Transitions Online_Around the Bloc-Poroshenko Stresses Positives from Trump Meeting
U.S. announces new sanctions on Russians and Ukrainians over violations of Ukraine’s sovereignty.
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U.S. announces new sanctions on Russians and Ukrainians over violations of Ukraine’s sovereignty.
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Secretary of state hints that Kyiv and Moscow could talk outside the stalled Minsk peace process.
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Vote angers the Kremlin, which faces allegations of meddling in two Balkan countries to derail their NATO bids.
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Moscow, Washington call for investigations into landmine explosion in area controlled by Luhansk separatists.
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Russia also increased its budget, which made it the third-largest spender worldwide in 2016, report says.
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The new leader of the South Caucasus breakaway state gets the only endorsement that matters.
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Poverty and lack of opportunity continue to drive millions of Central Asians to Russia in search of work.
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Relevance of the studied problem is caused by the fact that at the regional level the principles of migration policy are still not developed, not all factors of influence of migratory processes on economic security of regions are defined; characteristics and consequences of labor migration are insufficiently investigated. In this regard, this article is directed to the solution of the problem of population shift, demanding development and realization of the regional migration policy aimed at providing and preservation of safety of host. The leading approach to a research of this problem is economical and statistical, allowing establishing dependence between the predicted size of labor migration and factors influencing it. The designed model of sustainable development of the region has to include the regional migration policy considering factors of forecasting of migratory processes that will allow to stabilize and increase the number of resident population and to provide innovative development of the region and country in general. Materials of the article can be useful when developing approaches promoting formation of the scientifically based and effective regional migration policy providing the balanced dynamic social and economic development of the region.
More...Příspěvek ke genezi bezpečnostní teorie a konceptu vnitřní bezpečnosti
Internal security and so-called soft threats such as extremism, radicalism, or organizedcrime have not long been considered a legitimate part of security studies as a branchof international relations. The aim of this study is to show how the meaning of internalsecurity has changed in security research. Previously, issues of internal security havebeen discussed mainly as part of criminology, sociology or criminal law, and nowadaysthey are an integral part of security studies. The central part of the study is anintroduction to a wide variety of approaches to internal security - from the traditionalconcept of internal security as an objective state, through a social construct, and adiscourse, to security practice. The paper consists of two parts. Firstly, it focuses onthe genesis of security theory and the emergence of internal (soft) security in the 80'sand related concepts such as Homeland Security, regime security or Innere Sicherheit.The second part presents two main approaches to the research of internal security -problem solving theories and critical security theories - and summarizes their benefitsand limitations.
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Ability and readiness of Republic of Serbia to join “European security” or in other words to accomplish tasks of joint foreign security politics in cooperation with other state- members of the European Union cannot be questioned. In contrast to economic and political issues which demand much more efforts for reaching standards of the European Union, in the field of security it is necessary to make a legal frame for engagement of force units in operations of the European Union and for development of interoperable capacity of armed and other forces engaged for activity with the forces of other states within operations of the European Union. The Republic of Serbia opted for a cooperative approach to security in all its strategic- doctrinal documents and laws regulating the field of national security. In this sense there were created all constitutional and legal preconditions for engagement of the Serbian security forces and other forces in the operations of the European Union. In addition, the Army of Serbia, the force units of Ministry of Internal Affairs and other forces which could be engaged in the international operations have developed procedures for joint activity within the frame of the operations of the European Union representing a permanent content of education and training of members of the Army of Serbia and Ministry of Internal Affairs. For purpose of selection of the members of the Army of Serbia and other defense forces and for purpose of the selection of their training and preparations for their participation in multinational operations outside of the borders of the Republic of Serbia there was established a Center for Peace Operations within the General Staff Headquarters of the Army of Serbia and it is in charge of operational management of all activities related to the participation of Serbia in the operations of the European Union. A best proof of the readiness of Serbia for the participation in the operations of the European Union is the participation of one medical officer in the Mission of the European Union EUTM in Somalia. Although the participation of Serbian in this operation is just symbolical one, it is the proof of functionality of legal procedures and existence of professional and operational capacities of the Republic of Serbia and its security forces for the participation in the operations of the European Union. On the basis of the abovementioned facts we can conclude that from the aspect of capacity for the participation in joint security efforts of the European Union the Republic of Serbia is already ready for full membership in the European Union.
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This paper is an attempt of author of the paper primarily to classify and then to define non-armed external forms of imperilment of the state security capacity and also to underline imperilment for integral security of the state that is coming from a seemingly innocent activity of certain external groups and organizations. The author of the paper argues that non- armed forms of imperilment of the state security capacity are primarily military pressure, threat, offensive propaganda activities and aggressive performance of foreign intelligence services. It is very important to underline also that the external non- armed forms of imperilment are always or almost always a prelude to emergence of armed forms of imperilment of security. Objective – task of the non- armed external forms of imperilment of security is preparation of „the field” for, for example, a military intervention or aggression on some state which is target of the violence. This paper is also a warning to the states as well as to the United Nations that the external non- armed forms of imperilment of security must be treated in accord with the imperilment coming from them. The systems of security of states must build up instruments for early recognition of aggressiveness and covert violence in activity of various external services and organizations. Such external activity must be incriminated by both the State legislation and legal documents of the United Nations.
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The realization and the protection of national interest is, traditionaly, linked with the state of national security; national Security implies unobstructed achieving, enjoying and developing of nacional values and certainty of realizing national interests, absence of threats to national values and interests, as well as absence of fear that they will be endangered. Capability of state to regularly determine and efficiently realize national interests, depends on the level of security of society, state and international community. The policy of carrying out national interests is complicated because it is “stretched” between real national needs, social interests, political and informal (interest and lobbying) groups, national power, the state of national and international security, national and international right, foreign policy of other states and political international organizations. As well as to propagation of national interests, statesmen are not always objective, and often changes in regime in countries in transition sometimes require drastically change in agenda of national interests. Eventually, contra positive attitudes in terms of declaring and the manner of achieving national interests can encourage conflicts of national and international proportions, especially in societies with undeveloped tolerance, security and political culture, in which the continuity in leading national politics does not exist. In such turbulent circumstances it is not that simple to define and achieve national priorities, and with that ensure national security. That is the situation with the Republic of Serbia too, which is a country in transsition and in the process of international integrations.
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The law on self-defence is the subject of the most fundamental disagreement in international law doctrine. A broader concept support a wide right of self-defence going beyond the right to respond to an armed attack on a state’s territory argue, first, that Article 51 of the UN Charter, through its reference to inherent right of self-defence, preserves the earlier customary international law right to self-defence. The Charter does not take away pre-existing rights of states without express provision and it presumes that at the time of its conclusion there was a wide customary law of self-defence allowing the protection of national and anticipatory self-defence. A narrow concept of self-defence as a restricted exception to the general prohibition of the use of force in a system of collective security of the UN argues that the meaning of Article 51 is clear. The right of self-defence arises only if an armed attack occurs. The limits imposed on self-defence in Article 51 would be meaningless if a wider customary law right to self-defence survives unfettered by these restrictions. Thus the term “inherent right of self-defence” in article 51 is not a dynamic term capable of shifting in meaning over time. The scope of the right was fixed in customary international law in 1945 and was apparently not susceptible of restriction in the light of subsequent state practice. An alternative approach invokes the breakdown of the UN security system in order to justify a wide right to selfdefence in the same way that some argue for a narrow interpretation of the prohibition of the use of force in Article 2(4).
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This paper presents the author’s attempt to research the system and normative documents concerning international cooperation in a state of emergency, as well as international cooperation policy of the Republic of Serbia. The paper gives details on the modes of international cooperation and partnership in a state of emergency caused by the natural and technological disasters or by technical devices. Since during a state of emergency states’ borders become porous, international cooperation is necessary. Therefore, states found international organizations and associations, or become their members in order to improve knowledge, mutually take actions and provide humanitarian aid for the duration of a state of emergency. After all the crises it underwent in the past, the Republic of Serbia has been making efforts to institute and improve the national security and rescue response system in a state of emergency as well as to develop international cooperation in this field.
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Environmental protection is one of the main tasks of a municipality. At the same time,tasks in this area are very diverse and extensive. The Author presents three best known tasks of a municipality: spatial planning, municipal waste management and the protection of trees and shrubs. Within these spheres some amendments of current law are proposed in order to meet the demands of residents and to rationalize the impact of municipalities on environmental protection. The main conclusion that can be drawn from the above presentation is that the most important role of a municipality refers to tasks of organizational and directly - executive nature, examples of which have been presented in the article.
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This paper reflects the attempt of the authors to define internal armed rebellion as a conflict which poses a serious threat to the concept of the security system in a democratic state. In the Serbian language the word „conflict“ means „contraposition“, „disagreement of the opposite views (interests)“, „controversy“, „quarrel“, „hostile armed collision“, „clash“ etc. The basis of the philosophical understanding of the conflict was set by Heraclitus. Everything is constantly changing, and each change represents a mean between two opposite states. Conflict is a common phenomena, and everything raises in conflict and necessity. Contemporary theories about social conflicts can be classified to those which understand the conflicts as a pathological state of the social organism, or as a fact of life of the individuals and collectivity, as well as theories which understand conflicts as processes or a certain state. The internal armed rebellion lines up in the medium-intensity conflict, with the aim to grow into a civil war or an insurrection. However, contemporary law draws the difference between a rebellion and a civil law. Contemporary system of international law considers a rebellion as an internal question of the state, and in its exclusive jurisdiction. That means that the rebellion represents a postponed politico-military activity, aimed at achieving total or partial control of the resources of the country by using the nonregular armed forces or ilegal political organizations.
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The local self government in Poland took over the duties concerning heritage protection quite late. However, in modern democratic states self government is an important element of the protection of cultural heritage, with a particular emphasis on monuments as its core component. In this respect, it is very important to distribute tasks and responsibilities between the governmental administration and the local self-government properly,because the first one is unable to carry out the tasks assigned to it by the Act of 2003 on the protection and the preservation of monuments.The law has transferred several tasks and responsibilities to the local self government units of different levels, including two out of four forms of the protection of monuments(the creation of a cultural park and the local zoning plan). The act has also obliged municipalities to undertake other activities, such as conducting a municipal register of monuments and planning.Local self government units, especially municipalities, are the owners of a significant number of monuments around the country so, in addition to obligations concerning the protection of monuments, they are responsible for the preservation of these monuments too. All this proves that the modern local self government of all levels, with special emphasis on municipalities, is a very important and essential component of the system of cultural heritage protection.
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The risk of flooding and its implementation – the flood – are a major problem in the management of municipality interests. Due to the size and the type of risk it is a problem that requires complex solutions, involving both public and private means. As a result of the decentralization of the administration the effort related to the risk management must be mainly taken by a municipality, which also suffers from floods - economically, financially, socially. The insurance serves as a specialized instrument of financing the risks of natural disasters. It allows to shift a part of financial burdens on market participants, to develop cooperation between the municipality and financial institutions within a broadly defined public-private partnership. Rigorous standards for taking into account the risk in spatial planning, which are imposed by EU law, should facilitate the risk estimation and affect positively the efficiency of insurance coverage.
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Public administration should be always prepared to carry out public tasks for the inhabitants. Its role increases and the tasks become more complex and difficult in emergency situations. According to the legislator, emergency situations are those which aim to prevent danger to life, health or property, threats to the environment, national security and public order, the protection of civil rights, the prevention of natural disasters and other extraordinary risks, as well as combating and removing their effects under the terms laid down in separate acts. In a province a special role is attributed to a Voivode (a provincial governor) who performs the tasks arising from emergency situations together with the authorities of governmental administration and self-government. He/she becomes the actual executor of the public interest. Public administration authorities responsible for the prevention of emergency situations are a part of the administrative police.Legal relations that occur between a Voivode, who is an element of the centralized governmental administration, and local self-government authorities, which are decentralized entities, always finds its expression in the current norms of positive law. These relationships usually take the form of management, coordination, cooperation and control. A Voivode is responsible for the management of activities in case of crisis management, in the state of emergency, in the state of natural disaster and for the execution of defensive tasks and civil defense during the martial law. The coordination of the activities of self government authorities by a Voivode includes planning and imposing the obligation of personal services. On the other hand, the Voivode’s current supervision and control include issues relating to military qualification. In emergency situations, which are referred to in art. 22 p. 2 of the law on a Voivode and government administration in a voivodeship, a Voivode may issue official orders which are binding for municipal self-government authorities which are a part of decentralized administration, relatively independent from government administration bodies. The legal nature of the orders is not defined by law so it is often unclear. Their scope is not the same in each case. It is wider in case of orders addressed to government bodies because they are regulated by positive law. On the other hand, the scope of orders addressed to local self-government bodies is narrower because their statutory obligations are specified in the provision of substantive law and do not refer to issues that are the domain of governmental administration in a voivodeship. The legal relationship between a Voivode and municipal self-government authorities should be unambiguous and, above all, effective. In order to achieve that, the orders of a Voivode should be supplemented with appropriate sanctions which would ensure the effective implementation of public tasks in emergency situations.
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The paper investigates the compatibility of the modern technologies of warfare, specifically the use of offensive drones, with traditional military ethics and suggests that the new technologies radically change the value system of the military in ways which make large parts of the traditional military ethics inapplicable. The author suggests that Agamben’s concept of ‘effectivity’ through ‘special actions’ which mark one’s belonging to a particular community or profession is a useful conceptual strategy to explore the compatibility of drone warfare with traditional military ethics; this strategy shows mixed results at best.
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