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THE IMPACT OF THE DEFENCE INDUSTRY REACTIVATION ON THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Author(s): Ion Anghel,Cezar Vasilescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The reactivation of the defence industry is raising extended discussions, because it is supposing a systematic approach of different politic, military, economic and social aspects. The article discusses some of these thoughts, which concludes that its development could be viewed as an investing process, supposing costs on the short term and advantages on a long term. Thus, the defence industry reactivation offers a valuable dividend to economy and represents an important factor of the country competitiveness. Not lately, the defence industry has a major influence on the operational capacity of the national security institutions, determining the need for comprehensive measures directly focused on re-establishing its strategic role in the national economy framework.

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NATO-FINANCED INVESTMENT PROJECTS IN ROMANIA

Author(s): Marius-Cristian Apostol / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

NATO Security Investment Program has existed at NATO level since 1951. As defined in art. 2 lit. a) of Law no. 294/2007, "NSIP - NATO Security Investment Program" is intended to finance the objectives and facilities needed to support the activities of the NATO Strategic Commands, recognised to overcome the national defence demands of each NATO member country, and according to the provisions of Art. f) "NSIP project in Romania - investment project by which NSIP goods in Romania are made from NSIP financial funds and co-financed by NSIP through procurement procedures authorised by NATO bodies". In Romania, NSIP projects are run through the Ministry of National Defence (MND), after the signing of the documents of their acceptance. Their implementation is carried out through the structures of MND with attributions in the management of investment projects, according to the legal, technical, financial and administrative framework of NATO, in cooperation with the NATO specialised structures.

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FIELD ARTILLERY FIRE COMMAND AND CONTROL DIGITAL INTEROPERABILITY

Author(s): Florin Cotet / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Currently, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) fire support community faces some fire control challenges and digital interoperability among most members of the alliance. During last years, few nominated NATO Force Structures, were supporting alliance’ efforts to provide digital Fires interoperability and enhancing its own Fires warfighting capabilities to meet its military objectives. To accomplish these tasks, yearly Fire Support Exercises, known as “Dynamic Front” series, were planned, prepared and conducted to demonstrate long-range, digital, multinational interoperability between fire support systems, with a future goal to include joint Fires interoperability.

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HARMONIZING FIELD ARTILLERY ENTITIES WITH SIMILAR NATO FIELD ARTILLERY UNITS IN THE CURRENT COMPLEX BATTLESPACE

Author(s): Florin Cotet / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Today, we are experiencing an unprecedented pace of technological development that will impact our ability to conduct warfare. Recently, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization faces an increasing security threat with peer-level opposition forces possessing significant joint Fires capabilities that are highly interoperable, and capable of providing timely, accurate, massed Fires in support of maneuver operations. The alliance fire support community continues to focus on increasing its joint fire support interoperability, and synchronization of joint fire support to meet the challenge of a capable peer or near-peer opponent. More specifically, since Crimea’s annexation by the Russian Federation in 2014, NATO’s focus shifted from deter and assure, to deter and defend across the full spectrum of operations. From this perspective our Field Artillery units must remain relevant and adapt their organizations and capabilities to meet future requirements and eventually, become harmonized with similar entities from NATO member state armies on future operations. Allied joint operations should be prepared, planned and conducted in a manner that makes the best use of the relative strengths and capabilities of the forces which members offer for an operation.

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THE INFLUENCE OF MULTIDIMENSIONALITY BATTLE SPACE ON THE ACTIONS OF LAND FORCES ANTI-AIRCRAFT FIRE SYSTEMS

Author(s): Florin Stafi / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Adjustment of Land Forces anti-aircraft fire system to the current and projected operational environment requirements must be an ongoing concern, in terms of operational and managerial doctrine. The importance of analyzing the interaction between operating system versus battle space, completed with alleged actions of a hypothetical enemy, must be seen as a necessity to ensure an adequate response to the threats, constituting the theoretical framework of optimization process and power projection. The decisional loop "action-reaction-counteraction" should be dimensioned ante factum, identifying the systemic, multidimensional conditioning. In a highly volatile and innovative environment, the anti-aircraft fire system needs a similar reaction. We can speak of an anticipatory balance maintained by correct estimation of future capabilities, the determination of effective technological solutions, running speed, but also keeping an adequate volume/quality ratio. Military actions require permanent reconfiguration of the component system in all dimensions of the battle space, the ultimate goal being the intelligence, decision-making and execution superiority.

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ASPECTS ON MILITARY ART FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE HYBRID CONFLICT

Author(s): Alexandru Herciu / Language(s): Estonian Publication Year: 0

My motivation to address the present field of study consisted of the need to understand the complexity of the current operational environment as well as the components that impart the hybrid character of military action in the context of the emergence and development of new forms of aggression, influence and constraint as a result of a kaleidoscope of conventional, unconventional and irregular components. For this purpose, the present study aims at assessing the specific operational framework and the characteristics of the joint, integrated and multinational operation in recent and future military conflicts, in the context of the emergence of new hybrid risks and threats in the international security environment.

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ISSUES REGARDING THE ESTABLISHMENT, ORGANIZATION, AND FUNCTIONING OF THE ROMANIAN MILITARY SANITARY SERVICE DURING THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE

Author(s): Ionuț Rădulescu,Mircea Udrescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In general, the sanitary state of the Romanian army was marked by strongly adverse elements such as important physical efforts made by the soldiers, difficulties on the troops’ supply lines, housing, equipment, transport and providing a minimum of hygienic conditions. At the same time, the heroism, dedication and selfsacrifice of the army’s sanitary service prevailed. The cold and rainy autumn of 1877, followed by a harsh winter, with heavy snowfall, made the situation significantly harsher especially at the siege of Plevna and in the battles around Vidin.

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KEY ELEMENTS REGARDING MILITARY MEDICAL PERSONNEL INVOLVED IN AEROMEDICAL EVACUATION

Author(s): Ionuț Rădulescu,Mircea Udrescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

We consider that the Air Force’s best option to attract and retain flight medical personnel is by cultivating a reputation of excellence in all medical and medical related activities, aspect that should imply superior opportunities for professional instruction and development. This involves competitive pay and real opportunities for promotions, but also includes the provision of a rich and diverse clinical environment, meeting standards set by social-professional specific organizations, and establishing new higher standards derived from evidence based research. Because it requires a lot of competence and expertise, things that comes from experience and it is a valued Air Force asset, flight medical personnel is considered to be an elite army specialty.

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RISKS, THREATS AND VULNERABILITIES OF ROMANIAN NAVAL FORCES

Author(s): Nicu Chirea / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Black Sea, as the eastern border of the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, represents, from a geopolitical point of view, a contact area of the interests of the Russian Federation with the Western world and Euro-Atlantic institutions. In the medium and long term, developments in the Black Sea security environment will continue to be dominated by complex change trends, with direct and indirect implications for Romania and implicitly for the Romanian Navy.

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THE PRACTICAL REALITY OF CYBERWAR

Author(s): Sorina Ana Manea,Gelu Alexandrescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Do we really fight a cyber war? To see if that is as a reality we took another type of actions that was considered to be war some thirty years back, namely propaganda and subversion, and compared them to cyber war and, to gain more insight, we compared all of them to the concept of war. The insight offered by this approach shows that even though we live in a rapidly changing society, this change is often superficial and, as in other branches, the security environment tends to recycle a good idea. Many times we hear that cyber war affects our life by disrupting the normal flow of it. But is really a war what is causing this effect or the political rhetoric is using this stance to draw an alarm signal to the potential disastrous consequence of an attack carried out against the cyber infrastructure of a nation.

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COMBAT POWER INDEX CALCULATION FOR AN ARMOURED BATTLEGROUP

Author(s): Florin-Ioan Cioancă,Gelu Alexandrescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The planning process of actions and operations requires to have sufficient and strong military forces on hand. These forces must be projected and formed to have a specific “value” of combat power. The “combat power” must be real, must last and obviously it must create effects on the enemy forces. The process of combat power index “evaluation” takes place through the integration of the values and weights of each component of the military force.

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THE ROMANIAN ARMY’S CONTROL AT THE TIME OF THE WARSAW PACT’S CREATION

Author(s): Dan-Laurentiu Mocanu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

After World War II, at the initiative of the USSR, a military alliance was organized in the Eastern Communist bloc, in which the USSR took on the primary role of leadership and coordination. The so-called Warsaw Pact constituted, for the "armed forces" of the Romanian People's Republic, the end of the social transformations and the transition from the elitist royal army to the new soviet military establesment, purified and strongly ideologized on the basis of Stalinist principles.

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AN ASSESSMENT OF UN RESPONSE TO THE CHALLENGE OF FOREIGN TERRORIST FIGHTERS

Author(s): Iffat NAHEED / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The phenomenon of “Foreign Terrorist Fighters” (FTFs) is considered to be a growing threat to international security and the gravest challenge to UN counter terrorism efforts. FTFs travel on call of terrorist organizations harm the states of origin, transit and destination along with the neighbouring zones.This paper is focussed on an assessment of UN’s overall efforts to combat the challenge of FTFs that are aimed on addressing the underlying causal factors that contribute towards the growth of FTFs. The issues pertaining to prevention of radicalization, recruitment, travel, and financial aspects of FTFs also constitute the primary concerns of the UN’s efforts towards combating FTFs. For its aforementioned objectives, the institutional framework of the UN has launched a capacity building implementation plan to resist the flow of FTFs in compliance with the UN Security Council Resolution 2178.The paper however concludes that despite its capacity building programmes, the scorecard of the UN and its institutional framework has remained less than impressive on account of combating FTFs. One of the main reasons for such limited success rate of UN’s counter FTF efforts is owing to a lack of focus on tailor made and customized regional solutions when it pertains to countering FTFs. This inter alia necessitates a deeper understanding of the needs of the Member States and the concerned countries’ legal and administrative systems.

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THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY – WHAT DOES IT MEAN?

Author(s): Sorina Ana Manea / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This essay discusses the necessity of defining the content of the concept of threat to national security, not from the point of view of a particular criterion, but from the perspective of describing social behavior and the subjects involved in dealing with and addressing the situations that disrupts the state of national security. It also tries to specify some content elements for the national security threat concept and to bring to the readers’ attention the importance of this concept to the Romanian national security architecture.

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CAMOUFLAGE, CONCEALMENT AND DECEPTION IN MILITARY OPERATIONS

Author(s): Ciprian Tudor / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

One of the imperatives of military doctrine is to conserve combat power or decisive action. Such conservation is aided through sound operations security (OPSEC) and protection against attack. Camouflage, concealment and Deception (CCD) is an essential part of operations, ranging from tactical to strategic levels. It must be integrated into METTTC analyses and the IPB process at all echelons. CCD is a primary consideration when planning OPSEC. The skillful use of CCD tactics, techniques and procedures (TTPs) is necessary if a combat formation is to conceal itself and survive. A general knowledge of CCDTTPs also allows friendly troops to recognize CCD when the enemy uses it. CCD degrades the effectiveness of enemy intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance and target acquisition(ISTAR) capabilities. Preventing detection impairs enemy efforts to assess friendly operational patterns, functions, and capabilities. Improved survivability from CCD is not restricted to combat operations. Benefits are also derived by denying an enemy the collection of information about friendly forces during peacetime, as well as in crisis and wartime.

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GEOINT IN MONITORING AND DETECTION OF MILITARY CAMOUFLAGE, CONCEALMENT AND DECEPTION –GEOINT COUNTERDECEPTION

Author(s): Ciprian Tudor / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Enemy camouflage, concealment and deception (CCD) degrades the effectiveness of friendly intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance and target acquisition(ISTAR) capabilities. By using CCD means and techniques the enemy disrupt friendly efforts to assess enemy’s operational patterns, functions, and capabilities. Therefore, CCD enhances enemy survivability by reducing friendly's ability to detect, identify, and engage enemy elements. However, using advanced RS software, geospatial information systems, imagery and different GEOINT techniques, CCD detection can be made possible, hence the denial of enemy CCD efforts.

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THE USE OF AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS FOR EVACUATION AND MEDICAL SUPPORT

Author(s): Grigore Eduard Jeler / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

By studying the conflicts, it was concluded that the vast number of victims between the ranks of the medical personnel during every confrontation takes place while trying to treat the soldiers engaged in battle under enemy fire, and between the combatants, there are lots of casualties while providing support for the wounded comrades. There with, the human medical personnel performs difficult interventions in dangerous areas(e.g. mined or NBC contaminated). Autonomous systems could be having diverse applications, such as: victims’ localization,tactical retreats and evacuations, in-flight care for the wounded military personnel during the process of transportation, medicine delivery; telemedicine. The aim of this article is to analyse the existing and potential uses of autonomous systems regarding medical evacuation and support.

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MILITARY AND CIVILIAN APPLICATIONS OF UAV SYSTEMS

Author(s): Grigore Eduard Jeler / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Various UAV models have proliferated around the world in the last decade, while technology has improved, allowing their greater use, both in the military, but also in the civilian sector. UAV systems present unique strategic challenges, which are relatively new to military planners. As for the civil sector, although they are at the beginning, there is an exponential increase in the areas of use. According to the NATO classification, the UAVs are classified according to their size, altitude, range and operational area divided into three basic groups based on these attributes. The varying sizes and ranges of different UAV models offer unique advantages and disadvantages to each group. The paper is an in-depth analysis of the military and non-military applications of UAVs, depending on the technical characteristics and the purpose of their deployment.

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COOPERATION ACTIONS IN PESCO FRAMEWORK

Author(s): Ion Anghel / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Participation in European cooperation projects in the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) framework can be not only a multiplier factor for achieving military capabilities, but also a way of developing high-tech industrial sectors within the national economy. The article highlights the cooperation actions in the PESCO framework, in the context of their influence on the development of national military capabilities. The proposed theme will have a great applicability in the pragmatic and coherent approach of Romania’s involvement in European military cooperation programs for the development of needed capabilities. Thus, the initiative will contribute to the development of a national vision in the field of international cooperation, by focusing on relevant PESCO projects, developed in a multiannual financial framework.

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INTELLIGENT THREAT DETECTION IN IOT

Author(s): Octavian Fratu,Iulia Alexandra GUDOVAN / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Connected devices are now present in agriculture, factories (Industry 4.0), power grids, military, healthcare, transport, education, entertainment and homes. The number of such devices will grow in the near future. Because IoT devices present various vulnerabilities and can be exposed to a great number of threats, the need for IoT security and threat modeling increases. In this paper, we provide an overview of the main threats to IoT devices and networks, and the ways in which machine learning can improve IoT security.

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