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ETHICAL-MORAL PRINCIPLES CURRENTLY USED IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Author(s): Daniel Cocolici / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The current international system bases its moral fundamentals on principles developed along the centuries with major contribution from theorists associated to the Western and Christian culture.The Just war theory, a term that encompasses generally agreed moral and ethic principles on how to declare, conduct and conclude a war, is a collective effort of theorists who contributed decisively to the blueprints of the UN Charter and are strongly reflected in the Geneva Conventions provisions. Both documents are fundamental in regulating the way the relationship between states are currently shaped.This status quo allows advanced democratic states to engage, either using the framework provided by the military alliances, the already established security organizations or the ad-hoc coalitions, throughout the full spectrum of military operations in support of peace, subject to moral justification of their military action.However, recent transformation on the nature of war, technological developments and the emergence of new non-state actors on the international stage are challenging the existing paradigm.

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The Structural Context of Women’s Labour Market Participation in Brno

Author(s): Miroslava Janoušková,Martina Kampichler / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

While the first chapter focused on patterns of women’s labour market participation in Brno, providing data on the extent to which women in Brno are active in the labour market, as well as on how this participation differs for different groups of women, the aim of the second chapter is to provide information on the structural context of the patterns identified in the first chapter. After presenting the economic structure of the local labour market and its development, as wellas the educational structure of the labour force in Brno, we will especially focus on discussing the horizontal and vertical segregation of the labour market in Brno and the related gender pay gap. Again, our main source of information is census data, supplemented by data from the labour force survey and other local sources.

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Expertní instituce na poli poradenství při volbě povolání: Přehledová sonda

Author(s): Martina Hynková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Přechod ze základní na střední školu je pro většinu žákyň a žáků prvním zlomovým momentem v jejich vzdělávací dráze. Na konci základní školy přitom obvykle nejsou připraveni učinit dlouhodobé rozhodnutí o svém dalším vzdělávání a povolání, což je mimo jiné zapříčiněno mírou znalostí a zkušeností, které (ne)mají v době rozhodování. Jejich konečné rozhodnutí tak často probíhá v rychlosti a nahodilosti (Smetáčková 2005b) a je opředeno řadou nevyjasněných otázek. Těmi, kteří otázky kladou a snaží se na ně zároveň odpovídat, jsou vedle samotných žákyň a žáků zejména rodiče, sourozenci, vrstevníci. V neposlední řadě do voleb zasahují také expertní pracovnice a pracovníci kariérového poradenství. Tito aktéři procesu přechodu mezi vzdělávacími stupni nesou nemalý podíl na tom, jakým směrem se to které dítě vydá. V předložené sondě se proto genderovým prizmatem zaměřím na současné pojetí systému kariérového poradenství v České republice, a to na jednotlivé expertní instituce, jejichž účelem je poskytovat poradenství při volbě povolání.

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Flexibilita vzdělávacího systému v Jihomoravském kraji

Author(s): Markéta Páleníková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The paper shows some results of the second part of research. The text points on the human resources and their influence on regional development. First part represents the structure of unemployed members. The analysis of interaction between labour supply and labour demand is presented in next part of the paper. The indicator of the interaction between labour supply and demand is the number of vacancies per unemployed by profession. Recommendations for regional education politics are expressed in conclusion as the specifications of the next phase of the research.

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Cinema and Migration: The Representation of Illegal Immigration of First and Third Generation Turkish Worker to European Countries in Turkish Cinema: A Comperative Analysis of the Films “The Bus” (1977) and “The Island of Hope” (2007)

Author(s): Levent Yaylagül,Nilüfer Korkmaz-Yaylagül / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Labour migration from Turkey to European Countries has started with bilateral international agreements signed between Turkey and European Countries around the 1960's. The oil crisis at 1973 decreased the demand for migrant worker resulting with an illegal migration wave to European countries. Those emergent social developments have influenced the Turkish cinema and some films about illegal immigration were shooted at that period. The film "the Bus" directed by Tunç Okan is one of the first examples of this category about first generation illegal immigrants. Another film "the Island of Hope", shooted after 30 years, at 2007 by Mustafa Kara subjected about illegal immigration concerning third generation illegal immigrants. Those two films were evaluated using qualitative content analysis technic in the context of the question of how first and third generation illegal immigrants are represented in Turkish cinema. Graphic image and dialogues were used as analysis unit. The contents of the two films were analysed within the framework of questions such; personal details, expectations, the country of immigration, the ways of immigration, the problems faced by immigrants, the realisation of the expectations, and the final status. First generation immigrants represented in the film "the Bus" are male with rural backgrounds, muslims with sunni sect, unskilled agricultural worker and their immigration incentive is economic. At the film "the Island of Hope" not only men, instead women, couples and even pregnant women were among the illegal immigrants. The main incentive of immigration is also economic, but the immigrants are not only the illiterate and the unskilled worker. For the first-generation immigrants, the image of Europe is expressed negatively such as; death, unemployement, deportation, being victims of sexual abuse, nostalgia and fear. For the third-generation immigrants however, even they experience similar problems and disappointment, Europe is represented such a home for the survivors, who could find a job and could realize their dreams. In both films, the loser was facing endings such death, alcohol, drug addiction and prostitution. To be deported to Turkey was one of the most prevalent options for the illegal immigrants.

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II DIO: TEŠKOĆE U KARIJERNOM NAPREDOVANJU

Author(s): Jasna Kovačević / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

U posljednjih nekoliko decenija, neetično ponašanje u organizacijskom kontekstu počelo je zaokupljati pažnju stručne i šire javnosti širom svijeta. U tom smislu, tranzicijske zemlje nisu iznimka. Štaviše, korupcija i mito u politici i biznisu u ovim zemljama kontinuirano su u žiži javnosti. Tranzicija od socijalizma ka kapitalizmu dala je podstrek promjenama u svim aspektima društvenog života, uključujući i biznis. Društvene promjene odrazile su se na promjene u organizacijskim kulturama pa su tako egalitarne, kooperativne kulture iz doba socijalizma transformiranje u kompetitivne, individualističke organizacijske kulture u kapitalizmu. Usvajanje novih organizacijskih kultura i vrijednosti okrenutih ka individualizmu, performansama i efikasnosti uvjetovale su da menadžeri usvoje manipulativne stilove leadershipa koji su prije svega orijentirani na postizanje kratkoročnih rezultata i efikasnost, pri tome često zanemarujući važnost etičkog donošenja odluka.

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Invisible Beneficiaries Of The Single Permit Directive: Highly Skilled Female Family Migrants In Belgium

Author(s): Damini Purkayastha,Tuba Bircan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Family reunification is one of the main channels for managed migration to the EU today and as per Eurostat data, accounts for almost one-third of all arrivals of Third Country Nationals (EMN, 2016). Family reunification refers to the process through which a foreign citizen moves to a country in order to live with a spouse/partner. There are two procedures for this: 1. A long-stay visa issued under family reunification (2) a first residence permit issued for family reasons. 43% of total long-stay visas are for family reunification – 32% for family reunification with TCN and 11% for reunification with a Belgian or EU citizen. In 2018 and 2019, over 70% of adult family migrants in Belgium were women, adding to long-held assumptions of economic migrants as male, and family migrants as dependents. One of the major obstacles for family migrants who come to Belgium with their non-EU citizen partners is their lack of access to the labour market. Despite the high number of family migrants, it is difficult to conduct an in-depth analyses of their migration trajectories and labour market participation as neither Eurostat nor national statistics include high quality data on the education level of immigrants in Belgium. There is almost no information about the academic background of family migrants in Belgium, other than those who enter the social security system (Crossroads Bank for Social Security-CBSS). Belgian residents appear in the CBSS database if they ever work or get welfare benefits.

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Euro-Türkler: Din ve Kimlik

Author(s): Yakup Çoştu / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

‘Euro-Türkler’, ‘Avrupalı Türkler’ ya da ‘Avrupa’da Türk varlığı’, günümüz Türkiye’sinde akademik ve kamusal gündemin önemli konu başlıklarından birini oluşturmaktadır. Öyle ki, pek çok sosyolog, antropolog, politik bilimci, eğitimci ve ekonomist Türklerin Avrupa deneyimi üzerine onlarca çalışma kaleme almışlardır. Her bir çalışma, faklı etnik, ideolojik, kültürel ve dinsel topluluklar halinde yaşayan Avrupalı Türklerin kültürel kimliklerini, yaşam biçimlerini, deneyimlerini, düşüncelerini, duygularını, ümitlerini, beklentilerini çeşitli açılardan incelemektedir.

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Регистър за синдикалните организации и организациите на работодателите - законодателна рамка и практически ефекти

Author(s): Galina Yolova,Andriyana Andreeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In this paper we conduct an analysis of the legislative solutions related to the establishment of a dedicated register of trade union organizations and the organizations of the employers. In the aspect of the present legislative hypothesizes author concludes about the specifics, necessity and the impact of the register requirement considering the principles of stability and transparency in the social dialogue field.

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RETIREMENT ASPIRATIONS OF TEACHERS ALIGNED WITH CURRENT PRIORITIES IN LIFE

Author(s): Verica Jovanovski,Ivana Barković Bojanić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Population aging and its repercussions have a powerful impact on the traditional concept of retirement and the established transition patterns from work to retirement. Demographic statistics in the twenty-first century show low fertility and low mortality rates for most countries, leading to the Croatian population aging. Several trends impact the aging population: most people live much longer lives, have better health, and have different personal expectations than generations before us. For example, people now expect to live longer after leaving full-time work. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the retirement and post-retirement attitudes of teachers aligned with the current priorities in life. The paper aims to present the changing perception of aging from biological, economic and social perception and investigate how teachers in the region of Slavonia view their pension plans, life expectancies, and the expected needs in old and retirement age. This paper analyzes part of the data collected in the survey conducted on a sample of 5%of 11,839 teachers employed in elementary and secondary schools in the five Slavonian counties: Virovitica-Podravina, Požega-Slavonia, Brod-Posavina, Osijek-Baranja and Vukovar-Srijem counties. The research results may be beneficial for age-friendly policy-making and administrative reforms needed to accommodate the Croatian „silvering” of economy and society.

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RAD OD KUĆE − SUDAR PRIVATNOG I POSLOVNOG ŽIVOTA

Author(s): Stefan Blagojević / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Starting from the fact that the pandemic caused by the coronavirus led to serious disturbances in the global market, it was necessary to make certain changes in various segments of human life, so that it could continue, as much as it is possible and rational, unhindered. The field of work, which has been performed for centuries through mutual interaction between people in order to exchange experiences and knowledge when performing work tasks, was forced to transform its established work habits and move to a new business system that completely neglects the employer premises and changes the environment in which business obligations are performed. In this way, without a previously elaborated plan, perhaps the largest experiment in the field of work began, where both employers and workers had to find the best and most adequate new methods of performing their duties, while making sure that the quality and quantity of the work process does not suffer. In this regard, the subject matter deals with the legal aspect of working from home with all its peculiarities, as well as the impact of coronavirus on the business of various companies. In addition, the positive and negative sides of performing work in the employee’s living quarters have been analyzed and specified,but many controversial issues have been highlighted, to which satisfactory answers have not yet been obtained. Working from home, with all its advantages and disadvantages, has shown a new world of possibilities, both for employers and workers, and, with the appropriate legal framework, has imposed itself as a potential way of permanently performing a fairly wide range of jobs.

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Kriza sindikata i mogući pravci njihove reforme

Author(s): Mario Reljanović / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Trade union membership has been declining in recent decades. They are becoming less popular for several reasons: the nature of jobs that dominate is changing and new professions are often individualistic; predominant forms of work are becoming flexible and geared towards reducing workers’ rights (especially collective ones); trade unions are cumbersome bureaucratized structures that cannot respond effectively to labour market challenges and changes. The research follows the stated causes of the trade union crisis from the perspective of the countries of Southeast Europe, a region that sees its future mainly in the »race to the bottom«. The implications of such state policies are multiple and they are felt in the trade unions themselves, ie union–active workers. Identifying the causes and finding an alternative are the main goals of the research. The initial hypotheses are pointed in two directions. On the one hand, it is shown that the existing symbiosis of state policy makers and owners of capital, significantly affects the possibilities of realization of collective rights of workers. On the other hand, a theoretical model of a »new union« is being introduced in order to respond to some of the challenges posed, making the idea of collective strength and solidarity attractive to workers again, while adapting to the new reality of social relations, labour market movements and aggressive neoliberal policies of diminishing labour rights. The research begins with a brief review of the legacy of the previous system of socialist self-governing relations in Yugoslavia. Then, a cross-section of normative solutions and the factual state of trade unions is made in selected countries - Croatia, Serbia and Hungary. In the next part of the research, based on the previous review, the most important conclusions concerning the trade union crisis in this region are sublimated. Finally, the last part of the research is devoted to concluding remarks, and alternative solution to the actions of the trade union in the existing unfavorable circumstances is offered.

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Socijalno ekonomski savet i sindikat

Author(s): Duško Radosavljević / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

This paper discusses the participation of Serbian trade unions in political processes, focusing on their attempt to restrain capitalism through the participation in the activities and functions of the Social and Economic Council. One of the main objectives of this paper is to establish whether the Social and Economic Council is an agent in the promotion and support of a different model of social and economic relations in which trade unions are actively involved, or a tool which the government and employers use to manipulate trade unions. Another aspect of the paper is the power (or the lack of it) of Serbian trade unions in general. This opens a host of questions related to various issues, from the current situation in Serbia, organization and functioning of the state, rule of law, to Serbian involvement in the Euro-Atlantic integrations, to whether there is a genuine desire among the political, economic and intellectual elite to support the transformation of Serbian society into one governed by rule of law and informed by social dialogue.

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Da li su sindikati u Srbiji zmaj od papira?

Author(s): Aleksa Nešić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The changes and additions to the Labour law of the Republic of Serbia in 2014 were a legal turnpoint regarding labour related rights in Serbia. The changes of the law that were adopted in 2014 have enabled easier lay off of workers and they had the general characteristics of neoliberal deregulation. The privatisation process in Serbia has been accelerated by the changes of the Labour law, enabling investors to hire and fi re workers much easier. In this study we shall take a look at the specifics of the socialist social organization of Yugoslavia and how did it influence the development of the privatisation process in Serbia and what was the role of unions in the period after the political turmoil of October the fifth 2000. and whether the unions defended the interests of the working class, with special focus on the case of the adoption of changes to the Labour law in 2014. The unions we will focus on are the largest, so called representative unions that have the leading role in the workers movement of Serbia. Through the example of union activities surrounding the period when the changes to the Labour law were adopted, and also through the analysis of the general activity of these unions we will try to reach an understanding of the methods these unions use and how do they affect the socioeconomic position of the working class in Serbia. It is important to emphasize that this is an area with extremely scarce sources for studying, especially regarding the events from 2014 and unfortunately there are almost no archive materials that would enable a concrete insight into the specific circumstances that surrounded the period around the adoption of the changes of the Labour law. This is why this study uses many media reports and other publicly available resources as it’s main source for informations about this topic.

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Radnički sindikati u socijalnom nauku Katoličke crkve

Author(s): Mislav Miholek / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

This paper presents the development of Catholic Social Teaching on the issue of trade unions from Pope Leo XIII. to Pope John Paul II. Social encyclicals and other church documents are analyzed in the chronological order of their creation. In addition to church documents, other available theological, sociological, and political science literature is used. Special emphasis is placed on the social doctrine of John Paul II. which in several documents legitimized the trade union movement as socially relevant and necessary.

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Безработица и заетост в селските райони на Република България

Author(s): Angel Sarov,Ivan Boevsky / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The depopulation of rural areas in Bulgaria is proceeding at a faster rate than in non-rural areas. This process produces significant negative effects, consisting in deepening the demographic crisis, hampering the functioning of labour markets, health, education and social services. Our research objective is to produce a descriptive and dispersion analysis of employment and unemployment in rural areas in Bulgaria and on this basis we compare them with those in urban areas. In conclusion, the hypotheses are verified, for the significant individual deviations of values from the average within the indicator group determine differences between employment and unemployment between rural and non-rural municipalities, and that differences in employment and unemployment rates between rural municipalities predetermine the significant differentiation in the rural areas themselves.

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Challenges in Proxy Lifecycle Portfolio Modeling of Mandatory Pension Funds in the Republic of Croatia

Author(s): Dražen Novaković,Marija Ileš,Domagoj Karačić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The introduction of proxy lifecycle portfolio modeling in Croatian mandatory pension funds in 2014 has resulted in pension fund categories A, B, and C. Category A has more risk appetite, while category C is conservative. This pension system reform aimed to provide higher returns to younger members and gradually transition to a safer, more conservative investment profile as retirement age approaches. This chapter aims to analyze the current situation and the challenges encountered and explore the possibilities for a complete implementation of this model under Croatian conditions. A descriptive statistical analysis of the results achieved between 2014 and 2020 was conducted. Expectations at the time of introducing this concept and a comparative analysis of theoretical life cycle portfolio management models were considered. It was found that the age structure of the participants of the A, B, and C funds are approaching the optimum. At the same time, the improvement of the whole society’s financial literacy can be considered the leading social implication of this chapter.

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KAKO IZ ZAMKE SREDNJEG DOHOTKA – VITALAN RACIONALNI INTERES BOSANSKOHERCEGOVAČKOG DRUŠTVA

Author(s): Vjekoslav Domljan / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Publication Year: 0

After 20 post-war years, Bosnia and Herzegovina is in the “medium income trap”. It does not want to go toward the low-income countries, as employees and citizens will not accept low wages and low living standards. At the same time, employees do not have the knowledge to produce sophisticated products, and yet only these provide high income and high salaries. Bosnia and Herzegovina is a place of bad living (dystopia). This is because there is no vision, no strategy, and no development policy. The vision should be: high income country by 2035. The strategy should be to raise the economy to the path of growth of at least 7% per year. This paper explains why it is difficult to transform the existing circulus vitiosus of BiH economy and society into a circulus virtuosis. It argues that there are no essential agents of change that are able to raise the question of vital rational interest. Vital rational interest requires the emergence of statesmen who would put knowledge, education, innovation and entrepreneurship on the agenda of politics, as key elements of reform – policy ingredients without which it is not possible to achieve high employment.

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Poglavlje 2: Slobodno kretanje radnika

Author(s): Nemanja Tepavčević / Language(s): Montenegrine Publication Year: 0

Rasprostranjeno je uvjerenje da mobilizacija radnika zahtijeva komplikovanu zakonsku proceduru, što nije u potpunosti tačno. Ovo poglavlje reguliše i pravo na prebivalište na teritoriji cijele EU, kao i sva druga prava koja proizilaze iz principa slobodnog kretanja radnika. Time će crnogorski građani i građanke imati jednake radne uslove, poreze i socijalnu sigurnost kao svaki građanin i građanka EU, odnosno moći će se slobodno zaposliti u svim zemljama Evropske unije, bez posebnih radnih dozvola i odobrenja. No, zemlje EU mogu odlučiti da upotrijebe svoje pravo i zadrže izvjesna ograničenja, odnosno da primijene restriktivne mjere i da u skladu sa svojim nacionalnim pravima spriječe ulazak radnika/ca i to u periodu od dvije, pet ili sedam godina. To isto pravo ima i nova članica.

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Poglavlje 19: Socijalna politika i zapošljavanje

Author(s): Snežana Kaluđerović / Language(s): Montenegrine Publication Year: 0

Zvanični podaci ukazuju da je u Crnoj Gori najviše nezapošljenih visokoškolaca u starosnoj grupi 18-25 godina i to 1.708 ili 37,32%, a zatim u starosnoj grupi 25-30 godina 1.429 ili 31,22%. Takođe, na tržištu rada je i više od 100 magistranata kao i 5 doktora nauka. Cilj EU je da se svakoj mladoj osobi koja završi školu ili fakultet ponudi posao, pripravnički staž ili dodatno usavršavanje u roku od šest mjeseci od trenutka završetka škole odnosno studija. Stopa nezapošljenosti u Uniji je u maju 2011. iznosila 8,3%, dok je stopa nezapošljenosti u Crnoj Gori u rastu, i iznosi po zvaničnim pokazateljima više je od 12%.

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