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ტრადიციულ ღირებულებათა ახალ რეალობასთან ინტეგრაციის ზოგიერთი ასპექტი პოსტტოტალიტარულ ბათუმში

Author(s): Manuchar Loria,Tamila Lomtatidze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 1/2020

Globalization, rise of urbanization tendencies, standardization of living, breakage of traditions caused irreversible changes of ethno cultural elements. Due to historical peculiarities, mountainous village of Ajara presented a closed, less changeable, tameness-oriented space. Such barriers were broken in post- totalitarian period. Economic instability and decrease of living standards caused and promoted migration processes amng village population. The modern political, social-economic and cultural-religious processes put Batumi (which traditionally represented the platform for meeting and cohabitation of different ethno cultures and religious confessions and characterized with diversity and synthesis of religious beliefs and cultural values) to the epicenter of the changes. The ethno confessional picture of Batumi, in line with other factors, was significantly changed by the internal migration processes, increased in Ajara after the Soviet collapse. The paper presents the analysis of the problems and strategies of adaptation of migrated population in new social-cultural conditions.

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უცნობი საარქივო მასალები, უცხოელების მიერ შეფასებული XIX-XX საუკუნის სამხრეთ-დასავლეთ საქართველოს შესახებ

Author(s): Otar Gogolishvili,Emzar Makaradze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 1/2019

Ottoman Empire (1877-1878), this region returned to its motherland, but this time the Caucasian administration of Russian empire was trying to hinder its development and confront this side to the rest of Georgia. In Russian leaders’ opinion, it should transform to an important bridge-head for Russian expansion in the near east and platform for implementation of far-reaching plans of empire. Foreigners were also interested in this region of Georgia. They visited to this region at many times and left us important information about political, social, economic and cultural-educational life of the southwestern Georgia of that time (XIX-XX cc.).

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НЕМЕЦКИЙ ШПИОНАЖ И БОРЬБА С НИМ В ВЕЛИКОМ КНЯЖЕСТВЕ ФИНЛЯНДСКОМ (по документам военной контрразведки)

Author(s): V. O. Zverev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2022

The article addresses some aspects of the organization of German espionage in the Grand Duchy of Finland (1915–1916). The author substantiates the hypothesis about the insignificant role of Sweden in Germany’s intelligence plans. The use of unpublished documents from Russian archives enables to further detail and develop the ideas about German-Swedish espionage that already exist in Finnish and Russian historiography. It is concluded that there were a number of factors that hindered the effectiveness of the Northern Front counterintelligence struggle against German agents in Finland. The most serious obstacles included the forced reorganization of the Finnish police (its renewal with radical national cadres), the lack of real intelligence capabilities of the counterintelligence of the 6th Army, the use of most secret officers of the counterintelligence department in the Finnish region for other purposes (to track revolutionary sentiments in the Baltic Fleet). The analysis of these factors led to the conclusion that the military and political special services were unable to foresee and prevent the difficulties that had arisen in the fight against a more experienced and pragmatic enemy, and to inflict an adequate counterstrike.

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ОБЩЕСТВЕННОСТЬ РОССИИ О ЦЕРКВИ И ГОСУДАРСТВЕ В ПЕРВЫЕ МЕСЯЦЫ ПОСЛЕ ФЕВРАЛЬСКОЙ РЕВОЛЮЦИИ

Author(s): Irina V. Vorontsova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2022

The Revolution in February of 1917 gave an opportunity to fulfill the long-standing request of the Russian Orthodox Church for independence from the state. Cultural, church and public figures started a discussion about the new status of the church and models of interaction between the church and the authorities, which revealed the readiness of the enlightened circles of Russian society for the separation of church and state. The objective of the article was to analyze all the models of church-state relations proposed in the first half of 1917 and to track the evolution of the request. The purpose of the article was to answer the question, what models of church-state relations were presented in the first half of the year, and how the emphases and priorities were set. The answer would help to suggest that the decree of the Council of People’s Commissars on the separation of church and state and the separation of school and church (1918) only consolidated the internal readiness of many people to make religion a private matter of citizens, with the Orthodox Church being only one of public organizations. Today, it is important to restore religious consciousness in society as a guarantor of social stability, morality and traditional ethics, so, there is a search for mechanisms of interaction between the church and state structures. This indicates the need to address the question of what contributed to the destruction of the church-state union that existed before 1917. The sources were books and articles of cultural, public and church figures published in the first half of the XX century. The study methodology included the problem-based chronological method, the genetic historical method and narrative analysis. The analysis of the content of the proposed church-state interaction models in republican Russia of 1917 showed that from March to June the theocratic model of the early century disappeared from public view. It also confirmed that during the discussion the request for church independence was replaced with the idea of the complete separation of church and state with the gradual expulsion of church beyond cultural and social boundaries

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СВЕТИ ИВАН РИЛСКИ ОТ ВАРОВИТЕЦ

Author(s): Ivanka Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 19/2021

The paper is an attempt to trace the grounds of a legend stating that St. Ivan Rilski had dwelled a cave near the Varovitets waterfall in the vicinity of Etopole before settling in the Rila Mountains. Although the legend’s lack of veracity has been proven, the community in the mining region and the Holy Trinity monastery make their best to keep it alive and exploit the popularity of the Saint to gain economic and political benefits.

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ЗА ДВЕ ИНТЕРЕСНИ НАХОДКИ MILITARIA ОТ РАЙОНА НА АНТИЧНИЯ ДИМУМ

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ЗА ДВЕ ИНТЕРЕСНИ НАХОДКИ MILITARIA ОТ РАЙОНА НА АНТИЧНИЯ ДИМУМ

Author(s): Vladimir Naydenov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 19/2021

Two rare elements of Roman ceremonial equipment are presented – part of an iron helmet mask and bronze helmet element. Both findings were found in one area – the Hisarluka locality, southwest of what is now Belene (antique Dimum). They are dated in the period: the end of 1st century – the middle of the 3-rd century and most probably originate from an unregistered necropolis until now.

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АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИ ДАННИ ЗА РИМСКО ВОЕННО ПРИСЪСТВИЕ НА „ШИШМАНОВО КАЛЕ“

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АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИ ДАННИ ЗА РИМСКО ВОЕННО ПРИСЪСТВИЕ НА „ШИШМАНОВО КАЛЕ“

Author(s): Mihail Hristov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 19/2021

The article is dedicated to the problem of roman military presence in Samokov valley during roman period. Because of lack of historical or epigraphic data for it, we are force to turn to archaeology. During excavations on “Shishmanovo Kale” late roman fortress, near present day city of Samokov, are found some objects which may linked with roman military. This small but distinctive group of finds consist a fragment of phalera, copper alloy fittings to roman military belts and horse harness, arrowheads and lead slingshots. Identical belt fittings and weapons are published from numerous roman military camps, fortresses and sites with certain presence of roman troops in first three centuries AD. These finds indicates presence of regular roman military in the place of “Shishmanovo Kale“ at least two centuries before its building in the middle of IV c. AD. Some of the fittings are more common for infantry, others are more typical for the equestrian troops. This may indicate the mixed character of the military group stationed here. Despite the lack of historical data, we suggested that detachments of cohors II Lucensium were stationed here. This is the only known by epigraphic data military unit with permanent base in this region, stationed here after 198 AD. Also cohors II Lucensium consists of infantry and equestrian detachments, and this could explain the presence of both types of fittings here.

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КРЕМАЦИИ ОД 4 ВЕК ОД ЛОКАЛИТЕТОТ КОКОЛОВ РИД

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КРЕМАЦИИ ОД 4 ВЕК ОД ЛОКАЛИТЕТОТ КОКОЛОВ РИД

Author(s): Julijana Ivanova / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 19/2021

With the archaeological excavations at the site Kokolov hill in the vilage Vinichka Krshla municipality of Vinitsa in 2016, in the area east of the third and fourth tumulus eight cremation burials were discovered. According to the discovered material which mainly consists of ceramic dishes that were deposited as burial attachments and according to the coins discovered in some of them, the dating of these burials goes back to the middle of the 4th century. The burial constructions are shallow, oval and rectangular in shape, rounded with larger stones and covered with higher concentrations of stones. In the interior, which is filled with mixed soil and stone, on the cremated remains of small bones and burning there are higher concentrations of ceramic dishes whose most common forms are plates, cups, pitchers and rags. In most cases, this pottery is made of high quality gray clay, decorated with relief and printed ornaments made by embossing and engraving. These types of dishes discovered at other archaeological sites in Vinitsa region such as Vinichko Kale and Goritsa provide evidence that this group of ceramic dishes is from the time of major reforms in the Roman Empire when more political, administrative, military and economic system changes occurred. They are a compulsory grave addition to cremations, which as a local burial tradition continue to be practiced despite the official ban.

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ЗМЕЙ − ДРАКОН ПО АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИ И ЕТНОГРАФСКИ ДАННИ

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ЗМЕЙ − ДРАКОН ПО АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИ И ЕТНОГРАФСКИ ДАННИ

Author(s): Philip Petrunov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 19/2021

The idea of the Serpent or Dragon, and the reptiles with mythological dimensions take a special place in the Bulgarian folklore. The songs, the stories and the legends related to the demonic power of the extra-mundane creatures with inhuman power, wings and four legs are widespread. In addition to their supernatural powers, they possess very often human traits: they eat, drink and steal maidens. These fairy tales, which were created to “scare the children”, many times has a historical background. The image of the extraordinary “Seven-Headed Serpent/Dragon” and its output date back to the 19th century. The mythical creature is represented by a massive scaly body with two legs in a sitting position. An archaeological artifact found in 2014 from the “Marble City – Lyutitsa” 463 – a luxury bronze spur with gilded and glass paste, on which are depicted Seven-Headed Serpent sheds new light on our understanding of those monuments. In between the ruins of Lyutitsa were discovered silver coins of the Latin nobles, who devastated the Bulgarian lands by the end of the 13th century. Some of them are direct descendants of Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor who ruled Constantinople between 1209–1215. As those nobles were bearer of destruction and death, the image of the “Seven-Headed Serpent/Dragon” with crowns depict the notion of Western aristocrats. Whether or not the social memory connected to the Latins and their devastations were transformed in such a direct way and if it was so semantically enriched through the epochs? It is a question we have to pay more attention in the future researches.

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ГРАНИЦИТЕ НА БЪЛГАРСКОТО И БЪЛГАРСКАТА ИДЕНТИЧНОСТ В СЪТРУДНИЧЕСТВОТО МЕЖДУ КОНСТАНТИН ФОТИНОВ И ИЛАЙЪС РИГС. ТЕМАТА ЗА АМЕРИКА И БЪЛГАРИЯ ПРЕЗ ОПТИКАТА НА ВЪЗРАЖДАНЕТО

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ГРАНИЦИТЕ НА БЪЛГАРСКОТО И БЪЛГАРСКАТА ИДЕНТИЧНОСТ В СЪТРУДНИЧЕСТВОТО МЕЖДУ КОНСТАНТИН ФОТИНОВ И ИЛАЙЪС РИГС. ТЕМАТА ЗА АМЕРИКА И БЪЛГАРИЯ ПРЕЗ ОПТИКАТА НА ВЪЗРАЖДАНЕТО

Author(s): Daniela Belichovska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 20/2021

The theme of America and American reality during the Bulgarian National Revival is present in many of our textbooks, in our journalism, in separate books. Bulgarians during this period were very impressed by the accelerated development in the American Republic. The close relationship and professional cooperation between the American missionaries and our key Bulgarian Revival leaders, on the one hand, strengthens and affirms (gives a stronger foundation) our Bulgarian traditional identity. On the other hand, it rethinks and reformats the boundaries of the Bulgarian. These processes could be identified in the relationship between Bulgarian Revival leaders and American missionaries, and in particular between Konstantin Fotinov and Elias Riggs.

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ТРАКИЙСКАТА ЦАРСКА ИДЕОЛОГИЯ ИЛИ НЕСВЪРШЕКЪТ НА ТРАКИЙСКИЯТ СВЯТ

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ТРАКИЙСКАТА ЦАРСКА ИДЕОЛОГИЯ ИЛИ НЕСВЪРШЕКЪТ НА ТРАКИЙСКИЯТ СВЯТ

Author(s): Dennis Isaev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 20/2021

In the Thracian world, the concept of religion in the classical sense is not characteristic, since religion implies the restoration of a broken connection with the Creator and the universe. Cicero is the one that justifies 192 the need to be restored the connection between man, society and space. The Thracian world, up to the Hellenistic era, manages to maintain this connection in society and within its small states, which apparently do not expand due to the worn morality in oral, Thracian orphism. This, in turn, brings statehood in Ancient Thrace to the Ideal State of Utopia. The fact that I bring the Thracian world closer to the “Ideal State” of Plato does not mean that I equalize them. The statehood in ancient Thrace is not the Platonic ideal state, but it is the closest manifestation of the ideal monarchy in antiquity. Plato’s ideal of state is the antithesis of Aristotle. The Aristotelian idea of a successful state model is the model for modern Europe. Ancient Thrace is a recognized social and civilization model for its contemporaries, because it is systematic and comprehensive, it constructs the conflict of oral – literary, monarchy – democracy, centralization – decentralization. How do the social relations carried in the oral culture of contemporary Bulgaria work, do they mix with the values of the written norms and rules? Where are we in this European world – we have not yet described it, written it, we have not yet made it history. The cultural heritage of antiquity is not yet a realized and lived reality that is why there are “The different types of time in Thracology”!

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ВТОРИЯТ СКАЛЕН РЕЛЕФ КРАЙ МАДАРА – ОПИСАНИЕ И АНАЛИЗ

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ВТОРИЯТ СКАЛЕН РЕЛЕФ КРАЙ МАДАРА – ОПИСАНИЕ И АНАЛИЗ

Author(s): Lubomir Conev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 20/2021

At the beginning of the 20th century Karel Škorpil studied the surroundings of the Madara rocks and registered Thracian sites from the Roman period, Old Bulgarian and even medieval Bulgarian sites. The area has a rich and centuries-old cult history, but the public consciousness is dominated by the Great Madara rock relief of a horseman. However, Škorpil registered another smaller rock relief nearby, which had already been destroyed in his time. The small Madara relief is located on the Daul-Tash rock block between the villages of Madara and Kyulevcha. Today it is practically forgotten, difficult to access, unvisited. Archeologists and historians pay no attention to this object. In the present report the Small Madara relief is rediscovered, a convenient route to it is established, it is photographed with modern equipment and several hypotheses are proposed about its presumed content, as well as about its destruction. The author hopes that the Small Relief deserves to be rehabilitated as a valuable historical site. The presence of a second rock relief is extremely important for clarifying the general picture of the sacred area, including the villages Kalugeritsa-Madara-Kyulevcha.

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НОВООТКРИТ РЪКОПИС ЗА ЦАР БОРИС ТРЕТИ

Author(s): Silvio Tomov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 20/2021

The author of the manuscript is Stoyan Peshov – a teacher and a historian of Samokov from the XIX and early XX century. From it, we get information about the ascension to the throne of Tsar Boris in 1918. The manuscript is from 1920 and also contains information about other events. Son of Stoyan Peshov is Varlaam of Plovdiv. One of his daughters was a nurse and the other one was a teacher. His granddaughter is Rositsa Trenkova – an opera singer and public figure in Samokov. Stoyan Peshov is not widely known in Bulgaria and mainly in Samokov despite his writings.

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Популярната музика през 30-те години в България (II част)

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Kultura za narod i/ili za vlast. Osnivanje i djelatnost Kulturnog društva Muslimana “Preporod” s posebnim osvrtom na rad Glavnog odbora i Mjesnog odbora Sarajevo u periodu 1945-1949. godine

Author(s): Semir Hadžimusić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 50/2021

This paper discusses the activities of the Muslim Cultural Association “Preporod” from its foundation in 1945 until its abolition in 1949. The Muslim Cultural Association “Preporod” is practically a new national society, but in which two old pre-war “Bosniak” societies, Gajret and Narodna uzdanica, merged, which, as it stood out, eliminated divisions and divisions within the Bosniak people. However, the new society was not founded solely for this purpose, but above all to make it easier for the communist regime to win over the part of the Bosniak population that was not in favor of or was suspicious of the new authorities. The paper seeks, in the first place, on the basis of historical sources, to look more closely at these issues through the prism of the activities of the Muslim Cultural Association “Preporod”, especially its Main Board, the Sarajevo Local Committee, the state of society and the relations of the communist regime towards national societies in the period of 1945-1949.

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VINO I VINOGRADARSTVO U POVIJESTI SLAVONIJE, SRIJEMA I BARANJE - ZBORNIK RADOVA ZNANSTVENOG SKUPA S MEĐUNARODNIM SUDJELOVANJEM

Author(s): Hrvoje Pavić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 17/2021

Review of: Hrvoje Pavić - Vino I vinogradarstvo u povijesti Slavonije, Srijema I Baranje - Zbornik radova znanstvenog skupa s međunarodnim sudjelovanjem (…), Slavonski Brod – Erdut, 2020., uredio Milan Vrbanus, 632 stranice

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JOSIP TOMEC, VIRJE – NARODNI ŽIVOT I OBIČAJI

Author(s): Petra Somek / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 17/2021

Review of: Petra SOMEK - JOSIP TOMEC, VIRJE – NARODNI ŽIVOT I OBIČAJI, UR. DRAGUTIN FELETAR, ODSJEK ZA ETNOLOGIJU HAZU, ZAGREB, 2021., 494 STR.

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Sacred Water Pools of Hindu Sacredscapes in North India

Author(s): Rana P.B. Singh,Pravin S. Rana,Sarvesh Kumar / Language(s): English Issue: 44/2021

The basic metaphysical frame of life in ancient India, that of sacred water (paviṭra jala) and the notion that “Water itself is life” (jala hī jivan hai), can be illustrated with case studies of two cities. Settled continuously since 1000 BCE, the cities of Varanasi and Ayodhya have been eulogized as the salvific holy-heritage cities in India known for their ritualscapes associated with sacred waters and pools. According to the ancient treatises and tales, there were fifty-four sacred tanks (kunds) and wells (kūpas) in each of these cities, and they became important sites for purification rituals, pilgrimage, healing and festive celebration by devout Hindus. After providing descriptions of the sacred water pools, this essay in part explores traditions associated with a water-pool sacred to the Sun god in both the cities. More broadly, using ancient texts, present participatory surveys, and ethnological narration, the essay considers the long-lived sacrality of water pools in these holy cities and current development strategies involving them.

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AUTHORSHIP POSTURES AND THE POSTURAL REFORMULATION DURING THE 1950s. THE CASE OF WOMEN PROSE WRITERS: LUCIA DEMETRIUS, IOANA POSTELNICU AND CELLA SERGHI

Author(s): Ioana Moroșan / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Operating under a definition of authorial postures advanced by Jérôme Meizoz, the present study aims to identify the postures adopted by women prose writers who started asserting themselves in the interwar period and, later on, after 1948, partook in the doctrinal ratification process by publishing Socialist Realist novels. Thus, I have identified two overarching categories of postures that engaged literature written by women. In a first phase, I discuss a position that forcefully presses for the articulation of certain postures born of macho prejudice that have become established during the same period in the shape of such concepts as femininity and the feminine creative method, but which ultimately represent merely a strategy for the marginalization of the literary production of women. With the change of regime, which marked the capitalization of the creative space by the field of political power, the systemic adjustment of female prose writers is reified, at the rhetorical level, by revealing the social function of the text. The pretence of them being heroines of the proletarian class marks a radical change in behaviour and discourse from one epoch to the other. What we can conclude from this is that even at the level of an analysis of authorial postures, the minor community of women prose writers submits to predestined postural acts, rather than following the path of articulating an authorial posture, at least not as it was proposed by Meizoz.

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Jeruzalemski hodočasnici s Iberskoga poluotoka u hrvatskim krajevima (1400. – 1650.)

Author(s): Krešimir Kužić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 61/2021

Pilgrims from the Iberian Peninsula, from the kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal, were an indispensable part of European pilgrimages from Venice to Palestine from the very beginning of travels to the Holy Land (a total of 85 persons have been recorded from the lands of the Spanish Crown and 68 of those have been identified; 60 of them came from Portugal, 32 of them known by name). This is evidenced by Venetian state and chronicler records, but above all by the relatively numerous travelogues (6 Spanish and 3 Portuguese authors have been analyzed). Motivated by deep and sincere religious feelings, of which one finds confirmation in their writings as well as in general biographies, they set out from all parts of their countries on this expensive, tiresome, and too often perilous sea voyage. Very similar to the German or French pilgrims, they came from all walks of life, but persons from ecclesiastical circles prevailed from the mid-16th century. Somewhat surprising is the large number of women, which generally differs from the situation in other ethnic groups. Due to their choice of Venice as the port of departure, they had to sail along the Croatian Adriatic coast. Some, however, used new geographical discoveries and came to Jerusalem from the east, visiting the Adriatic cities only on their return. Depending on the type of vessel (galley or one of the proper sailing ships – cocca, nave, or galleon) and the official or business tasks of the ship owner, they docked in various ports from Poreč to Dubrovnik. And while members of the nobility recorded secular curiosities, with a noticeable liking for “miracles”, the clergy placed considerable emphasis on the religious situation. In this respect, what united them was their surprise at the encounter with Glagolitic liturgy (the question is what impressed them more – the Mass in Zadar or the singing in Jerusalem). St Jerome was recognized as a strong link between his native Dalmatia and the distant Iberian lands. The political reality was quite astutely perceived and the pilgrims knew about all various changes – the attitude of Dubrovnik towards the Holy Roman Empire, the Venetian territories from Istria to Boka, and the intolerance between Venice and the Dubrovnik Republic – but the political Croatia escaped their observations.

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