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The article, comprising four sections, presents Oskar Kolberg, a Polish ethnographer and folklorist, and his work. The first section is devoted to the ethnographer’s early work and to the results of his lifelong research, namely a twenty-three-volume monograph entitled Lud, jego zwyczaje, sposób życia, mowa, podania, przysłowia, obrzędy, gusła, zabawy, pieśni muzyka i tańce (Folk: Their Customs, Way of Life, Language, Legends, Proverbs, Rituals, Spells, Games, Songs, Music and Dances) and a nine-volume series entitled Obrazy etnograficzne (Ethnographic Pictures). The second section presents the methodology that Kolberg used to collect his data, including his own research, materials received from other researchers and data gathered as the result of contests organized by various scientific societies around the country. The third section describes the methods used by Kolberg to organize the materials. Kolberg aimed to create an overall ethnographic description of Poland with a division into the so-called provinces. Additionally, Kolberg differentiated and described ethnographic groups, including their ethnonyms, which are still recognized and used today. The fourth section presents the scope of his monographs, which have become the standard for this type of ethnographic work. The article also reflects upon the challenges that Kolberg’s work presents for the contemporary reader.
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The paper is a concise synthesis of deliberations based on the ideas of Kolberg (extracts) subjectively selected by the author. The main problems analyzed in the paper are: music as the subject of high priority in documentation and research, as well as the idea of methodical holistic documentation. The paper presents two weaknesses of modern ethnomusical gathering and archiving methods which are of utmost importance. Firstly, research centers and researches themselves are dispersed, and so is the object of the studies, musical material, which has recently been gathered intensively both by scientists and amateurs. Secondly, resources are not worked on with due consideration to their merits, especially if the work is undertaken by an individual hobbyist. Subsequently, the paper focuses on the idea of popularization of traditional music and its practical and theoretical aspects, which have been presented in the context of Oskar Kolberg’s comprehensive musical education, his music-making, and the meaning of these for his academic thought and the attitude towards his own interest in the research and documentation of music. The aforementioned practical aspect also concerns his exquisite organizational skills during fieldwork. The theoretical aspect is the praise of erudition and versatility of his interests which were reflected in his academic thought, his journalistic work, and deep concern for the top quality of his editorial work.
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Oskar Kolberg’s Year celebrated in 2014 provides an ideal opportunity for reflecting on trends in popularization of the researcher himself and his works. The aim of the article is to consider the recognition of Oskar Kolberg as a person, as well as his heritage. Such issues as potential recipients of his works and the way in which the materials can inspire subsequent generations of researchers and documentalists are also discussed in the article. According to the survey research conducted at the beginning of 2014 only 8% of adult Poles were able to answer the question who Oskar Kolberg was. This result poses an opportunity to consider the ways of popularizing Kolberg’s materials among different groups of recipients. The way of popularization depends on the target group, their abilities and needs. Additionally, the author conducted an Internet survey among persons professionally related to culture and science popularization that referred to the recognition of Kolberg himself, as well as his works. To a great degree, the surveyed referred to his works in search of inspirations for modern educational and animation practices. All the same the initiatives that originate in regional education become the main direction of popularizing knowledge about Kolberg’s work. Due to the programme changes introduced in 2009 in the compulsory educational system, this type of information has been marginalized and dispersed, which poses a huge educational challenge to cultural institutions. These institutions themselves are primarily responsible for education as regards the knowledge about regions and available source material.
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The author discusses rhetorical anthropology, a contemporary methodological trend, against the background of the International Rhetoric Culture Project. The discussion is focused on the issues that are relevant from the point of view of the theory and methodology of anthropology. In this paper, the emphasis is particularly placed on: 1. critique of methodology developed by dialogical anthropology, ethnoscience, multi-sited anthropology and generative grammar – rhetorical anthropology is viewed as a remedy for the cognitive limitations of these trends; 2. processual model of discourse, which was presented by Stephen Tyler in The Said and the Unsaid, and the rhetorical theory of symbolization developed by Ivo Strecker in his book The Social Practice of Symbolization – these concepts constitute the intellectual origins of the International Rhetoric Culture Project; 3. metaphor of the „return to the rhetoric”, which expresses the connection between rhetorical anthropology and the humanistic stance called rhetorical turn; 4. rhetorical theory of culture and the concept of human as homo rhetoricus – a combination of these concepts forms theoretical and methodological foundations of rhetorical anthropology.
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In the article I pose a question to what extent expectations towards the „authentic” experiencing of the Otherness shaped by the tourism industry determine the way tourists perceive it, and to what extent such perception escapes the interpretative schemes imposed by tourism imaginaries. I use the case study of tramping tourism to India – an alternative to the mass tourism, individualized but organized form of collective travelling. Tramping builds its attractiveness on the promise of „real” contact with the people and their culture; it offers the possibility of having a look „at the backstage” of the spectacle staged by the tourism industry. Particularly, it promises to fulfil a need for, as Tom Selwyn named it, „hot authenticity” that can be experienced by multisensory reception of the reality. In other words, tramping promises the tourists that they can be „non-tourists”. However, fueling this need often overwhelms tourists who are used to perceiving the reality through a distancing gaze. While thrown into multisensory-scapes, they cannot handle the surplus of impulses. I call this phenomena „overheating with authenticity in experiencing of Otherness”. It leads to seeking refuge in familiarity and sense of belonging provided by „people like us”, i.e., travel companions and the culture broker played by a tour guide. Moreover, overheating with authenticity may contribute to reproducing the nature versus culture dichotomy, crucial for Saidian Orientalism, in which the world of senses ascribed to the Other is positioned as subaltern to the restrained, guided by the rational view „the West”. Therefore, I call not only for moving beyond the visualism of Western epistemology by including sensorial experiences into our cognitive spectrum, but also for taking into account other physical sensations present in the tourist contact with Otherness, which usually escape the researchers’ (overvisualised) attention.
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Interview with Anna Szyfer by Zbigniew Jasiewicz.
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Review of: John L. Comaroff, Jean Comaroff (red.), Etniczność sp. z o.o., Translation: W. Usakiewicz, seria Cultura, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego 2011, ss. 253, il., ISBN: 978-83-233-3225-1. Review by: Kamila Węglarska
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The cognitive legitimisation as well as the ways of interpreting the reality are constantly changing in anthropology. The article aims to outline the new ways of cognition in socio-cultural anthropology emphasising the shift towards experiencing socio-cultural reality. It focuses on several leads which imply the revival of the experience, the sensual and the emotional aspects in the cognitive process and which are perceived as a remedy for both the positivistic rationalism and the socio-cultural constructivism. The basic assumption of anthropology focused on the experience and the sensual is that anthropologists should approach the social concrete as closely as possible in order to be capable to describe the reality in the most „common”, „natural” and „experienced” ways. The emerging of sensual anthropology in the 1990s is usually related with the postmodern and postcolonial critique within the discipline. It shows therefore that the presupposition of this relatively new research perspective has both, the epistemological and the political character. The article, however, attempts to present the view that the principles of sensual anthropology may be observed also in the modernist anthropology, particularly in the writings of Bronisław Malinowski and Margaret Mead. In addition, the analysis of the new ways of cognition in anthropology shows the cognitive situation in historiography and allows us to introduce some analogies in the cognitive transformations of both disciplines as well as the impact of consecutive turns that reoriented them and shifted towards the language, text and the common knowledge, which is situated outside the scientific legitimisation and in the close relations to everyday cognition mediated by the body and senses.
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The article describes research and actions which the author has taken in the shelter for homeless women in Łódź. The main question is how this kind of procedure, which is applied in feministic and action research focused version of anthropology, is justified. This perspective is close to the critical science. The author analyses and describes how the shelter is functioning. She bases her observations on and relates them to Miranda Fricker’s concept of the hermeneutical injustice and other related notions, such as epistemological inequality, cognitive disability and discursive disability. The author discusses her own activities and puts emphasis on an agency, which characterises her research choices.
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This article is based on research on the life of the blind which has been conducted since 2011. The main group of ethnographic consultants consists of seventeen blind people at the age of 18-40, part of whom live, work or study in Wroclaw. The attention of the researcher is generally focused on problems related to entering adulthood, building one’s own independence and – most importantly – on the diversity of strategies and tactics, which help blind individuals organise their relations with material environment, groups of the blind, the sighted, public institutions, etc. In this article the author describes the basic ethical and moral dilemmas which appeared during the research and tries to find their reasons in the specificity of the studied group, chosen methodology, as well as in the nature of ethnography in a wider sense. The article touches several important, specific issues: ethnographic intimacy and trust; instability of the borderline between the professional and private identity of the researcher; tension arising due to bringing up questions difficult for the subjects; the complexity of lying and loyalty matters during the research process. Seeing a great chance for ethnography in practising an extensive collaboration with the people who participated in the research, the author has attached a commentary on the article made by one of his ethnographic consultants.
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Artykuł jest próbą analizy zjawiska kultu świętego Huberta w Polsce, z wykorzystaniem koncepcji tradycji wynalezionej. Ukazuję, jak za pomocą jej narzędzi tworzy się przekonanie o wielosetletniej, nieprzerwanej historii tego kultu, a także o jego znaczeniu w polskiej tradycji łowieckiej, leśnej, a nawet regionalnej. Staram się wykazać, że zjawisko to powinno być postrzegane jako nowe, gdyż nie może być mowy o kontynuacji i ciągłości jego średniowiecznych, renesansowych lub siedemnastowiecznych form. Celem opracowania jest prześledzenie historii kultu św. Huberta wśród polskich myśliwych i leśników, jego charakterystyka oraz naświetlenie przełomowych zmian, które pozwalają na potraktowanie go jako tradycji wynalezionej.
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Celem niniejszego komunikatu jest ukazanie ciekawego świadectwa kultury z pogranicza historii stroju, religii i życia codziennego, jakim było występowanie na Kaszubach ciemnych – brązowych, granatowych lub czarnych – sukien ślubnych. W jaki sposób ten zwyczaj dotarł na ziemie polskie? Czy był on wyrazem tradycji, praktyczności czy może było to zjawisko zupełnie wyjątkowe? Próbując odpowiedzieć na te pytania, dokonałam analizy wybranej ikonografi i. Ciemne suknie ślubne z terenu Kaszub występują bowiem na kilku zachowanych fotografi ach pochodzących zarówno z końca XIX wieku, jak i z okresu bezpośrednio poprzedzającego drugą wojnę światową. Z uwagi na początkowy stan badań nad tym tematem, niniejszy tekst, poparty możliwie reprezentatywnymi przykładami, ma za zadanie jedynie zasygnalizować omawiane zjawisko.
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Review of: Agnieszka Kościańska (red.), Antropologia seksualności. Teoria, etnografia, zastosowanie, Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego 2012, ss. 512, ISBN 978-83-235-0892-2. Review by: Anna Witeska-Młynarczyk
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Review of: Małgorzata Rajtar, Justyna Straczuk (red.), Emocje w kulturze, Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Narodowe Centrum Kultury 2012, ss. 509, ISBN (WUW): 978-83-235-0998, ISBN (NCK): 978-83-61587-96-5. Review by: Waldemar Kuligowski
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Review of: Rastislava Stoličná-Mikolajová (ed.), Katarína Nováková , Kulinárna kultúra regiónov Slovenska, Bratislava: VEDA vydavatel’stvo Slovenskej akadémie vied 2012, ss. 495, ISBN: 978-80-224-1257-5. Review by: Anna Drożdż
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Place: Zielona Góra; Date: 12th September, 2013
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Sprawozdanie obejmuje następujące części: 1. Dane ogólne; 2. Realizacja wniosków z 88. WZD w Poznaniu; 3. Działalność Zarządu Głównego i Prezydium ZG; 4. Ośrodek Dokumentacji i Informacji Etnografi cznej; 5. Sprawy fi nansowe; 6. Działalność wydawnicza; 7. Biblioteka Naukowa im. Jana Czekanowskiego; 8. Archiwum Naukowe; 9. Oddziały PTL.
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Place: Warsaw; Date: 7th December, 2012
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