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Classification of nomophobia among Chinese college students: Evidence from latent profile and ROC analysis

Author(s): JIE LUO,DONG-LI BEI,Jie GONG,MENG-CHENG WANG / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Background and aims: Nomophobia (NMP) is a contemporary digital ailment referring to the improper utilization of smartphones which can have significant impacts on the physical and mental health of college students. However, as a result of unclear cutoff points, the proportion of people with NMP may be exaggerated. This study therefore aimed to determine the critical value of NMP and assess the extent to which Chinese college students are impacted by NMP using the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q). Methods: Latent profile analysis (LPA) and the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) were combined to determine the critical value based on NMP-Q scores using a large sample of 3,998 college students (Mage 5 20.58; SD 5 1.87). Results: Based on latent profile (i.e., at-risk NMP group), ROC revealed an optimal cut-off point of 73 (Sensitivity 5 0.965, Specificity 5 0.970, Accuracy 5 0.968, AUC 5 99.60%, Youden’s index 5 0.935), and the percentage of NMP students being 28.04%, with 1,121 participants identified as positive cases (probable cases). Positive cases were found to exhibit more severe depression and anxiety symptoms, with a higher proportion of females were observed in the positive group (N 5 829; 73.95%). Conclusions: These findings provide evidence that the proportion of NMP individuals may have been overestimated in the past. Furthermore, this study helps to validate the NMP-Q as a valid tool to identify NMP in college-aged individuals.

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Is decreasing problematic mobile phone use a pathway for alleviating adolescent depression and sleep disorders? A randomized controlled trial testing the effectiveness of an eight-session mindfulness-based intervention

Author(s): QINGQI LIU,XIUJUAN YANG,CHENYAN ZHANG,Jie XIONG / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) intervention in reducing problematic mobile phone use, depression, and sleep disorders among adolescents. Additionally, it sought to investigate whether the decrease in problematic mobile phone use acted as a mediator in the relationship between the MBCT intervention and adolescent depression and sleep disorders. Methods: In a randomized controlled trial, a total of 104 adolescents were randomly assigned to the mindfulness group (n 5 52) or the wait-list control group (n 5 52). The mindfulness group students completed eight 45-min sessions of mindfulness training in four weeks. The outcomes were measured at baseline, postintervention, and at the 2-month follow-up. Results: Compared with the control group, the mindfulness group had significantly greater levels of mindfulness and lower levels of problematic mobile phone use, depression, and sleep disorders postintervention. The intervention effects were maintained at the 2-month follow-up. In addition, decreased problematic mobile phone use significantly mediated the association between the MBCT intervention and decreased depression and decreased sleep disorders. Conclusion: The findings suggest that MBCT could improve adolescent depression and sleep disorders and that decreasing problematic mobile phone use is an effective pathway accounting for the MBCT intervention effect on adolescent depression and sleep disorders.

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The influence of age on gambling problems worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of risk among younger, middle-aged, and older adults

Author(s): GEORGIA DELLOS,Matthew Browne / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

Background and Aims: Problem gambling (PG) represents a significant public health concern with widespread effects in various cultures and regions globally, with younger individuals and males at a particularly higher risk. This disparity is attributed to a mix of cultural, developmental, and biological influences. To date, there has not been a comprehensive examination to determine whether this risk pattern holds consistently across different jurisdictions. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis using the PRISMA framework, identifying 21 eligible studies from 18 countries, encompassing 156,249 participants (47.6% male and 52.4% female). Results: The studies varied considerably by region (Asia: 19%, Europe: 52%, Oceania: 19%, North America: 10%), the diagnostic criteria for PG, and participation rates in gambling (ranging from 12% to 92%). Data on PG prevalence was categorised by gender and three age groups (young: 18–35, middle: 30–55, and older: 45–65). Using a random-effects meta-analysis, we found a global PG prevalence of 1.9%. Europe reported a significantly lower prevalence (1.3%) compared to North America (5.3%). Men were found to be 3.4 times more likely than women to engage in problem gambling, although the gap narrows in North America. The young demographic showed a 1.51 times higher likelihood of reporting PG compared to the middle-aged group, whereas older adults were 0.80 times less likely to report PG. Notably, age-related effects varied significantly across regions. Conclusions: Our findings confirm that age and gender significantly influence PG risk across cultures, with significant heterogeneity observed across jurisdictions.

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Emotional interference and attentional bias in compulsive sexual behaviors disorder – An fMRI study on heterosexual males

Author(s): Małgorzata Draps,MARIA KULESZA,Agnieszka Glica,JULIA SZYMANOWSKA,KATARZYNA LEWINSKA,Weronika Żukrowska,Mateusz Gola / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

Background and aims: Despite the inclusion of the Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD) in the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases, emotional and cognitive impairments related to CSBD remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the behavioral and neuronal effects of emotional interference on cognition among CSBD patients. Methods: Thirty heterosexual males with CSBD and matched healthy controls (HC) were studied with the Emotional Stroop Task using 5 categories of emotionally arousing words (sex-related, positive, fear-related, negative, neutral) during functional magnetic imaging. Results: At the behavioral level, we found the main effect of the condition: sex-related words evoked a stronger Stroop effect than other conditions. At the neural level, we found a significant group effect. Among CSBD patients processing of sex-related words was related to increased activity in the right putamen, right thalamus, hippocampi, and left pulvinar, when compared to HC. We also found a negative correlation between neuronal activation and time spent on sexual activity during the week preceding study and numerous group differences in brain regions connected to the emotional and motivational processing of sexually explicit material, correlating with CSBD symptoms. Conclusions: Behavioral results indicate a specific attentional bias toward sex-related stimuli in both groups, while neural data uncovered stronger reactivity to sex-related words in CSBD compared to HC. This reactivity is related to CSBD symptoms and provides evidence for the interference of sex-related stimuli with cognition. Such results are firmly in line with the Incentive Salience Theory and conceptualizing CSBD as a behavioral addiction.

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Negative emotions mediate the association between the topology of the complex brain network and smartphone use disorder: A resting-state EEG study

Author(s): YULONG YIN,XU LI,Joseph T.F. Lau,SUNIAN NAN,MINGKUN OUYANG,Xiao CAI,Pengcheng Wang / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Background: Increasing research has examined the factors related to smartphone use disorder. However, limited research has explored its neural basis. Aims: We aimed to examine the relationship between the topology of the resting-state electroencephalography (rs-EEG) brain network and smartphone use disorder using minimum spanning tree analysis. Furthermore, we examined how negative emotions mediate this relationship. Methods: This study included 113 young, healthy adults (mean age 5 20.87 years, 46.9% males). Results: The results showed that the alpha- and delta-band kappas and delta-band leaf fraction were positively correlated with smartphone use disorder. In contrast, the alpha-band diameter was negatively correlated with smartphone use disorder. Negative emotions fully mediated the relationship between alpha-band kappa and alpha-band diameter and smartphone use disorder. Furthermore, negative emotions partially mediated the relationship between delta-band kappa and smartphone use disorder. The findings suggest that excessive scale-free alpha- and delta-band brain networks contribute to the emergence of smartphone use disorder. In addition, the findings also demonstrate that negative emotions and smartphone use disorder share the same neural basis. Negative emotions play a mediating role in the association between topological deviations and smartphone use disorder. Discussion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the neural basis of smartphone use disorder from the perspective of the topology of the rs-EEG brain network. Therefore, neuromodulation may be a potential intervention for smartphone use disorder.

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The longitudinal associations between internet addiction and ADHD symptoms among adolescents

Author(s): Jin-Liang Wang,XUE-QIN YIN,Hai-Zhen Wang,Daniel L. King,Detlef H. Rost / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Background and aims: Internet addiction has been linked to ADHD-related symptoms. However, the direction of the relationship and its potential for reciprocal relations is not well understood. This study examined the potential reciprocal relations between the three components of ADHD and Internet addiction, as well as the moderating effects of gender on these relations. Methods: Using a longitudinal design, we collected data of 865 Chinese adolescents across three waves (Mage 5 13.78, SD 5 1.56 in wave 1), with a time interval of 6 months. Results: Cross-lagged analyses revealed bidirectional associations between hyperactivity, inattention, impulsivity, and Internet addiction over time. Multi-group analyses did not yield any significant gender differences in these relationships. Discussion and conclusions: These findings enhance our understanding of the complex link between ADHD components and Internet addiction and have implications for interventions aimed at reducing the prevalence of Internet addiction and ADHD.

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A three-wave longitudinal study on the underlying metacognitive mechanism between depression and Internet gaming disorder

Author(s): Le Dang,Hong Mian Yang,Marcantonio M. Spada,Anise M.S. Wu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Background and aims: Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and depression have negative consequences on individuals’ mental health, but their relationships are complex. This three-wave longitudinal study aimed to detect the metacognitive mechanisms underlying the association between IGD tendency and depression based on the self-regulatory executive function model. Methods: A total of 1,243 Chinese undergraduate student gamers (57% female, M 5 19.77, SD 5 1.29) were recruited at the baseline survey (Wave 1 [W1]), with 622 and 574 of them taking part in the two follow-up surveys (Wave 2 [W2] at 6 and Wave 3 [W3] at 12 months later), respectively. Results: The three-wave path model demonstrated, after controlling for the autoregressive effect of each variable, that depression consistently predicted IGD tendency but not vice versa, while negative but not positive metacognitions about online gaming (MOG) significantly predicted both depression and IGD tendency. Moreover, two statistically significant mediation paths: (i) negative MOG [W1] → depression [W2] → IGD tendency [W3]; and (ii) depression [W1] → negative MOG [W2] → IGD tendency [W3] were identified. Discussion and conclusions: These findings extend the understanding of the associations among depression, IGD tendency, and MOG, highlighting how negative MOG has a stronger prospective effect than positive MOG on depression and IGD tendency, and also reveal the mutual mediation effects of depression and negative MOG on IGD tendency. Integrated programmes with both emotional regulation training and Metacognitive Therapy are recommended for IGD treatment.

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Learning and metacognition under volatility in GD: Lower learning rates and distorted coupling between action and confidence

Author(s): Monja Hoven,JUDY LUIGJES,Ruth J. van Holst / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Background and aims: Decisions and learning processes are under metacognitive control, where confidence in one’s actions guides future behaviour. Indeed, studies have shown that being more confident results in less action updating and learning, and vice versa. This coupling between action and confidence can be disrupted, as has been found in individuals with high compulsivity symptoms. Patients with Gambling Disorder (GD) have been shown to exhibit both higher confidence and deficits in learning. Methods: In this study, we tested the hypotheses that patients with GD display increased confidence, reduced action updating and lower learning rates. Additionally, we investigated whether the action-confidence coupling was distorted in patients with GD. To address this, 27 patients with GD and 30 control participants performed a predictive inference task designed to assess action and confidence dynamics during learning under volatility. Action-updating, confidence and their coupling were assessed and computational modeling estimated parameters for learning rates, error sensitivity, and sensitivity to environmental changes. Results: Contrary to our expectations, results revealed no significant group differences in action updating or confidence levels. Nevertheless, GD patients exhibited a weakened coupling between confidence and action, as well as lower learning rates. Discussion and conclusions: This suggests that patients with GD may underutilize confidence when steering future behavioral choices. Ultimately, these findings point to a disruption of metacognitive control in GD, without a general overconfidence bias in neutral, non-incentivized volatile learning contexts.

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THE ROLE OF THE SCHOOL SOCIAL WORKER IN PREVENTING CRISIS SITUATIONS IN PRE-UNIVERSITY EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

Author(s): Carmen Palaghia / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The article presents the counseling principles in crisis situations, with emphasis on how pre-university education institutions can prevent and intervene when such situations occur. Researchers such as: Hillman (2002), Dupper (2003), Lines (2006), Openshaw (2008), Sandoval (2013), emphasize the fact that that students may also be affected by anxiety, depression, neuroses, suicide or self-injury -suicidal. In our country, there has been an increase in the number of juvenile mothers, cases of emotional and sexual abuse, rape, ill-treatment, consumption of alcohol and psychoactive substances among minors, addictions to digital games, even gambling, alcohol and other psychoactive substances, addiction to certain foods harmful to health, anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. Victims of bullying can develop low self-esteem, depression and suicide attempts. For some students, it is necessary to work on the management of anger, aggression and acts of violence. All the previously mentioned situations, as well as any others, can be perceived by the students as extremely stressful and difficult to manage. They require the intervention of specialists at school: psychologists, school counselors, priests, specialists in pediatric psychiatry (if the situation requires) and school safety officers. The activity of the multidisciplinary team, made up of the aforementioned specialists, is certainly coordinated by the case manager, the school social worker, who becomes responsible for the speed and efficiency of the intervention, for each case separately.

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COLLECTIVE IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION OF BROKEN HOME SURVIVORS’ MOVEMENT

Author(s): Yuni RETNOWATI,Endang SULASTRI,- PARTINI / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Hamur Inspiration Community (HIC) is a forum for broken home adolescents in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, which runs the survivor broken home movement focusing on self-development and mental strengthening. Collective identity is essential for social movements to run since it can build bonds among the members. This study aims to determine how the HIC fostered a collective identity framed as a broken home survivors' movement. Then focuses on the communication strategies used in social media to construct HIC's collective identity for the public. This study used a qualitative method with a virtual ethnographic approach and purposive sampling. The findings show that the collective identity formation process follows some steps to form an identity as a superior and inspiring adolescent. Those steps are (1). Involving in both online and offline activities, (2). Determining the organization form and leadership model, and (3). Investing emotionally by making its members a part of the community. A communication strategy is needed to construct the collective identity of the social movement. It can be done using both side issue messages that combine the communicator’s (HIC) perspective and the audience's opinion. Delivery of messages uses the redundancy method with message repetition, while the message content is informative and educative. Instagram has become the primary media to convey messages, and the role of the communicator is spreading messages, replying to comments, and involving readers in the communication. This study suggests how social media and communication strategies construct a social movement's collective identity.

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MIGRATION AND REFUGEES – THE EXPERIENCE OF TRAUMA

Author(s): Simona Veronica COȘEREA / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Forced migration – today a major global phenomenon – marks the shift in focus specifically on the status of refugees. She highlights certain parts of this potentially traumatic experience and sees it as a kind of displacement for the purpose of resettlement to a new country. Armed attacks on countries have led to instability not only territorially but also internationally. The Russian-initiated war against Ukraine has created tensions on the borders with Turkey, Poland and Romania, but has also put direct pressure on the European Union, which was already facing its biggest wave of migration since World War II. The conflict has degenerated in such a way that it has created countless traumas, dividing families, endangering the entire safety and security of the powerless (elderly, children, women, disabled people and young people), but also of those who were forced, being healthy, to go in the middle of armed conflict. The article presents reflections on trauma and resilience processes, combining general theoretical ideas with those of transactional analysis.

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LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF SENIOR COUNSELING TO REDUCE POST-PANDEMIC ANXIETY

Author(s): Alina Maria Breaz,Ovidiu TODERICI,Henrietta Torkos,Elvis DOBRESCU / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

The pandemic generated by the COVID-19 virus has affected the entire structure of society, including the economic, social, public relations, etc. One of the groups with an extremely high risk was represented by the group of elderly people. The institutionalized elderly, although isolated to a certain extent, had an increased risk, the centers becoming foci of infection where the virus spread rapidly. All these aspects, to which is added the lack of knowledge of the long-term effects of getting sick with COVID-19, nor of the effects of the vaccine, have demanded the maximum of people's adaptive capacities, requiring the formation of new skills and lifestyles that will allow them to face the challenges of the pandemic. Objective: based on previous research carried out by us in 2021, the long-term effects of counseling the elderly in reducing reactive anxiety to the dangerousness of the COVID-19 virus were followed. Methodology: the Hamilton Anxiety Scale was used, applied to 12 elderly people from the Care Center for the elderly, Arad. Main results: the results showed in the first research an obvious decrease in anxiety following counseling. The application of the same scale after one year reveals a slow progressive decrease in anxiety as a result of counseling in which new techniques for managing stressful situations were acquired and the emphasis was placed on acquiring increased skills to adapt to stressful situations. General conclusion: the counseling system used has proven its effectiveness in the long term, but new future research is needed, on an increased number of subjects, to be able to be implemented in the elderly centers as a method of preventing the increase of anxiety in crisis situations.

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SOCIAL INFLUENCES ON MENTAL HEALTH OF THE ELDERLY

Author(s): Mădălina-Ioana RAȚIU / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

As they age, older people face significant health challenges influenced by both external factors such as social and environmental elements, and internal factors such as biological decline. Focusing on the mental health of the elderly, we see that disorders such as anxiety, depression and insomnia can occur at this stage, with a significant impact on the quality of life. We also bring in attention some of the social influences on the mentioned illnesses, such as social isolation, widowhood, inability to meet with peers or death of friends and neighbours. These challenges require a personalised and careful approach to the care of the elderly, bearing in mind that the elderly are exposed to a wide range of health problems and risks.

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SHVATANJE PSIHOPATOLOGIJE I DIJAGNOSTIKE U SAVREMENOJ GEŠTALT TERAPIJI – IMPLIKACIJE ZA EDUKACIJU I SUPERVIZIJU

Author(s): Snežana Opačić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 11/2024

Although the attitude of gestalt therapy towards psychopathology and diagnostics has changed a lot since its inception until today, the intention and goal have remained the same: understanding the suffering of clients from a humanistic, experiential and relational point of view, which excludes labeling and reducing people to disorders. That is why the aim of this paper is to point out the necessity of knowing and distinguishing three different perspectives from which we perceive and name the experience of working with clients: individualistic, relational and field theory perspective, as well as the importance of the therapist’s awareness of whether and how he moves between these three different experiences and understanding. This is also important for educators and supervisors, to be more aware of what they pay attention to, and what and how they teach their students and supervisors in the process of education for Gestalt therapists. The paper discusses and considers the advantages and disadvantages of all three perspectives, and looking at their differences, we can say that the therapeutic approach in the individualistic perspective is mainly based on the ego function, in the relational one more on the persona function, and in the field theory perspective a little more on the id function. Seen in that way, there is a need and sense to use all three bases and modes of operation. And as we know, thanks to the paradoxical theory of change, only if we know all three well and accept them, we can more consciously orient ourselves and move more fluently in the complex field of therapy, education and supervision.

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Music therapy by improvisation and the use of musical psychodrama in therapy of anxiety - a case study

Author(s): Cecilia CURIS / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Background: Adolescence, a transitional period in the life of any individual is often assimilated to a stage of psychobiological crisis in which anxiety disorder and mood disorders are frequently diagnosed. In the current pandemic context, in which distance and social isolation have changed the lifestyle of individuals, the social relationships of teenager indispensable for shaping future social identity have suffered, also. The uncertainty of the present period is projected also on the choice of adolescents' career, through the negative impact in terms of image and self-esteem. Consequently, anxiety reaches high levels, with direct reference in this case to performance anxiety. Method: The mode of exposure chosen in this paper is the case study. The case of a 17-year-old girl diagnosed with anxiety disorder and impaired self-image is presented. The material used was selected from the clinical case notes. The intervention materialized in 10 therapy sessions with a weekly frequency, falling into the category of short-term therapy. The intervention method was eclectic built on a core of clientcentered therapy in which we combined music therapy by improvisation and psychodrama with relaxation and Ericksonian therapy techniques. The peculiarity of the case consists in the fact that the client is a student at the Art High School, she has been singing since the age of 7 and she wants to pursue a career in the artistic field. Results: At the end of the ten therapy sessions I found a decrease in anxiety, an improvement in self-image and an improvement in family relationships. Conclusions: The integration of music therapy based on improvisation combined with psychodrama in the register of psychological intervention instruments in a client with artistic concerns played an important role in the psychotherapeutic process improving the results per se but also in terms of facilitating the establishment of the therapeutic relationship.

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ВЪОБРАЗЯВАНЕ НА НЕДОСТИЖИМОТО – КАЧЕСТВЕНО ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ НА СУБЕКТИВНИЯ ОПИТ ВЪВ ФАНТАЗИРАНЕ

Author(s): Yana Petrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

Точното определяне на явлението фантазия в психологическата литература е предизвикателство и често бива подчинено на целите на изследване. Фантазията означава дейността на въобразяване, изграждане и взаимодействие с вътрешни образи и съдържания (представи, усещания), както и производните на дейността творчески форми и нови идеи. Склонност към фантазиране диференцира индивидуалните способности в опита на фантазиране. Докладът предлага подход към фантазията като смисловa структура от преживявания, значения и цели в психичната активност на въобразяване. Настоящата работа представя резултати от проведено за първи път в българска социо-културна среда качествено изследване върху схващания за фантазия и фантазиране. Данните са събрани чрез метода на полуструктурирано интервю, конструирано за целите на проучването. Проведени са общо 27 интервюта с изследваните (средна възраст в извадката: 42.8 г.) 11 мъже, 15 жени, и 1 момче на 7 г. Резултатите показват универсално присъствие на явлението в живота на личността и възприятие за фантазията като пространство на недостижимото в реалността. Откроява се централна роля на желанието като източник на фантазиране и стремеж към преживяване на вълнения в съзнанието. Правят впечатление вариации в позицията на активност във въобразеното (активна и пасивна) и запазване на критичност към преживяванията. Фантазирането се обособява като интимно възприятие свързано с позитивни изживявания на копнеж, отдих и вълнуващи усещания. Открива се разбиране за трудности в преживявания на въображението и рискове, свързани с прекомерно ангажиране с въобразеното. Представени са данни за употребяваните думи и изразни средства в описание на субективните схващания за значението на фантазия и преживяванията на фантазиране. Получените резултати подкрепят изследователските усилия в изграждане на теоретичен модел на психологическо изследване на структурата на явлението фантазия и функциите на въобразяването в психичното преживяване и взаимодействие със средата.

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PSYCHOLOGY OF EXERCISE AS A FOUNDATION FOR DETERMINING THE BENEFITS OF EXERCISE FOR THE MENTAL HEALTH OF THE MODERN INDIVIDUAL

Author(s): Denis Čekić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The modern lifestyle unfolds in a stressful environment, and scientific research on stress reduction methods provides valuable insights that can enhance the quality of life. One method that stands out based on research is exercise. In this paper, we analyze the benefits of exercise for the modern individual. The field that addresses this topic is Exercise Psychology, a distinct and independent scientific discipline, highlighting its significance in contemporary society. Special attention is paid to explaining the relationships between concepts such as exercise and mental health. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the mental benefits of exercise for the modern individual.

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Bella DePaulo - Single at Heart: The Power, Freedom, and Heart-Filling Joy of Single Life

Author(s): Anda-Lucia Spânu / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

Review of: Bella DePaulo - Single at Heart: The Power, Freedom, and Heart-Filling Joy of Single Life N.p. [New York]: Apollo Publishers, 2023.

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Forgiveness as a Therapeutic Approach and a Factor in Everyday Life: Methods of Research and Means of Enhancing

Author(s): Vera Todorova / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2024

Forgiveness, traditionally rooted in religious beliefs and theology, has evolved into a significant psychological concept, influencing mental health and well-being. While religion emphasizes forgiveness as a spiritual mandate, modern psychological research explores its therapeutic value, focusing on self-forgiveness and its efficacy in addressing depression, anger, and trauma. Tools such as Enright Forgiveness Inventory are the breaking ground for research and interventions; REACH method, and Unconditional Forgiveness Method demonstrate how forgiveness can enhance emotional resilience and personal growth. Furthermore, the cultural, educational, and familial modeling of forgiveness plays a pivotal role in shaping individual’s capacity to forgive. The integration of forgiveness into psychotherapy highlights its potential to reconcile emotions, foster hope, and improve life satisfaction across diverse contexts. However, challenges such as misconceptions and cultural attitudes require further exploration to maximize forgiveness’s benefits in therapeutic and societal applications.

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Новата парадигма в потребителското поведение – от стоки към преживявания

Author(s): Svetlana Nencheva Petrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2024

Experiences are the subject of research from a variety of scientific disciplines. In the context of marketing, it is essential to analyse the psychological aspects of personality related to feelings, needs and wants, and how to satisfy them. Finding the right approach and attitude towards consumers is the key to developing an effective marketing strategy to support economic development. This process opens up new opportunities and lays the foundations for the emergence of a new stream in marketing - wellbeing marketing

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