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The thematic section of this year’s issue of Etnološka tribina problematises tourism and its actors, politics and processes – both those which shape and direct tourism, and those which are created and sparked by tourism. The articles deal with different visions and strategies of tourist development (Antonio Miguel Nogués-Pedregal, Raúl Travé-Molero and Daniel Carmona-Zubiri); the application of the principles of experience creation in contemporary museum displays (Daniela Angelina Jelinčić and Matea Senkić); the relationships between traditional food, tastes and nostalgia in Istrian agrotourism (Tanja Kocković Zaborski); the construction of the memorial sites of the Soča front in WWI and visits to those sites in the interwar period (Petra Kavrečič); environmental, social and political-economic processes which influence heritage and tourism on Zlarin Island and in the Trenta Valley (Peter Simonič); and the life of Danica Brössler in Dubrovnik as an example of an individual’s tourist activities (Tihana Petrović Leš).
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A society's approach to the phenomenon of disease and the ways in which it is cured are among the issues to be considered in determining and examining the cultural codes of that society. The folk medicine techniques that the people have experienced by transferring from generation to generation, especially from the pre-modern medicine periods to the present day, contain many old belief elements within the structure in terms of the data it presents. In this respect, our investigation focuses on the stye treatment method, which was determined and put into writing as a result of our field studies in Iran. This treatment method, which we first put into writing and introduced, was compiled from Til village of Khalhal city of Ardabil province of Iran. In our article, stye treatment method; The name given to this disease in the region, the methods and techniques used in the treatment, the type of treatment and the elements it contains are examined. In this way, the place and importance of stye treatment compiled from Iranian Turks in Turkish culture was tried to be indicated. In the light of these data, despite the intense pressure of Persian language and culture, it is seen that the old Turkish culture is being kept alive in Iran. In the context of folk medicine and beliefs, the necessity of completing field studies and analyzing the data obtained in Iran has once again emerged.
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Mahrama weaving, one of the traditional products of Sinop province that has almost disappeared, is one of the most valuable items of the cultural asset that has been going on from the past to the present in Durağan district. Mahrama weaving; with the development of technology and changing living conditions, production has gradually decreased. Mahrama weavings, which were woven by women in almost every house in the region, have been brought to the agenda again in recent years by the public education for the purpose of keeping traditional crafts alive and providing income for women. In this study, motifs and composition characteristics used in traditional mahrama weaving in Durağan district of Sinop province were discussed; products held in Durağan district, Sinop center and Sinop Public Education Center were examined in terms of technical, motif and composition characteristics. For the purpose of the study, interviews were conducted with mahrama weavers and information and interview forms were filled. The detailed images of the general appearance of the mahramas were taken and the traditional motifs and compositions of the mahramas were drawn on computer and presented with their original samples.
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The article is devoted to magic characteristics attributed to lead and tin in Indo- European nations: the Hittites, the ancient Greeks, Hindus and mediaeval eastern Slavs. Typologically close data from non-Indo-European traditions are also mentioned: Sumerian, that of the Semites from Mesopotamia and late Semitic traditions — also biblical. It is shown that according to common beliefs, lead objects, especially plates, could serve as protection against the evil forces ot magic by reflecting their influence. A widespread practice of closing the evil forces in a receptacle with a lead cover is also mentioned, as well as the use of lead in burial practices of Indo-European nations.
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Мета роботи. Етнодизайн як окремий стильовий напрям сучасного проектування потребує всебічного розгляду в контексті художньо-проектної культури та доцільності використання етномотивів у різновидах дизайну, зокрема у візуальній рекламі. Дослідження пов’язане з комплексним аналізом етнодизайнерського досвіду і порівнянням його з існуючою інтернаціональною стилістикою рекламних звернень. Методологія дослідження ґрунтується на системно-структурному, історико-мистецтвознавчому та компаративному методах, які дозволяють виявити чинники етнодизайну, розглядати його як цілісну систему проектування, а також розкрити вагомий вплив етномистецьких традицій на дизайн реклами. Наукова новизна роботи полягає в розширенні і поглибленні уявлень про національні та інтернаціональні риси реклами з урахуванням одночасних процесів глобалізації та посилення регіоналізації. Висновки. Осмислення світового та українського досвіду використання етномотивів у дизайні надає підстави стверджувати вагоме їхнє значення та культуротворчий потенціал народного мистецтва і художніх промислів для сучасної рекламної індустрії України.
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The purpose of the article is to determine the features of ritual actions in the structure of Christmas and New Year holidays in the Hutsul region at the end of the 20th century in Ukraine. The methodology consists in applying system-structural, analytical methods to identify the dynamics of changes in traditional rituals using the example of Christmas and New Year holidays in the Hutsul region at the end of the 20th century; functional method - to study the transformations of traditional rituals in the context of the modification of the general cultural field of the national culture and the role of the traditional component in its structure. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time the interrelation between the components of traditional culture at the present stage is shown, where the dynamics of the modification of individual rituals-orders are shown on the example of traditional rituals and the general context of modern cultural development and social and world outlook changes. Findings. The study concluded on the example of the ritual rituals of the New Year and Christmas cycle of the Carpathian region that the ancient features of the rite, which once testified to the mythological worldview, the struggle of winter and spring, good and evil forces, in the course of evolution turned into an entertaining and playing theatrical performance with a forgotten initial motivation. In particular, the theatrical performance "Malanka" has long roots in the part of the Carpathians, Podnistrovye, Bukovina Hutsul region. However, in the course of the development of folk rituals, the custom of “mis-banking” has undergone noticeable changes in terms of character upgrading, gaming, and entertainment.
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Purpose of the article. The research is related to the definition of the role and place of the chronotope in the Ukrainian wedding ceremony, consideration of the frames of sacralization and their dependence on the chronological and topographic indexes of the rite conduction. Methodology of the research uses structural and functional method. The doctrine on chronotope is leading in the structural theory and can be successfully applied to study national wedding ceremonies. Scientific novelty of the paper lies in the construction and study the structure of the wedding ceremonial cycle, which provides a broad perspective for obtaining new scientific results. Propagation and curtailment of ritual sacralization are connected with the change of time and spatial frames, which involves the geographical displacement of ceremonial actions and participants of ceremonies in clearly defined days or parts of the day. In the wedding cycle, from the rite to the rite, deployment of sacralization takes place with the involvement of more and more territories and the increase in the number of participants. Together with her the sacral center moves and the last stage of transformation of the main characters into a man and a woman takes place. Also in the end, before quitting the rite, the frames of sacralization are folded to the sacral center and later they are eliminated. Conclusion. The nature of sacralization during its propagation and curtailment lies in the obligatory change of the chronotope. The chronotope of each subsequent rite depends on the location of the sacral center. If the sacral center arose in one place, then it would be exhausted and self-destruct already in another one.
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This article presents and discusses a once widespread rite associated with the birth of a child. On the one hand, the data are drawn from ethnographic sources(archival, literary and personally collected field material), presenting the custom in its traditional version, and on the other hand, they come from research conducted through the method of participant observation and semi-structured interviews during contemporary manifestations of this custom. Analyzing specific ritual elements and focusing on gifts/presents received by the child, the author develops the idea that this custom gradually loses its characteristics as a rite of passage. Furthermore, the lack of knowledge or its laic presentation and interpretation has resulted in the development and approbation of a ‘scenario’ of the custom, which leads to a process of its deritualizationand transformation, so that the custom becomes primarily a festive moment, a party, a visit, an occasion for the gathering of people who, through their presence and especially through their gifts, support the new-born and his/her family.
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The purpose of the research. Decorative and applied art as a kind of fine arts goes beyond the structure of its kind as it includes instrumental decorative works that perform high-esthetic or decorative function. The main aim of the article is to prove the expediency of the usage of embroidery as a traditional kind of Ukrainian decorative and applied art in the context of modern professional panneau. The studies in this field lead to the rethinking of the art heritage, popularize Ukrainian national embroidery, motivate the young generation of artists to use traditional methods and techniques in modern art projects. Research methodology is based on the application of general and special methods of scientific knowledge, the use of historical-logical, analytical, comparative, descriptive, systematizing methods, the reception theory, semiotics analysis. Scientific Novelty. The article includes the analysis of transformation of panneau’s decor in Ukraine during 20th - the beginning of the 21st century. The traditional and modern methods of forming of modern panneau are analised. There were differentiated achievements of professional Ukrainian and foreign artists, teachers and students of Ukraine’s art institutions, whose textile works are connected with the usage of embroidery. It was stated, that the main tendencies in the structure of modern panneau are as follows: different compositional and spatial searching, an endeavor to combine volumetric and ornamentally flat forms in one composition; wish to go out and deformate the object’s form; innovative searching in usage and transformation of different techniques according to a definite inner idea; an implementation of various decorative and applied forms and the addition of painting origin to them. Decorative techniques of traditional Ukrainian embroidery, that have broad perspectives to be used in modern decorative panneau were described, namely: tambourine suture, “kozlyk”, different kinds of loop seams, art and decorative plain seam, steam seam, cross stitches and their variations, lacing, cutting, holing. Besides, intentionally constricted fragments of composition, сhaotic stitching, overhanging threads are used in morern panneau. Conclusions. It is proved, that the works of modern Ukrainian decorative-applied artists are oriented on the synthesis of materials and the transformation of traditional embroidery techniques in a decorative panneau, and a search for different combinations of this technique with other materials. The analised experience is a powerful factor of well-being of embroidery in the context of modern art tendencies.
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Purpose of the study. The purpose of the proposed article is to clarify the essence of "language-culture" dichotomy, outlining the specificity of the interconnection and the interaction of its components in the projection to the mentality of the reception of national constants. Methodology of the study. The methodology of the research is based on the ideas of anthropocentricity (V. von Humboldt, O. Potebnya, E. Sepir, B. Whorf, M. Heidegger, etc.) and the main provisions of linguocultural studies, which confirm the necessity of studying language and culture as a space of interiorization and exteriorization of mental representations of linguistic and cultural knowledge (L. Wittgenstein, S. Yermolenko, V. Labov, V. Uzhchenko, H. Yavorska, etc.). The cultural-semiotic method, the method of synchronous sections and the systematic approach have formed the basis of the research strategy. The scientific novelty. "Culturelanguage" dichotomy plays a leading role in shaping the mental sphere of the ethnic consciousness and defines and shapes the specifics of the national worldview. It has been confirmed that the most active verbal symbolization as a factor of national-cultural selfidentification manifests itself in the spheres of semasiology and onomasiology. But the peculiarities of implementation at the syntactic level in the superficial structure of the semantic components of the deep structures of the sentence are the inherent features of the syntax of the national language, which constructs the human mentality and, in part, its cultural self-consciousness. It has been observed that the processes of cultural uplift, national revival, development of the Ukrainian literary language are interdependent and mutually conditioned. Conclusions. Thus, the "culture - language" dichotomy appears as two similarly organized sign systems that function equally, are fundamentally related. An important factor in the formation of ethnic culture is the language that captures, preserves and translates the ways of categorizing and conceptualizing the world and the internal reflexive experience of the people. The linguistic consciousness of the people appears as a form of its cultural expression, of civilization, in the conditions of world globalization, and the phenomenon of language is the identification code of the ethnic consciousness, of the mentality and specificity of the national world perception.
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The purpose of the article is to make a scientific analysis of world Ukrainian society as a social system, first of all, its structure, which reflects the nature and features of Ukrainian presence in the modern world. Methodology. To realize the purpose of the study, methods were used: historical (to find out the peculiarities of the development of world Ukraine heritage in time and spread); structural-functional (for the disclosure of the structure of world Ukrainian heritage and the functions of its elements in the implementation of identification practices by different segments of Ukrainian society); comparative (for revealing and correlation of levels of preservation of ethnic identity with each of the main elements of the structure of world Ukrainian heritage); systematic (for the analysis of world Ukrainian heritage as a complex, ordered integrated system consisting of several subsystems that differ in geographical location and levels of preservation of ethnic identity, but have a single ethnic nature and common socio-cultural standards). The novelty of the results obtained is that this study is one of the first attempts to present a scientific picture of world Ukrainian heritage as a social system, to characterize its structure from the point of view of the geographical location of its subsystems and levels of preservation of their Ukrainian identity. Conclusions Despite its structural complexity, the worldly Ukrainians have significant differences in the levels of ethnic self-identification, as well as in traditions and culture between different territorial branches of the Ukrainian ethnic group, social origin, status, education and value orientations of its representatives, is a fairly balanced and integral social system that finds , in particular, their reflection in certain unifying interests, aspirations and internal consolidation of Ukrainians in Ukraine and Ukrainians in the diaspora.
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The aim of the paper is to highlight D. I. Yavornytsky‘s ethnographic activity in collecting and preserving of the Ukrainian folklore. The methodology of the research is based on the application of general scientific methods: analysis – for the analysis of archival materials and epistolary, generalization – for the generalization of theoretical and practical data; comparison – to reveal general and special in historical events, deductions – to derive logical conclusions, etc. Scientific novelty. The article contains unknown and not well-known facts about the collecting and publication of D. I. Yavornitsky‘s ethnographic archive heritage. Conclusions. D. I. Yavornytsky's folklore and ethnographic materials from his personal archive were highlighted. It was made a conclusion about his active ethnographic work and great contribution to the Ukrainain history and culture.
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The purpose of the article is to characterize and typify the proto-scenic forms of the space of traditional Ukrainian ceremonies. The methodological basis of the study is a systematic art analysis. The scientific novelty of the research lies in typifying and systematizing the forms of the proto-scenic space of traditional Ukrainian rites regarding their architectural and design characteristics. Conclusions. Architectural-designer proto-scenic forms of the space of traditional Ukrainian rituals are interrelated with the content of ceremonial actions. The traditional Ukrainian hut, which can be interpreted as the form of the closed proto-scenic space, serves as a variant of the proto-scenic space of traditional Ukrainian rites, because the stage and spectator areas are separated there; an action takes place in the stage zone of the space and together they are decorated corresponding to the circumstances of the plot. Another option is the open space of rural streets, squares, cemeteries, shores of basins, forest lawns or pasture behind the village, etc., which also includes zonal distribution: locations for rituals and spectator places. A static and motional way of designing a space with floral and fiery tools was traditional. The location of the stage action was frontal, arenas and in motion in the form of a procession.
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The purpose of the article is to present the advertisement phenomenon aimed at stimulating certain actions by presenting the elements that are the indicators of ethnic mental peculiarities of Ukrainian national culture to the recipients. The methodology consists of works by foreign and domestic authors covering philosophical, cultural and psychological aspects of advertising. Among the methods chosen for the disclosure of the stated topics, the support was made on the general methods of scientific knowledge: analysis, synthesis, generalization. The scientific novelty of the article is that it makes an analysis of Ukrainian advertising products as a combination of universal advertising genres and elements that are based on ethnic mental peculiarities and values. Conclusion. It was stated that the advertising genres existing in modern social and cultural space present a synthesis of universal and ethnic mental components to a recipient. The paradoxical nature of advertisement is considered to be its reason. This means that: despite the tendency to produce the values of popular culture, it by ―rooting‖ into the national culture, an important element of which is a nucleus, is a means reflecting ethnic mental peculiarities of Ukrainian national culture.
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The purpose of the article is to study the ethno-cultural characteristics of the representatives of various religions according to the data contained in the church acts for registration of civil status. The methodology of the study is to use historical, cultural and comparative methods that enable to identify cultural traditions and features represented in the parish registers of the representatives of different faiths. The scientific novelty is conditioned by the fact that the parish registers contain rich informational material, and proper storage of them in the archives of Ukraine allows to reveal the ethno-cultural features of the representatives of different religions. In particular, the veneration of church saints and giving infants their names is represented in the parish registers of the orthodox population. The Jewish parish registers contain recordings on the ritual circumcision ceremonies and the conclusion of a marriage contract, the availability of a separate parish register for divorce records. The parish registers of the representatives of German population are characterised by giving dual names to infants, banns of marriage, the indication of all family members at the record of the deceased.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the ethnic-festivals of Kharkiv region, to highlight the dynamics of development in the context of the modern festival movement of Ukraine. Methodology of the research lies in the use of such methods: cultural, comparative-historical; comparative and system analysis, which considers the festival as a complex structure, uses art-study approaches to the organization of festivals; elements of the art-study method for establishing the cultural-historical value of the festival as an artistic object; axiological, which is characterized by its specific focus on the development of value orientations of the audience, that determines the direction of human activity in the organization and holding of festival, the formulation of its goals and objectives. The scientific novelty of the results lies in formulation and study of the multifaceted problem of ethnic-festivals of the Kharkiv region, which requires a more detailed study of the Ukrainian art history science; in revealing the ratio of traditional culture and contemporary artistic practice. Conclusions. First, the analysis proved that Kharkiv occupies a special place in the general festival map of modern Ukraine. Second, the ethnocultural processes taking place in the region have already become an integral part of today's life; first of all, they are aimed at preserving the ethnic core of culture. Third, the ethnic-festivals of Kharkiv region have become a major event in the region, contributing to the restoration, revival, and preservation of the cultural heritage, in which the system of the unique, traditional culture of Slobozhanshchina is displayed and reconstructed. Fourth, the festival is a special type of artistic space, where the interconnection of different arts is realized, while traditional artistic forms and experimental forms of contemporary artistic practice interact simultaneously. Fifth, Ukrainian culture needs a review of current cultural processes, with a further interpretation of the best achievements of Ukrainian cultural heritage. Sixth, in the director’s creation of the general artistic imagery of the festivals, the theatrical context is a priority.
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The paper “I wouldn't go to the doctor anyway!” presents a study of alternative medicine practices among Estonians, who are allegedly the least religious people in the world. Only 6 percent of Estonians consider religion important in their lives and only 2 percent attend church weekly; 1/3 profess to never having had the experience of the sacred, and another 1/3 have difficulties expressing when and in connection with what they have felt anything being holy. One of the world’s leading researchers of New Age, Paul Heelas, has called Estonia “a golden land” for studying trajectories of changing spirituality: “over and above serving to exemplify the ‘shattering’ retreat of Christendom … Estonia calls for the transformation of the study of religion … to the comparative study of sources of significance: their various promises … or their failures”. The present study is based on 34 life-story interviews, recorded digitally in the years 2008–2019 and stored in the Estonian Folklore Archives. Although the sociological theories of religion consider alternative medicine as the New Age spirituality by default, the interviewees perceive their activity as non-religious. The label ‘New Age’ is even regarded with hostility. There are some who identify themselves as Christians, and some who see the profitability of using the Buddhist language or Taoist images, but faith per se in any religious doctrine is hard to find. Soviet ideological brainwashing during the occupation trained Estonians to hang on to thinking for themselves and antagonism-buttressed self-preservation. In a basic values survey, Estonians put autonomy and self-sufficiency (equals autarchia in church terminology) in a very high position, the third among 21 values. This defiance is visible against the church as well as the New Age ideologies, and the state medical system. This might, thus, explain the great support for heterodoxy and the cultic milieu both in the census statistics of the 21st century and the large numbers of Estonians pursuing yoga. Whoever can afford it prefers finding help in Google search and not showing up in a doctor's office. Among the interviewees there are some who use in their job such oriental body techniques as yoga, acupuncture, Thai massage, and reiki. One person is a close family member of a long-time legendary folk-healer who used forest herbs and had a reputation as a clairvoyant, but in fact had higher education in biology and chemistry and advised clients skilfully by reading chemical elements in blood tests and applying knowledge about chemical content of the plants in the home forest. One woman whose rheumatoid-arthritic daughter was treated with modern medicine without satisfactory results for many years turned to Byzantine blood-letting cupping therapy that has been practiced for centuries by Scandinavian folk medicine. After sauna suction cups are placed on the skin to force the superficial capillaries to dilate, and then skin is cut intentionally in order to cleanse the organism of toxic residues. She defines herself as believing “in nothing except in herself” – “no witchcraft whatsoever in these therapies”, according to her own words. As Bronislaw Szerszynski has noticed, feral sacrality of the split transcendental axis – “abroad natural and cultural landscape freely roaming around religious symbols and actions” – is floating in society as a free cultural resource for private use in the creation of identities. At least, something similar can be detected from some life stories in this paper: one interviewee confesses that the job of an oriental body therapist allows to “get ever closer to God, the Creator, Buddha, the Intelligent Energy – whatever it is that has created, and keeps creating the Universe and us”. By the 21st century, after breaking free from the Soviet occupation, Estonia has successfully joined not only the European and North Atlantic alliances, but likewise embraced globalisation and started eagerly to “collect exotic experiences” as a landmark of post-modernist lifestyle, according to Zygmunt Bauman. We became Westernised in an Easternised West; for vacations and career enhancement we go to Westernised East. Szerszynski's idea of the hiding place for “roaming religion” in sports, education, and medicine allows posing questions to people from the realm of belief, while totally leaving aside Christianity. I am assuming that in those explanations about why people choose one or another solution for their health or psychological problems, the “roaming religion” phenomenon expresses itself without having to ask whether a person believes in God, Intelligent Energy, self-realisation, or whatever. Thorough quantitative research is definitely needed, but first, by qualitative methods, the diverse self-describing statements should be found, by which it would be easier for us to identify ourselves.
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In the current climate of debt crisis, debt, both public and private, has become one of the main concerns of economic experts and political leaders alike. At the same time, numerous studies have been published that address the issue of debt from different perspectives and disciplines. Referring to the comprehensive study by an anarchist and anthropologist David Graeber titled Debt: the First 5000 Years (2011), and to the relevant theses of a sociologist and philosopher Maurizio Lazzarato elaborated in his study The Making of the Indebted Man (2011), this paper thematizes the cultural dimension of debt. The aim of the paper is to examine the possibilities of reflecting upon new (old?) solidarity and unification in the fight against excessive indebtedness and unconditional acceptance of the status of the indebted person. This is done through the presentation and analysis of monetary and moral debt, or debt of honor, as key points of plot and unraveling of the narrative in the films Stone Horizons (1953) by Šimo Šimatović and Summer in the Golden Valley (2003) by Srđan Vuletić.
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