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НЕМЕЦКИЙ ШПИОНАЖ И БОРЬБА С НИМ В ВЕЛИКОМ КНЯЖЕСТВЕ ФИНЛЯНДСКОМ (по документам военной контрразведки)

Author(s): V. O. Zverev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2022

The article addresses some aspects of the organization of German espionage in the Grand Duchy of Finland (1915–1916). The author substantiates the hypothesis about the insignificant role of Sweden in Germany’s intelligence plans. The use of unpublished documents from Russian archives enables to further detail and develop the ideas about German-Swedish espionage that already exist in Finnish and Russian historiography. It is concluded that there were a number of factors that hindered the effectiveness of the Northern Front counterintelligence struggle against German agents in Finland. The most serious obstacles included the forced reorganization of the Finnish police (its renewal with radical national cadres), the lack of real intelligence capabilities of the counterintelligence of the 6th Army, the use of most secret officers of the counterintelligence department in the Finnish region for other purposes (to track revolutionary sentiments in the Baltic Fleet). The analysis of these factors led to the conclusion that the military and political special services were unable to foresee and prevent the difficulties that had arisen in the fight against a more experienced and pragmatic enemy, and to inflict an adequate counterstrike.

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ОБЩЕСТВЕННОСТЬ РОССИИ О ЦЕРКВИ И ГОСУДАРСТВЕ В ПЕРВЫЕ МЕСЯЦЫ ПОСЛЕ ФЕВРАЛЬСКОЙ РЕВОЛЮЦИИ

Author(s): Irina V. Vorontsova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2022

The Revolution in February of 1917 gave an opportunity to fulfill the long-standing request of the Russian Orthodox Church for independence from the state. Cultural, church and public figures started a discussion about the new status of the church and models of interaction between the church and the authorities, which revealed the readiness of the enlightened circles of Russian society for the separation of church and state. The objective of the article was to analyze all the models of church-state relations proposed in the first half of 1917 and to track the evolution of the request. The purpose of the article was to answer the question, what models of church-state relations were presented in the first half of the year, and how the emphases and priorities were set. The answer would help to suggest that the decree of the Council of People’s Commissars on the separation of church and state and the separation of school and church (1918) only consolidated the internal readiness of many people to make religion a private matter of citizens, with the Orthodox Church being only one of public organizations. Today, it is important to restore religious consciousness in society as a guarantor of social stability, morality and traditional ethics, so, there is a search for mechanisms of interaction between the church and state structures. This indicates the need to address the question of what contributed to the destruction of the church-state union that existed before 1917. The sources were books and articles of cultural, public and church figures published in the first half of the XX century. The study methodology included the problem-based chronological method, the genetic historical method and narrative analysis. The analysis of the content of the proposed church-state interaction models in republican Russia of 1917 showed that from March to June the theocratic model of the early century disappeared from public view. It also confirmed that during the discussion the request for church independence was replaced with the idea of the complete separation of church and state with the gradual expulsion of church beyond cultural and social boundaries

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In Search of Collective Identity. The Formation of National Consciousness in Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz’s Travels Abroad

Author(s): Olga Szadkowska-Mańkowska / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2021

This article illustrates the significance of Italian journeys in the context of the 18th century travel literature, underlining the uniqueness of insights found in the “Diaries” of Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz. Over the course of history Italy has been an important destination of many travels. In the 18th century in particular. Using a historical and literary approach, the article showcases how group identity has been utilized in the personal diaries of Niemcewicz and simultaneously explores the question of the influence of an individual on future generations travelling to Italy.

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САКРАЛНИ ПРОСТРАНСТВА И ПРЕСЕЛЕНИЯ. НАБЛЮДЕНИЯ ВЪРХУ ОСНОВНИ НАРАТИВНИ МОДЕЛИ ВЪВ „ВЕДА СЛОВЕНА“

Author(s): Miglena Hristozova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 19/2021

This article approaches one of the main motives in “Veda Slovena” (Verkovich (ed.): 1874, 1881) – “The Resettlement From Krajna Zeme to The Danube River”. It puts an accent on the mythopoetic perception and transformation of the own sacred space called Krajna zeme, which was destroyed and newly reorganized (in correlation to the narratives in some medieval apocrypha).

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ДАРЕЦ ПРЕДИ И СЛЕД ЯЗОВИРА: МОДЕЛИ НА ЗАПОМНЯНЕ И СПОМНЯНЕ

Author(s): Lina Gergova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 19/2021

The village of Darets was in a valley of Arda River, east from Kardzhali where today Studen kladenets dam is located. After its liberation from the Ottoman Empire (1912) and before its flooding by the waters of the dam (1956), it was an administrative centre of the region and the only settlement inhabited by Bulgarians. Nowadays, I try to construct a memoryscape of the village and in my paper, I am going to present how my way is crossing other paths of remembrance and recall. I am starting from the “urgent” research done there just before its flooding, I am going through the memories of its inhabitants and their descendants about village’s “life” after its vanishing, and afterwards, we are visiting the present area of Darets where a chapel under a centuries old oak and a monument of fallen military pilots are located.

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СВЕТИ ИВАН РИЛСКИ ОТ ВАРОВИТЕЦ

Author(s): Ivanka Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 19/2021

The paper is an attempt to trace the grounds of a legend stating that St. Ivan Rilski had dwelled a cave near the Varovitets waterfall in the vicinity of Etopole before settling in the Rila Mountains. Although the legend’s lack of veracity has been proven, the community in the mining region and the Holy Trinity monastery make their best to keep it alive and exploit the popularity of the Saint to gain economic and political benefits.

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МИТОТВОРЧЕСТВОТО КАТО ПРЕНАСЯНЕ НА САКРАЛНОСТ (РАЗМИСЛИ ВЪРХУ „ИСТОРИЯ СЛАВЯНОБЪЛГАРСКА“ НА ПРЕП. ПАИСИЙ ХИЛЕНДАРСКИ)

Author(s): Iveta Rasheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 19/2021

The following report shows the ethnosaving function of the images of St. Cyril and St. Methodius in “History” by Paisius. The interpretation includes an overlook of the possible sources used by the author, while he had been writing the chapter “For the Slav Teachers”; it gives short reports about the cult of Cyril and Methodius from the ninth century to 1762 and searches for the author’s purposes in his own cult project.

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ПОКРЪСТВАНЕТО НА БЪЛГАРИТЕ МОХАМЕДАНИ ПРЕЗ 1912–1913 г. ИСТОРИОГРАФСКИ ПРОБЛЕМИ

Author(s): Silvio Tomov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 19/2021

The text describes the conversion to Christianity of the Slavic Muslims in Bulgaria during the Balkan war (1912–1913). The main focus is on the Historiography about the event by comparing different opinions from memoirs, documents, articles, books and etc. The event is represented in the context of the Balkan war, which effects not only Bulgaria, but the whole Balkan region. This is done by comparing different points of view from different authors – historians or writers. After all it`s a trau- 237 matic event for the Muslims themselves many of whom lost their homes or were forced to live very miserable. Also, it was used to discredit Bulgaria in front of their neighbors who won the wars and got the most benefits. These events made Bulgarian Muslims even more isolated then they were ever before instead of attracting them to the Bulgarian state and national cause.

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ТРАДИЦИОНЕН КОСТЮМ И УКРАСА В СТАРИТЕ ОКРЪЖИЯ ‒ СОФИЙСКО, КЮСТЕНДИЛСКО И ТРЪНСКО, СПОРЕД ДЪРЖАВЕН ДОКУМЕНТ ОТ КРАЯ НА XIX В: МЕЖДУ САКРАЛНОТО И ВСЕКИДНЕВНОТО

Author(s): Yavor Ivanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 19/2021

In the 19th century, on the territory of Bulgaria was gathered information on traditional clothing by different population groups. This paper presents just a part of work corpus of handwritten documents, housed 289 in the in the Scientific Archives of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. The article provide information on the domestic production of clothing, fabrics and decoration which the subject of analysis are names of clothes, decoration, material and ornaments in the old districts of Sofia, Kyustendil and Tran.

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ЗА ДВЕ ИНТЕРЕСНИ НАХОДКИ MILITARIA ОТ РАЙОНА НА АНТИЧНИЯ ДИМУМ

Author(s): Vladimir Naydenov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 19/2021

Two rare elements of Roman ceremonial equipment are presented – part of an iron helmet mask and bronze helmet element. Both findings were found in one area – the Hisarluka locality, southwest of what is now Belene (antique Dimum). They are dated in the period: the end of 1st century – the middle of the 3-rd century and most probably originate from an unregistered necropolis until now.

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АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИ ДАННИ ЗА РИМСКО ВОЕННО ПРИСЪСТВИЕ НА „ШИШМАНОВО КАЛЕ“

Author(s): Mihail Hristov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 19/2021

The article is dedicated to the problem of roman military presence in Samokov valley during roman period. Because of lack of historical or epigraphic data for it, we are force to turn to archaeology. During excavations on “Shishmanovo Kale” late roman fortress, near present day city of Samokov, are found some objects which may linked with roman military. This small but distinctive group of finds consist a fragment of phalera, copper alloy fittings to roman military belts and horse harness, arrowheads and lead slingshots. Identical belt fittings and weapons are published from numerous roman military camps, fortresses and sites with certain presence of roman troops in first three centuries AD. These finds indicates presence of regular roman military in the place of “Shishmanovo Kale“ at least two centuries before its building in the middle of IV c. AD. Some of the fittings are more common for infantry, others are more typical for the equestrian troops. This may indicate the mixed character of the military group stationed here. Despite the lack of historical data, we suggested that detachments of cohors II Lucensium were stationed here. This is the only known by epigraphic data military unit with permanent base in this region, stationed here after 198 AD. Also cohors II Lucensium consists of infantry and equestrian detachments, and this could explain the presence of both types of fittings here.

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КРЕМАЦИИ ОД 4 ВЕК ОД ЛОКАЛИТЕТОТ КОКОЛОВ РИД

Author(s): Julijana Ivanova / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 19/2021

With the archaeological excavations at the site Kokolov hill in the vilage Vinichka Krshla municipality of Vinitsa in 2016, in the area east of the third and fourth tumulus eight cremation burials were discovered. According to the discovered material which mainly consists of ceramic dishes that were deposited as burial attachments and according to the coins discovered in some of them, the dating of these burials goes back to the middle of the 4th century. The burial constructions are shallow, oval and rectangular in shape, rounded with larger stones and covered with higher concentrations of stones. In the interior, which is filled with mixed soil and stone, on the cremated remains of small bones and burning there are higher concentrations of ceramic dishes whose most common forms are plates, cups, pitchers and rags. In most cases, this pottery is made of high quality gray clay, decorated with relief and printed ornaments made by embossing and engraving. These types of dishes discovered at other archaeological sites in Vinitsa region such as Vinichko Kale and Goritsa provide evidence that this group of ceramic dishes is from the time of major reforms in the Roman Empire when more political, administrative, military and economic system changes occurred. They are a compulsory grave addition to cremations, which as a local burial tradition continue to be practiced despite the official ban.

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ЗМЕЙ − ДРАКОН ПО АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИ И ЕТНОГРАФСКИ ДАННИ

Author(s): Philip Petrunov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 19/2021

The idea of the Serpent or Dragon, and the reptiles with mythological dimensions take a special place in the Bulgarian folklore. The songs, the stories and the legends related to the demonic power of the extra-mundane creatures with inhuman power, wings and four legs are widespread. In addition to their supernatural powers, they possess very often human traits: they eat, drink and steal maidens. These fairy tales, which were created to “scare the children”, many times has a historical background. The image of the extraordinary “Seven-Headed Serpent/Dragon” and its output date back to the 19th century. The mythical creature is represented by a massive scaly body with two legs in a sitting position. An archaeological artifact found in 2014 from the “Marble City – Lyutitsa” 463 – a luxury bronze spur with gilded and glass paste, on which are depicted Seven-Headed Serpent sheds new light on our understanding of those monuments. In between the ruins of Lyutitsa were discovered silver coins of the Latin nobles, who devastated the Bulgarian lands by the end of the 13th century. Some of them are direct descendants of Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor who ruled Constantinople between 1209–1215. As those nobles were bearer of destruction and death, the image of the “Seven-Headed Serpent/Dragon” with crowns depict the notion of Western aristocrats. Whether or not the social memory connected to the Latins and their devastations were transformed in such a direct way and if it was so semantically enriched through the epochs? It is a question we have to pay more attention in the future researches.

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ГРАНИЦИТЕ НА БЪЛГАРСКОТО И БЪЛГАРСКАТА ИДЕНТИЧНОСТ В СЪТРУДНИЧЕСТВОТО МЕЖДУ КОНСТАНТИН ФОТИНОВ И ИЛАЙЪС РИГС. ТЕМАТА ЗА АМЕРИКА И БЪЛГАРИЯ ПРЕЗ ОПТИКАТА НА ВЪЗРАЖДАНЕТО

Author(s): Daniela Belichovska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 20/2021

The theme of America and American reality during the Bulgarian National Revival is present in many of our textbooks, in our journalism, in separate books. Bulgarians during this period were very impressed by the accelerated development in the American Republic. The close relationship and professional cooperation between the American missionaries and our key Bulgarian Revival leaders, on the one hand, strengthens and affirms (gives a stronger foundation) our Bulgarian traditional identity. On the other hand, it rethinks and reformats the boundaries of the Bulgarian. These processes could be identified in the relationship between Bulgarian Revival leaders and American missionaries, and in particular between Konstantin Fotinov and Elias Riggs.

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ТРАКИЙСКАТА ЦАРСКА ИДЕОЛОГИЯ ИЛИ НЕСВЪРШЕКЪТ НА ТРАКИЙСКИЯТ СВЯТ

Author(s): Dennis Isaev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 20/2021

In the Thracian world, the concept of religion in the classical sense is not characteristic, since religion implies the restoration of a broken connection with the Creator and the universe. Cicero is the one that justifies 192 the need to be restored the connection between man, society and space. The Thracian world, up to the Hellenistic era, manages to maintain this connection in society and within its small states, which apparently do not expand due to the worn morality in oral, Thracian orphism. This, in turn, brings statehood in Ancient Thrace to the Ideal State of Utopia. The fact that I bring the Thracian world closer to the “Ideal State” of Plato does not mean that I equalize them. The statehood in ancient Thrace is not the Platonic ideal state, but it is the closest manifestation of the ideal monarchy in antiquity. Plato’s ideal of state is the antithesis of Aristotle. The Aristotelian idea of a successful state model is the model for modern Europe. Ancient Thrace is a recognized social and civilization model for its contemporaries, because it is systematic and comprehensive, it constructs the conflict of oral – literary, monarchy – democracy, centralization – decentralization. How do the social relations carried in the oral culture of contemporary Bulgaria work, do they mix with the values of the written norms and rules? Where are we in this European world – we have not yet described it, written it, we have not yet made it history. The cultural heritage of antiquity is not yet a realized and lived reality that is why there are “The different types of time in Thracology”!

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ВТОРИЯТ СКАЛЕН РЕЛЕФ КРАЙ МАДАРА – ОПИСАНИЕ И АНАЛИЗ

Author(s): Lubomir Conev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 20/2021

At the beginning of the 20th century Karel Škorpil studied the surroundings of the Madara rocks and registered Thracian sites from the Roman period, Old Bulgarian and even medieval Bulgarian sites. The area has a rich and centuries-old cult history, but the public consciousness is dominated by the Great Madara rock relief of a horseman. However, Škorpil registered another smaller rock relief nearby, which had already been destroyed in his time. The small Madara relief is located on the Daul-Tash rock block between the villages of Madara and Kyulevcha. Today it is practically forgotten, difficult to access, unvisited. Archeologists and historians pay no attention to this object. In the present report the Small Madara relief is rediscovered, a convenient route to it is established, it is photographed with modern equipment and several hypotheses are proposed about its presumed content, as well as about its destruction. The author hopes that the Small Relief deserves to be rehabilitated as a valuable historical site. The presence of a second rock relief is extremely important for clarifying the general picture of the sacred area, including the villages Kalugeritsa-Madara-Kyulevcha.

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НОВООТКРИТ РЪКОПИС ЗА ЦАР БОРИС ТРЕТИ

Author(s): Silvio Tomov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 20/2021

The author of the manuscript is Stoyan Peshov – a teacher and a historian of Samokov from the XIX and early XX century. From it, we get information about the ascension to the throne of Tsar Boris in 1918. The manuscript is from 1920 and also contains information about other events. Son of Stoyan Peshov is Varlaam of Plovdiv. One of his daughters was a nurse and the other one was a teacher. His granddaughter is Rositsa Trenkova – an opera singer and public figure in Samokov. Stoyan Peshov is not widely known in Bulgaria and mainly in Samokov despite his writings.

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Популярната музика през 30-те години в България (II част)

Author(s): Maria Alexandrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2021

Based on a variety of source material, including articles in periodicals, advertisements, archival documents stored in the Scientific Archive of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Central state Archive, gramophone records stored in the National Library “St. St. Cyril and Methodius” and the Institute for the Study of the Arts, music shared on YouTube, encyclopedias, and the many memories of contemporaries, the article tries to demonstrate how in the 1930s popular music became increasingly cosmopolitan. This kind of eclecticism can be seen in view of the musical audience itself. As a counterpoint to this unprecedented musical cosmopolitanism, there is a parallel appeal to folklore and the national.

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Kultura za narod i/ili za vlast. Osnivanje i djelatnost Kulturnog društva Muslimana “Preporod” s posebnim osvrtom na rad Glavnog odbora i Mjesnog odbora Sarajevo u periodu 1945-1949. godine

Author(s): Semir Hadžimusić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 50/2021

This paper discusses the activities of the Muslim Cultural Association “Preporod” from its foundation in 1945 until its abolition in 1949. The Muslim Cultural Association “Preporod” is practically a new national society, but in which two old pre-war “Bosniak” societies, Gajret and Narodna uzdanica, merged, which, as it stood out, eliminated divisions and divisions within the Bosniak people. However, the new society was not founded solely for this purpose, but above all to make it easier for the communist regime to win over the part of the Bosniak population that was not in favor of or was suspicious of the new authorities. The paper seeks, in the first place, on the basis of historical sources, to look more closely at these issues through the prism of the activities of the Muslim Cultural Association “Preporod”, especially its Main Board, the Sarajevo Local Committee, the state of society and the relations of the communist regime towards national societies in the period of 1945-1949.

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Sacred Water Pools of Hindu Sacredscapes in North India

Author(s): Rana P.B. Singh,Pravin S. Rana,Sarvesh Kumar / Language(s): English Issue: 44/2021

The basic metaphysical frame of life in ancient India, that of sacred water (paviṭra jala) and the notion that “Water itself is life” (jala hī jivan hai), can be illustrated with case studies of two cities. Settled continuously since 1000 BCE, the cities of Varanasi and Ayodhya have been eulogized as the salvific holy-heritage cities in India known for their ritualscapes associated with sacred waters and pools. According to the ancient treatises and tales, there were fifty-four sacred tanks (kunds) and wells (kūpas) in each of these cities, and they became important sites for purification rituals, pilgrimage, healing and festive celebration by devout Hindus. After providing descriptions of the sacred water pools, this essay in part explores traditions associated with a water-pool sacred to the Sun god in both the cities. More broadly, using ancient texts, present participatory surveys, and ethnological narration, the essay considers the long-lived sacrality of water pools in these holy cities and current development strategies involving them.

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