, 2000, 2007), we hypothesized that several parameters can be used in assessment of phonological development in Serbian: a. onset (consonants cluster at the beginning of syllable; b. rime (consonant at the end of syllable). c. word of three syllables, and d. placement of stressed syllable in a word. Combination of these parameters gave us a list of 96 pseudo words of different levels of complexity. Participants were 14 adults and 30 children from kindergarten divided into three age groups (3, 4 and 5 years). Task for the participants was to loudly repeat every pseudo-word, and their reproduction was recorded. Transcription of their answers and coding of errors allowed us to analyze impact of different parameters on accuracy of phonological reproduction in children of different ages. The results indicate that the ability for reproduction of Serbian phonological properties develops in early preschool period. The most difficult is cluster of consonants at the beginning of syllable, and consonant at the end of syllable. These two parameters are even more difficult for reproduction in three-syllable words or in words that have more than one parameter marked. Placement of stress in a word is acquired even before 3 years. In other words, the results have shown that investigated features could be good indicators in assessment of early phonological development of typically developing children. Delay in their acquisition could reveal possible developmental difficulties.

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Aesthetic Experience and the Emotional Content of Paintings

Author(s): Slobodan Marković / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2010

In this study we investigated the relationship between aesthetic experience and other emotional qualities judged in paintings. Aesthetic experience was defined as an exceptional state of mind in which a person is focused on a particular object, transcending its everyday uses and meanings and losing the awareness of surroundings and even of himself/herself. In this state a person has an exceptional emotional experience, that is a feeling of unity with the object. Our basic idea is that aesthetic experience is not reducible to pleasure or a positive hedonic tone, but a person can equally be fascinated with both pleasant and unpleasant objects. In preliminary studies we specified the stimulus set of figural and semi-figural paintings, and a set of descriptors of emotions, feelings and aesthetic experience. Participants judged the paintings on descriptors (seven-point scales). Factor analysis revealed two large factors: the bipolar factor Affective Tone (descriptors on the positive pole: lovely, charming, cheerful, etc; descriptors on the negative pole: scary, disgusting, hateful etc.) and Aesthetic Experience (descriptors: exceptional, profound, unique, etc.). Additional analyses have shown no significant correlation between the two factors. These findings confirmed our idea that aesthetic experience is independent of pleasure or affective attraction, and that it can be induced by both pleasant and unpleasant paintings.

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Neki indikatori (ne)uspešnog čitanja

Author(s): Jasmina Vuksanović,Aleksandra Jovanović,Irena Avramović-Ilić,Boban Petrović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2008

In the paper we set the aim to determine whether phonological awareness and short-term verbal memory are indicators of a subsequent reading acquisition. The sample consisted of 194 first graders from two primary schools in Belgrade. The results of our research showed that the most significant indicator of the subsequent (un)successful reading was phonological awareness. The short-term verbal memory is, to a lesser extent, an indicator of the subsequent reading acquisition defined by the time needed for reading the text and by the text comprehension. Our findings offer basis for proposing that the phonological awareness assessment should be implemented into the regular procedure of assessing child’s readiness for school. In this way children in need for preventive stimulation within the inclusive programme in primary schools could be identified.

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Proporcije kategorija asocijata i struktura semantičke memorije

Author(s): Irena Savić,Aleksandar Kostić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2008

The aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a systematic distinction between associate pairs that constitute categories of lexical relations (e.g. synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms etc.) and categories of associate pairs that have no obvious lexical relation. Proportion of categories of associates were estimated on 80 nouns from “Associative Dictionary of Serbian Language” (Piper, Dragićević & Stefanović, 2005), while frequencies of associates were estimated from “Frequency Dictionary of Contemporary Serbian Language” (Kostić, Đ., 1999). Categories of associates were divided into two groups: group of categories that included standard lexical relations and group that included idiosyncratic associates. Proportions of categories were analyzed with respect to a) frequency of a noun to which associates were generated and b) whether it was an abstract or concrete noun. Three measures were used to estimate proportion of categories: a) number of associates, b) sum frequency of associates and c) the average frequency per associate. When estimated with respect to number of associates and sum frequency of associates proportion of categories that included standard lexical relations were negligible (6% and 18%), but they become dominant when estimated with respect to the average frequency per associate. Such an outcome suggests that categories that include standard lexical relations are characterized by small number of associates (due to the fact that they are closed classes) with high frequency associates. Distinction between abstract and concrete nouns did not affect number of associates per category, which was not the case when proportions were estimated with respect to sum frequency of associates. Frequency of a noun to which associates were generated has no effect on productivity of associates, nor does it affects sum frequency per category. However, it has significant effect on the average frequency per associate within a given category.

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