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Comparison of brain connectivity between Internet gambling disorder and Internet gaming disorder: A preliminary study

Author(s): Sujin Bae,Doug Hyun Han,Jaebum Jung,Ki Chun Nam,Perry F. Renshaw / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

Given the similarities in clinical symptoms, Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is thought to be diagnostically similar to Internet-based gambling disorder (ibGD). However, cognitive enhancement and educational use of Internet gaming suggest that the two disorders derive from different neurobiological mechanisms. The goal of this study was to compare subjects with ibGD to those with IGD. Methods: Fifteen patients with IGD, 14 patients with ibGD, and 15 healthy control subjects were included in this study. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data for all participants were acquired using a 3.0 Tesla MRI scanner (Philips, Eindhoven, The Netherlands). Seed-based analyses, the three brain networks of default mode, cognitive control, and reward circuitry, were performed. Results: Both IGD and ibGD groups demonstrated decreased functional connectivity (FC) within the default-mode network (DMN) (family-wise error p < .001) compared with healthy control subjects. However, the IGD group demonstrated increased FC within the cognitive network compared with both the ibGD (p < .01) and healthy control groups (p < .01). In contrast, the ibGD group demonstrated increased FC within the reward circuitry compared with both IGD (p < .01) and healthy control subjects (p < .01). Discussion and conclusions: The IGD and ibGD groups shared the characteristic of decreased FC in the DMN. However, the IGD group demonstrated increased FC within the cognitive network compared with both ibGD and healthy comparison groups.

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Sexual compulsion – Relationship with sex, attachment and sexual orientation

Author(s): Aviv Weinstein,Lichen Katz,Hila Eberhardt,Koby Cohen,Michel Lejoyeux / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

Sexual addiction, also known as hypersexual disorder, is associated with serious psychosocial problems for many people. Methods: This study used questionnaires to investigate the effects of gender, sexual orientation and attachment (avoidance and anxiety) on sexual compulsion among 100 heterosexual and homosexual men and women. Results: Apositive correlation was found between anxious attachment and sexual compulsivity (r = 0.46; p < 0.01) and a positive correlation between avoidant attachment and sexual compulsivity (r = 0.39; p £ 0.01) in all participants. Secondly, an analysis of covariance showed a gender by sexual orientation interaction effect [F(1, 103) = 6.39, p < 0.01] but no attachment effect on sexual compulsivity. A follow-up comparison showed that lesbian women had higher rates of sexual compulsivity than heterosexual women [t(2, 50) = 5.08, p < 0.001] whereas there was non-significant difference in sexual compulsivity between homosexual and heterosexual men [t(2, 50) = 1.30, p = N.S.]. Discussion: The results provide preliminary evidence for an association between attachment and sexual compulsivity and the effects of gender and sexual orientation on sexual compulsivity.

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Book Reviews

Author(s): Attila Körmendi,Csilla Ágoston / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

The reviews of: -“Mindfulness-based sobriety: A clinician’s treatment guide for addiction recovery using relapse prevention therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and motivational interviewing” by N. Turner, P. Welches and S. Conti; New Harbinger, Oakland, 2013, 256 pp. ISBN 978-1-60882-853-1 -“Internet Gambling: Current Research Findings and Implications” by S. Gainsbury; Springer, New York, 2012, 151 pp. ISBN 978-1-4614-3390-3

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Study Addiction – A New Area of Psychological Study: Conceptualization, Assessment, and Preliminary Empirical Findings

Author(s): Paweł Atroszko,Cecilie Schou Andreassen,Mark D. Griffiths,Ståle Pallesen / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

Recent research has suggested that for some individuals, educational studying may become compulsive and excessive and lead to ‘study addiction’. The present study conceptualized and assessed study addiction within the framework of workaholism, defining it as compulsive over-involvement in studying that interferes with functioning in other domains and that is detrimental for individuals and/or their environment. Methods: The Bergen Study Addiction Scale (BStAS) was tested – reflecting seven core addiction symptoms (salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, relapse, and problems) – related to studying. The scale was administered via a cross-sectional survey distributed to Norwegian (n = 218) and Polish (n = 993) students with additional questions concerning demographic variables, study-related variables, health, and personality. Results: A one-factor solution had acceptable fit with the data in both samples and the scale demonstrated good reliability. Scores on BStAS converged with scores on learning engagement. Study addiction (BStAS) was significantly related to specific aspects of studying (longer learning time, lower academic performance), personality traits (higher neuroticism and conscientiousness, lower extroversion), and negative health-related factors (impaired general health, decreased quality of life and sleep quality, higher perceived stress). Conclusions: It is concluded that BStAS has good psychometric properties, making it a promising tool in the assessment of study addiction. Study addiction is related in predictable ways to personality and health variables, as predicted from contemporary workaholism theory and research.

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Book Reviews

Author(s): Kata Mónok,Borbála Hende / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

The reviews of: -„Data analysis with Mplus“ by Christian Geiser; The Guilford Press, 2013, 305 pp. Paperback ISBN 9781462502455, Hardcover ISBN 9781462507825 -„Trichotillomania, skin picking, and other body-focused repetitive behaviours“ by J. E. Grant, D. J. Stein, D. W. Woods and N. J. Keuthen; American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington, 2011, 268 pp. ISBN: 1585623989

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Commentary on: Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research. On the slippery slopes: The case of gambling addiction

Author(s): Luke Clark / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

Billieux et al. (2015) propose that the recent proliferation of behavioral addictions has been driven by deficiencies in the underlying research strategy. This commentary considers how pathological gambling (now termed gambling disorder) traversed these challenges to become the first recognized behavioral addiction in the DSM-5. Ironically, many similar issues continue to exist in research on gambling disorder, including question-marks over the validity of tolerance, heterogeneity in gambling motives, and the under-specification of neuroimaging biomarkers. Nevertheless, I contend that the case for gambling disorder as a behavioral addiction has been bolstered by the existence of clear and consistent functional impairment (primarily in the form of debt), coupled with the development of a public health approach that has given emphasis to product features (i.e. the structural characteristics of gambling forms) as much as individual dispositions (the ‘addictive personality’).

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Commentary on: Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research. Addictions as a psychosocial and cultural construction

Author(s): Martial van der Linden / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

This commentary proposes a complementary perspective to that developed by Billieux, Schimmenti, Khazaal, Maurage and Heeren (2015). The addiction-as-disease approach tends to sideline explanatory factors of a psychosocial, cultural, political, or historical nature. I therefore suggest taking into account not only the personal characteristics (loss of self-control, impulsivity) related to the disease model, but also the social determinants of addictive behaviors (weak social ties, social exclusion, hyperindividualism, poverty, unemployment, etc.). Moreover, the disease model of addiction removes addictive behaviors from the cultural and historical contexts that shape them. I argue that the cultural and historical reasons for which certain factors (such as loss of self-control) became so important in the explanation of addictive behaviors should be more thoroughly considered.

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Eating disorder risk, exercise dependence, and body weight dissatisfaction among female nutrition and exercise science university majors

Author(s): Natalie Harris,David Gee,Dana Ogan,Kelly Pritchett / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

Past research has examined eating disorder risk among college students majoring in Nutrition and has suggested an increased risk, while other studies contradict these results. Exercise Science majors, however, have yet to be fully examined regarding their risk for eating disorders and exercise dependence. Based on pressures to fit the image associated with careers related to these two disciplines, research is warranted to examine the potential risk for both eating disorder and exercise dependence. The purpose of this study is to compare eating disorder risk, exercise dependence, and body weight dissatisfaction (BWD) between Nutrition and Exercise Science majors, compared to students outside of these career pathways. Methods: Participants (n = 89) were divided into three groups based on major; Nutrition majors (NUTR; n = 31), Exercise Science majors (EXSC; n = 30), and other majors (CON; n = 28). Participants were given the EAT-26 questionnaire and the Exercise Dependence Scale. BWD was calculated as the discrepancy between actual BMI and ideal BMI. Results: The majority of participants expressed a desire to weigh less (83%) and EXSC had significantly (p = .03) greater BWD than NUTR. However, there were no significant differences in eating disorder risk or exercise dependence among majors. Discussion and Conclusions: This study suggested there was no significant difference in eating disorder risk or exercise dependence between the three groups (NUTR, EXSC, and CON).

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Book Reviews

Author(s): Gyöngyi Kökönyei,Renáta Cserjési / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2015

The reviews of: -“Handbook of emotion regulation (second edition)” by James J. Gross (Editor); The Guilford Press, New York, London, 2014, 669 pp. ISBN 978-1-4625-0350-6 -“The behavioral addictions” by Michael S. Ascher (Author, Editor) and Petros Levounis (Editor); American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington, 2014, 235 pp. ISBN: 1585624853

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‘Wanting’ and ‘liking’ skin picking: A validation of the Skin Picking Reward Scale

Author(s): Ivar Snorrason,Ragnar P. Olafsson,David C. Houghton,Douglas W. Woods,Han-Joo Lee / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

Excoriation (skin-picking) disorder (SPD) is often conceptualized as a behavioral addiction in which aberrant reward processing may play an important role. The current study sought to develop a self-report instrument – the Skin Picking Reward Scale (SPRS) – that measures how strongly skin picking is ‘liked’ (i.e., the degree of pleasurable feelings while receiving the reward) and ‘wanted’ (i.e., the degree of the motivation to seek the reward). Methods: We administered the SPRS to individuals who endorsed excessive skin picking in online surveys and examined the scale’s factor structure (Studies 1 and 2). We then asked individuals with documented pathological skin picking to complete the SPRS and other relevant questionnaires on two occasions one week apart (Study 3). Results: Exploratory (Study 1; n = 330) and confirmatory (Study 2; n = 144) factor analyses consistently supported a two-factor structure reflecting the ‘liking’ and ‘wanting’ constructs. Results from Study 3 (N = 36) indicated that the Wanting and the Liking scales had adequate internal consistency and test–retest reliability. Additionally, consistent with predictions, the Wanting scale, but not the Liking scale, was associated with picking urges the following week, greater cue-reactivity, and more picking-related routines/habits. Discussion: These initial findings suggest that SPRS is a psychometrically sound measure of ‘wanting’ and ‘liking’ in pathological skin picking. The SPRS may facilitate research on reward processing anomalies in SPD and serve as a useful clinical instrument (e.g., to identify those at risk for cue-induced relapse).

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Risk for exercise dependence, eating disorder pathology, alcohol use disorder and addictive behaviors among clients of fitness centers

Author(s): Astrid Müller,Sabine Loeber,Johanna Söchtig,Bert Theodor Te Wildt,Martina De Zwaan / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

Exercise dependence (EXD) is considered a behavioral addiction that is often associated with eating disorders. To date, only few studies examined the potential overlap between EXD and other addictive behaviors. Therefore, the present study aimed at investigating the relationship of EXD with pathological buying, pathological video gaming (offline and online), hypersexual behavior, and alcohol use disorder in a sample of clients of fitness centers. Methods: The following questionnaires were answered by 128 individuals (age M = 26.5, SD = 6.7 years; 71.7% men, 74.2% university students): Exercise Dependence Scale, Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire, Compulsive Buying Scale, Pathological Computer-Gaming Scale, Hypersexual Behavior Inventory, and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Results: 7.8% of the sample were at-risk for EXD, 10.9% reported eating disorder pathology, 2.3% pathological buying, 3.1% hypersexual behavior, and none of the participants suffered from pathological video gaming. The criteria for severe alcohol disorder pathology (AUDIT ≥ 16) were fulfilled by 10.2%. With regard to continuous symptom scores, EXD symptoms were positively correlated with both eating disorder pathology and pathological buying but not with pathological video gaming, hypersexuality or alcohol use disorder. It is noteworthy that more symptoms of pathological buying corresponded with more symptoms of hypersexual behavior. The correlation pattern did not differ by gender. Discussion: The co-occurrence of EXD, pathological buying and hypersexual behavior on a subclinical level or in the early stage of the disorders should be taken into account when assessing and treating patients. More research is warranted in order to investigate possible interactions between these conditions.

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Book Reviews

Author(s): Attila Szabó,Edina Szabó / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

The reviews of: -“Handbook on psychopathy and law” by Kent A. Kiehl and Walter P. Sinnott-Armstrong (Eds.); New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2013, 395 pp. ISBN: 978-0-1998-4138-7 -“The truth about exercise addiction–Understanding the dark side of thinspiration” by Katherine Schreiber and Heather A. Hausenblas; Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group Inc., Lanham, Maryland, 2015, 239 pp. ISBN: 978-1-4422-3329-4

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Treatment outcomes using CBT-IA with Internet-addicted patients

Author(s): Kimberly S. Young / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2013

Internet Gaming Disorder, a subtype of Internet Addiction, is now classified in Section 3 of the DSM-5. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been suggested in treating Internet addiction as this modality has been shown to be an effective treatment for similar impulse control disorders. Given the daily and necessary use of the Internet and technology in general compared to other compulsive syndromes, a specialized form of CBT has been developed called Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Internet Addiction (CBT-IA). CBT-IA is a comprehensive three phase approach that includes behavior modification to control compulsive Internet use, cognitive restructuring to identify, challenge, and modify cognitive distortions that lead to addictive use, and harm reduction techniques to address and treat co-morbid issues associated with the disorder. Methods: As the first model of its kind, this study examines 128 clients to measure treatment outcomes using CBT-IA. Clients were evaluated using the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) to classify subjects and were administered twelve weekly sessions of CBT-IA. Treatment outcomes were measured at the end of the twelve weeks, one-month, three months and at six month post-treatment. Results: Results showed that over 95% of clients were able to manage symptoms at the end of the twelve weeks and 78% sustained recovery six months following treatment. Discussion and Conclusions: Results found that CBT-IA was effective at ameliorating symptoms associated with Internet addiction after twelve weekly sessions and consistently over one-month, three months, and six months after therapy. Further research implications such as investigating long-term outcome effects of the model with larger client populations and treatment differences among the subtypes of Internet addiction or with other cultural populations using CBT-IA are discussed.

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Relapse in pathological gamblers: A pilot study on the predictive value of different impulsivity measures

Author(s): Bieke de Wilde,Anneke Goudriaan,Bernard Sabbe,Wouter Hulstijn,Geert Dom / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2013

Pathological gambling, a common psychiatric disorder, has many similarities with substance use disorders. Relapse, an important element in addictive disorders, however, has seldom been studied in pathological gambling. Hence, in analogy with previous research studies examining the role of self-report and neurocognitive measures on relapse in substance dependent patients, the present pilot study was executed. Methods: Twenty-two pathological gamblers and 31 healthy controls took part in this research. They filled in self-report questionnaires measuring impulsive personality (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaires) and performed neurocognitive tasks measuring impulsivity, decision-making and attentional bias (Iowa Gambling Task, Delay Discounting Task, Stroop Gambling Task). Twelve months later gambling activity was re-examined. Results: Analyses showed that PGs who relapsed (n = 13) did not differ on self-report and neurocognitive measures of impulsivity with PGs who did not relapse (n = 9). However, both groups did differ in age at onset. Finally, healthy controls and PGs differed in some (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Stroop Gambling Task), but not all impulsivity measures (Delay Discounting Task, Iowa Gambling Task, Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaires). Conclusions: One-year relapse in pathological gamblers is not predicted by self-report and or neurocognitive measures of impulsivity and decision-making. The similarities in performances between pathological gamblers and healthy controls illustrate the relative health of the examined pathological gamblers. This last finding supports the idea that subtypes of pathological gamblers exist so that different treatment strategies might be necessary.

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Cognitive inflexibility in a young woman with pyromania

Author(s): Austin W. Blum,Brian L. Odlaug,Jon E. Grant / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Pyromania is a rare disorder that is characterized by multiple episodes of deliberate and purposeful firesetting. It is typically associated with significant psychosocial dysfunction and legal problems. Even so, little research has examined cognitive aspects of the disorder. Case presentation/study: In this study, we compared a 24-year-old woman with pyromania with 19 age- and gender-matched healthy controls using a battery of computerized neurocognitive tasks. Our participant affected by pyromania showed impaired cognitive flexibility but intact functioning on measures of impulsive action and decision-making. Discussion: Although pyromania shares phenomenological similarities with other urge-driven disorders, our results suggest that pyromania may have features of compulsivity as well. Conclusions: Pyromania is relatively understudied from a neurobiological perspective. Further research is needed to understand the pathophysiology, classification, and treatment of pyromania.

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Tischnerowskie „formy pamięci”

Author(s): Barbara Bogołębska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

The diary [Józef Tischner] Dziennik 1944–1949. Niewielkie pomieszanie klepek (Kraków: Wydawnictwo Znak 2014) was edited by Marian Tischner and Wojciech Bonowicz and it had been found after father Józef Tischner’s death. He wrote in it about his “biography and the past”. The publication is divided into two parts; the second one starts with his high school education i.e. in 1947. Some of his entries – “confessions about oneself and others” – were coded by the author (excerpts in French and Russian). They present the personality of the author at the age of 13-18 in the difficult time of his youth and adolescence. The diaries are the record of individual memory, they reconstruct the past and are a historical document of the war and post-war time; they also present a subjective and intimate image of the events. The author presents various forms of memory, which were applied by the author of the Diary.

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Zachowania samobójcze nieletnich – ocena zagrożenia, oddziaływanie terapeutyczne

Author(s): Waldemar Woźniak,Waldemar Piekarski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2006

According to the data from the World Health Organisation (Pużyński S., 2000), over 1300 people in the world are killed every day as a result of attempted suicides. The number of suicidal attempts is probably about fifteen times higher. There are two dominating motives of suicidal behaviours – a death wish and a wish of affecting the surrounding community. Inventories for suicide risk assessment are of particular use in diagnostic and therapeutic work. With reference to Frankl’s therapeutic approach, one ought to underline an important role of shaping and developing interests in the suicide prophylactics and in psychocorrection as well. The interests are of both cognitive as well as, what is particularly important, of affective character.

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Funkcja poznawcza i wychowawcza poznania teologicznego

Author(s): Andrzej Piotr Perzyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2003

Każdy rodzaj poznania – i wiedzy, która z niego wypływa – stara się znaleźć swoje uzasadnienie, rozgraniczając najściślej jak to tylko możliwe swój przedmiot i metodę. Ta operacja natury epistemologicznej służy zabezpieczeniu granic każdej pojedynczej dyscypliny i zdefiniowania, w sposób jak najbardziej pewny jej specyfiki. W rezultacie, w środowisku akademickim, pozwala nam ona na uwierzytelnienie, za pomocą kryteriów powszechnie akceptowanych, specyficznych cech jednego typu nauczania w stosunku do innego, jak też wyodrębnienie jednego fakultetu od innych.

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Pojęcie poczytalności w prawie karnym Kościoła

Author(s): Grzegorz Leszczyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2003

Imputability being a subjective element of the crime is defined as the quality of the human act, for which the person who performs it can be declared free and responsible author of their actions. The legal imputability assumes the existence of the human and also moral. The sources of imputability are fraud and guilt. It is bound to the established by a law or a precept, who deliberately violated the law or precept. This means that although the sources of imputability are two, the law in force requires imputability for fraud to incur the penalty, and does not consider imputability to be sufficient, unless it is provided for by law. It is important to underline that in the penal law of the Church, placed the external violation, imputability is presumed, unless it proves otherwise.

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Niedojrzałość emocjonalna jako motyw stwierdzenia nieważności małżeństwa

Author(s): Grzegorz Leszczyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/1997

Emotional immaturity as a cause (defined by canon 1095 of the Code of Canon Law) of the mental incapacity of the subject to express marital consent in a valid way is one of the most controversial and at the same time in the field of matrimonial law. In our study, based on the notion of emotional immaturity elaborated by psychology and Roman jurisprudence, attempts to define the destructive influence of this immaturity on the personality of man and, above all, on his freedom to decide . This maturity would not make it possible to know the subject of the marital consent nor to judge the arguments "for" and "against" the marriage; it can finally reduce the free will of man in this way that he would not be able to make the rational and mature decision, and even if he took it, his emotional immaturity would render him incapable of achieving that goal. This emotional immaturity is envisioned in the coteste "gravis defectus discretionis iudicii" (emphasis is placed here on the lack of the subject's internal freedom) and on "incapacitas assumendi obligationes matrimonii essentiales". It is the character of this immaturity that is most important. As Pope John Paul II points out, it must be clearly distinguishable from a simple difficulty that a subject can manifest in his interpersonal relationships. It must be the real incapacity of a subject to create "consortium totus vitae" that is marriage in all its complexity and fullness.

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