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Today, in Algeria the unemployment issue represents a major concern to the governing. The unemployment has bacame a real threat to any sustainable economic development. Indeed, the events of October 1988, which had leaded to a multiparty politicalsystem and the abandon of the oriented econolmy which was based on inward-oriented command system, conjugated with the drastic drop of the dollar and the price of crudeoil, there by the inability of Algeria to pay back its external debt (28 billions dollars) have constrained to sign a structural adjustment program (SAP), including a rescheduling of Algeria’s foreign debts but also a new vision of the economy policy. This had leaded to the closure of hudreds of firms in deficit resulted in a significanting crease of unemployment has being exceeded the matk of 30% (500 000 jobs loss between 1995–1998). In front of this situation, it had to implement so many tools in order to solve this problem and enhance the local wealth such as, National Agency for Support to Youth Employment (ANSEJ), National Investment Development Agency (ANDI), National Unemployment Insurance Fund (CNAC), National Agency of Microcredit (ANGEM). Our contribution tries to show in the first part, the dynamic and the nature of the unemployment in Algeria and then in the second part we’ll show the different mean simplemented. Finally we attempt to analyze the results and the dificiecies in order to draw lessons.
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This text presents how to treat language as an object of economic analysis, either as a currency or as a combination of ethnic attribute and human capital. This done we present unpublished results on the labour market returns to the linguistic attributes of men and women in Quebec in 2010. These results indicate that bilingualism pays more thanunilingualism for anglophones, francophones and allophones and that francophones are better paid in general than the other two language groups for a similar level of education and experience. The comparison between 1970 and 2010 shows an improvement in the socioeconomic status of French and Francophones between these two years. This is explained by migratory flows, an improvement in the schooling of francophones and growth in Francophone ownership of the Quebec economy.
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When the current European Commission began its mandate on 1 November 2014 under President Jean-Claude Juncker, it did so in highly inauspicious political circumstances. The EU was still suffering one of the most severe financial and economic crises since World War II; unemployment had hit unprecedentedly high levels; inter-governmental emergency measures burdened the Union’s democratic quality; and the trust in European institutions of apolitics-fatigued electorate had hit an all-time low.
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Drawing on a unique, farm-level, panel dataset with 37,409 observations and employing a matching, estimator, this paper analyses how farm access to credit affects farm input allocation and farm efficiency in the Central and Eastern European transition countries.
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The significant changes in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of human resources in rural Macedonia can be explained by the continued trend of emigration from villages tourban areas and abroad. The intensity of emigration has altered the demographic structure and reproductive base of the rural population, along with the income of rural households. The rural and agricultural labour market faces a mismatch with respect to the unfavourable age, education and spatial distribution of the total labour force. A reduction in the participation of women in the agricultural labour force is a new feature. The overall transformation is apparent in the income structure of rural households. An increase in the share of households with mixed income sources notably stems from households that receivere mittances and foreign currency funds from family members abroad.
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This paper examines the impact of labour migration on unemployment in the context of the EU’s accession of Bulgaria and Romania and EU rules on the free movement of workers. It addresses in particular the following two questions. First, does intra-EU labour migration correlate with employment/unemploymentrates in host or home member states during periods of unsettled growth? Second, how have member states reacted in terms of restricting or allowing access to their labour markets by EU-2 workers during thetransitional periods?
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The book describes forms of contemporary social communication and its effects manifested in creating and reproducing the definitions of phenomena and processes that are of fundamental importance to social order. The publication employs terminology which is key in the context of the reproduction of social life, such as security, risk or trust. The meaning of the concept of rationality has been validated as necessary in order to understand the institutional planning behind the shaping of social reality, as well as private expectations and feelings of individuals. The monograph discusses the models of producing certain types of rationality in public job-related discourse and their reception by media audiences. It has been noted that the most important elements of the permanent socialization process become visible in labour disputes, providing an opportunity to define social relations together with the accompanying risks of unemployment, social exclusion and others. Three types of discourse have been analyzed: power (all government policy statements from the period of the Third Polish Republic), expert (EKG – Ekonomia. Kapitał, Gospodarka (economics, capital, economy) series of radio programs) and “civic” (focus group interviews). The publication will be of interest to both theoreticians and practitioners of social communication. It provides empirical background for the development of a promising but still incomplete theory of reflective modernization, and constitutes an overview of the forms of rationalization chosen for the dominant policies undertaken during the time of political transformation in Poland. The reader will find here both an original approach to the selection and use of analytical tools, as well as generalizations that permit ethical assessment of the constantly evolving social order. “The book by Dr. Konrad Kubala is most interesting and original. A bold attempt to create empirical foundations for testing the reflexive modernization concept was implemented here in a very ingenious way, in both theoretical and research-related dimensions. … An excellent, reliable and credible social diagnosis has been written … which carries informative potential much more serious than detailed studies in the existing literature where the area of focus is usually much narrower. The thesis formulated by the author, i.e. about the emergence of an interesting form of hybrid rationality as resulting from a local collision of different types of discourse, is a fascinating starting point for studies on modernization processes in the semi-periphery and periphery countries. … This publication will probably enter the canon of titles which constitute the core of Polish empirical sociology. It cannot be ignored in any type of social diagnosis.”
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Bu kitapta göç çalışmalarında göçmene etkin bir rol veren ve eleştirel bir yaklaşımı geliştirmeye olanak sağlayan ulus-ötesi sosyal alan (transnational social space) teorisi Habermas’ın kamusal alan teorisiyle birlikte değerlendirilecektir. Habermas’ın iletişimsel eylem teorisinden de göçmenlerle yerlilerin aynı kurumsal yapılardan beklentilerindeki farklılıklarını anlamak açısından yararlanılmaktadır. Kitapta ilk olarak teorik çerçeve izah edilecektir. Ulus-ötesi alan ve kamusal alan teorileri genel hatlarıyla aktarılacak, konumuzla bağlantılı süren tartışmalara değinilecek ve ardından Türkiyeli göçmenlerin ulus-ötesi alanının temel özellikleri ve kamusal alanla ilişkisi değerlendirilecektir. İkinci bölümde 1960’lardan günümüze misafir işçilikten kalıcılığa Türkiyeli göçmen işçilerin tarihsel süreci özetlenecektir. Üçüncü bölümde Almanya’da göç ve vatandaşlık politikalarıyla çalışma yaşamındaki değişimlere ve gelişmelere değinilecektir. Ardından bu değişimlerin Türkiyeli göçmen işçiler açısından yansıması farklı boyutlarıyla ele alınacaktır. Eğitim sistemi, istihdam politikaları, sosyal haklar, ayrımcılık konusu gibi çeşitli konularda yapılan araştırmalar aktarılıp yorumlanacaktır. Bu bölümde ayrıca Almanya’da İş Konseyleri yasası ayrıntılarıyla açıklanacak ve Alman metal işçileri sendikası IG Metall ile İş Konseyleri arasındaki ilişki değerlendirilecektir. Kitabın son bölümü ise alan çalışmasının değerlendirilmesini içermektedir. Anket ve görüşmelerde yaşanan engeller, farklı görüşler özetlenip tartışılacak, tek tek anket sorularına verilen cevaplar aktarılacak, bilhassa kamusal alana dair görüşlerde farklılaşan Ford fabrikası işçileriyle diğer üç fabrikanın işçilerinin cevapları karşılaştırılıp nedenleri üzerinde durulacaktır.
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his is the second volume of the Proceedings of The Migration Conference 2020. The Migration Conference 2020 was held online due to COVID-19 Pandemic and yet, in over 80 parallel sessions and plenaries key migration debates saw nearly 500 experts from around the world engaging. This collection contains contributions mainly dealing with migration and integration debates. These are only a subset of all presentations from authors who chose to submit full short papers for publication after the conference. Most of the contributions are work in progress and unedited versions. The next migration conference is going to be hosted by Ming-Ai Institute in London, UK. Looking forward to continuing the debates on human mobility after the Pandemic.
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This insightful book discusses how policymakers define migrant workers’ status and rights at international and national levels. Assessing the evolution of the language of rights for migrant workers in international law; definition of migrant workers in Turkish legislation; key political and economic factors on Turkish migration policies; protection mechanisms that safeguard migrant workers’ rights, it critically examines the policymaking processes at international, regional and national levels and evaluates the impact of the ‘values’ such as universal or ethnocentric values, on the definitions of status and rights of migrant workers.The chapters evaluate the status and rights of migrant workers through the lens of cosmopolitan moral constructivism and examine the law making procedures and illustrate the dynamism of these processes with the inclusion of various conditions and actors. The book dissects the key universal and national values that impact on rights of migrant workers. This timely book challenges the rising right-wing ethnocentric policy approaches to (labour) migration to migrant workers’ rights, and problematises the existing legal definitions within migration policies that place the rights of migrant workers into a precarious policy sphere.By entering the controversial political debate for labour migration and the policy making realm, this book is ideal for scholars and researchers of political science, international relations and social policy, particularly those focusing on international (labour) migration and migration policies. It will further benefit the policymakers and practitioners working on migration, such as UN agencies, NGOs, civil societies and local authorities.
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Internal audit is an interdisciplinary concept, well-established in management theory and practice theory. Internal auditors are required to be independent and objective, but the nature of internal audit activities necessitates relations with other groups of employees who also have a role in internal audit – auditees and managers. The three groups differ in the way they understand their organisation, internal audit, and its effectiveness. The main purpose of this monograph is to identify factors in the effectiveness of internal audit related to the human capital of the three main groups of its participants: internal auditors, auditees, and managers. The empirical qualitative study was carried out by the author using various data collection techniques, the most important of which was interviews with 65 internal auditors, auditees, and managers representing organisations in the public and private sectors. The study has shown that for internal audit to be effective, support from the management (tangible and intangible), the understanding of internal audit in the organisation, and relationships between the groups engaged in internal audit are important. Using her findings, the author formulates recommendations for improving internal audit effectiveness. They can also provide a basis for making changes to the existing occupational and organisational practices. The monograph can be summed up by the opinion of one of the surveyed internal auditors: “the effectiveness of internal audit has to do with people […]. This fact is so obvious that it is frequently forgotten by most stakeholders”.
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Migracije stanovništva svoje začetke bilježe duboko u historiji, a glavni pokretač migracija je primarno izbjegavanje loših i težnja za boljim uslovima života, koji su tokom povijesti bili povezani s djelovanjem ekonomskih, političkih, sigurnosnih, ekoloških i drugih faktora. Vanjska migracija, kao prostorno kretanje stanovništva između dvije države, implicira promjene kako za stanovništvo zemlje porijekla tako i za samo društvo prijema. Najveću pažnju u savremenim migracijama svjetskih razmjera privlače migracije iz zemalja u razvoju u razvijene zemlje, što se trenutno dešava i u Evropi, gdje je Bosna i Hercegovina postala tranzitna zemlja aktuelnog migracijskog vala. Najveća migracijska kretanja na prostoru BiH u novijoj historiji zabilježena su u prvoj polovini 1990-ih godina. Uglavnom su to bile prisilne migracije izazvane ratnim dešavanjima kada je samo u periodu 1991–1995. godine zemlju napustilo više od milion stanovnika, koji su u velikom broju nastavili da žive u zemljama prijema, ali se je značajan broj isljenika nakon rata i vratio u BiH. Druga polovina 1990-ih obilježena je nastavkom emigracija, bilo zbog spajanja porodica, bilo zbog loše ekonomske situacije i političke nestabilnosti, što je trend koji je nastavljen i u prve dvije decenije XXI stoljeća.
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Analyses and forecasts of changes in the occupational structure of employees are an extremely important element of the labour market research. They provide information about the future demand of work in specific occupations, which enables the intensification of adjustment processes of the labour market in the changing socio-economic reality. Appropriate qualification and professional matching of jobseekers and job vacancies leads to a more effective use of production factors and, consequently, to an increase in their productivity. It is also a determinant of wage growth, while satisfying the professional aspirations of working people. In the macroeconomic perspective, it affects economic development, the level of unemployment and the state of the government budget. This monograph presents the theoretical basis for forecasting changes of the occupational structure in the labour market, as well as the analysis and forecasts of the number of employees in the cross-section of major, sub-major and minor occupations groups in Poland. Historical data analysis covered the period 1995-2018, apart from that in the last chapter it was extended by 2019 and 2020. The forecasts results were presented in the short horizon until 2025 and in the long horizon, in five-year intervals from 2025 to 2050. An attempt was also made to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the occupational structure in Poland. The presented results made it possible to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the expected transformations in the labour market in Poland. The high forecast dynamics of the increase in the demand for specialists and the decrease in demand for farmers indicates the continuation of the process of transition of the Polish economy towards the knowledge-based economy in the coming years.
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Tržište rada u Bosni i Hercegovini (BiH) suočava se sa ozbiljnim problemima: zaposlenost je vrlo niska i iznosi 31,7%, a nezaposlenost visoka, sa stopom od čak 27,5% za osobe u dobi od 15 i više godina u 2014. godini. Između ostalog, ratno razaranje industrijske infrastrukture, gubitak poslovnih veza usljed raspada Jugoslavije, neadekvatno prilagođavanje novom poslovnom i tehnološkom okruženju i neuspješni privatizacijski procesi u poslijeratnom tranzicijskom periodu negativno su utjecali na otvaranje novih, ali i na očuvanje postojećih radnih mjesta. Posljedice takvog stanja su, između ostalog, nizak udio aktivne radne snage u ukupnom radno sposobnom stanovništvu i visoka strukturna nezaposlenost, migracije stanovništva radnog uzrasta u druge zemlje, neriješen status radnika koji su “izgubljeni u tranziciji”, kao i socijalna nesigurnost i visoka stopa siromaštva. Iako u BiH postoji konsenzus o tome da je status quo neodrživ, reforme u oblasti tržišta rada do sada su bile spore i parcijalne i bez jasne vizije modela tržišta rada kojem bi se težilo. U posljednje vrijeme, reforme tržišta rada našle su se na agendi donosilaca odluka, prvenstveno zbog preuzetih obaveza BiH prema Međunarodnom monetarnom fondu (MMF) u okviru stand-by aranžmana, kao i obaveza koje proizlaze iz “Reformske agende”, koja je “povezana s ciljevima novog pristupa EU ekonomskom upravljanju na Zapadnom Balkanu” i koju su, u kontekstu dobijanja kandidatskog statusa za članstvo u Evropskoj uniji (EU), usvojile entitetske i državna vlast. Prijedlozi reformi u ovoj oblasti također su artikulirani u inicijativi “Sporazum za rast i zapošljavanje” (SRZ) Evropske delegacije u BiH, ali i u Nacionalnom programu ekonomskih reformi (engl. National Economic Reform Programme – NERP) za BiH za 2015. godinu Vijeća ministara BiH. Kako bi se potaklo zapošljavanje i otvaranje novih radnih mjesta, naglasak u reformskim prijedlozima prvenstveno je na povećanju fleksibilnosti radnih uvjeta kroz unapređenje zakona o radu i izmjene kolektivnih ugovora, te na smanjenju poreskog opterećenja na rad. Ponuđene reforme primarno se odnose na povećanje fleksibilnosti tržišta rada, ali se u manjoj mjeri osvrću i na pitanja zaštite radnika i njihove dohodovne sigurnosti u slučaju nezaposlenosti, te se marginalno bave pitanjem zapošljivosti (npr. kroz cjeloživotno učenje, aktivne mjere zapošljavanja itd.), što su, primjera radi, važni aspekti politike “fleksigurnosti” Evropske unije. Drugim riječima, važni su elementi tržišta rada u velikoj mjeri zapostavljeni u postojećem diskursu o promjeni politika u ovoj oblasti. S tim u vezi, postavlja se pitanje koliko su reformski prijedlozi uzeli u obzir postojeće institucionalno okruženje tržišta rada u BiH i način na koji bi se fleksibilizacija uvjeta rada kao njihov ključni aspekt odrazila na performanse tržišta rada u interakciji sa institucionalnim okruženjem. U skladu s tim, ova studija polazi od pretpostavke da se različite reformske opcije moraju razmatrati u širem institucionalnom kontekstu. To podrazumijeva ne samo stavljanje naglaska na utjecaj zakonodavstva o radu na performanse tržišta rada, već i na utjecaj koji institucije poput mehanizama kolektivnog pregovaranja, politika, programa i institucionalnog okvira za zapošljavanje, politika socijalnog osiguranja radnika, politika minimalnih plaća, oporezivanja rada i isplativosti rada, kao i postojeće konfiguracije institucija, imaju na performanse tržišta rada. Na osnovu uvida u politike i prakse u domenu tržišta rada u zemljama Evrope, prvenstveno Evropske unije, ova studija ima namjeru doprinijeti razumijevanju reformskih potreba i opcija i njihovih mogućih implikacija za BiH. Da bi se uopće moglo razmatrati stanje tržišta rada i reformske putanje u BiH, analiza je situirana u širi konceptualni okvir koji definira osnovne pojmove, ukazuje na bitne elemente tržišta rada, te daje pregled glavnih rasprava i njihovih implikacija na javne politike u ovom domenu. Pritom su detaljnije analizirani zakonska zaštita zaposlenja, cijena i oporezivanje rada, mehanizmi kolektivnog pregovaranja, te politike zapošljavanja. Komparativna iskustva drugih država u Evropi uzeta su u obzir kako bi se razmotrile moguće reformske putanje, ali i razumio utjecaj različitih institucionalnih i drugih kontekstualnih faktora na performanse tržišta rada. Evropske zemlje koriste se za komparaciju ne samo zbog srodnog institucionalnog okruženja i evropske perspektive BiH, već i zbog toga što se trenutni reformski prijedlozi u velikoj mjeri pozivaju na standarde EU i prakse u ovom domenu. U metodološkom smislu, riječ je o komparativnoj studiji koja kombinira više metoda prikupljanja podataka: pregled sekundarne literature i dostupnih statističkih pokazatelja, analizu institucionalnog i zakonskog okvira u BiH i zemljama EU, te polustrukturirane intervjue sa predstavnicima organizacija i institucija u BiH koje se bave različitim aspektima tržišta rada u BiH ili su uključene u reforme tržišta rada u BiH. S obzirom na to da je istraživanje ograničeno nedostatkom važnih statističkih podataka o tržištu rada u BiH, ali i s obzirom na činjenicu da je provedeno za potrebe studije koja nastoji informirati stručnu debatu u kontekstu donošenja javnih politika u ovom domenu u BiH, važno je istaći da ono nema namjeru objasniti utjecaj različitih kontekstualnih faktora na performanse tržišta rada u BiH. Takve bi analize svakako bile korisne za bolje razumijevanje tržišta rada u BiH, ali izlaze izvan okvira ovog istraživanja. U daljnjem tekstu najprije su predstavljene konceptualne rasprave u domenu tržišta rada i njegovih institucija. Nakon toga slijedi pregled dinamike i trendova na tržištu rada u BiH, pregled različitih institucija tržišta rada u BiH u komparativnoj perspektivi, te zaključna razmatranja.
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Novi Zakon o mladima usvojen je u proljeće 2019.godine, sa ciljem da se unaprijedi okvir za obezbijeđenje boljeg društvenog položaja mladih ljudi, boljih uslova za podršku mladih, ali i njihovog većeg angažovanja. Ovaj Zakon kao mlade tretira lica od navršenih 15 do navršenih 30 godina života. No, ova starosna granica nije unificirana, jer se u nekim državama Evropske unije u kategoriju mladih ubrajaju i lica do navršenih 35 godina. Iz toga slijedi da i društveni kontekst ima svoj uticaj u definisanju kategorije mladih. Po posljednjem popisu, Crna Gora ima 620 029 stanovnika. Od ovog broja 132 702 su mladi ljudi uzrasta od 15 do 29 godina, što čini 21,4% odnosno skoro petinu ukupnog broja stanovnika. Udio ove starosne grupe u Crnoj Gori veći je prosjeka u Evropskoj uniji, gdje mladi čine 17,4 % stanovništva. Ovo je jedan od ozbiljnih argumenata da mladi treba da budu u fokusu kreatora i donosilaca odluka, ali i da mlade treba motivisati kako bi bili i sami aktivniji u procesima donošenja odluka, a posebno onih odluka koje imaju direktan uticaj i na njih.
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Proceedings are the output of the 7th International colloquium on tourism that was focused on the policy as a support of tourism, economic impacts and contributions of tourism, and social-cultural impacts and contributions of tourism. Proceedings also includes further current issues in tourism, e.g. stakeholders in tourism and networking in a destination.
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Migration and in particular labor migration have emerged as an important global event that affects many countries around the world and is at the top of the international, regional and national policy agendas. On the one hand, there are many positive aspects of cross-border migration. These migrant workers are contributing to growth and development in the target countries where new talent is employed. On the other hand, cross-border migration also has many negative aspects. Many migrant workers, especially low-skilled workers, are exposed to poor working conditions and low wages. Politicians are faced with a great challenge of both the effects created by migrants and migrant workers, and the host society's reaction, along with the positive and negative aspects of migratory mobility. About a month after the popular uprising in Syria began in March 2011, the first Syrian immigrants fled to Turkey. At the beginning of the Syrian crisis, Turkey declared that it will apply an open-door policy for Syrian refugees. In that period of time, the public officials’ opinion in Turkey was that the events in Syria will end up in a time not too long and is dominated by the expectation that the Syrians would shortly return to their country. However, the uprising in Syria escalated to a civil war, and as a result of the deterioration of the security environment, the number of asylum seekers continued to increase. Accordingly, the permanent settlement of the Syrian immigrants is actively supported by Turkey. Syrian migrants have been a major topic of discussion of whether if they will or will not stay in Turkey and whether they will or will not be integrated into the labor market of Turkey. That is why, the main topic of this thesis was selected as "Analysis of the Perceptions of Syrian Migrants on the Gaziantep Labor Market". Moreover, this book presents the main findings of the questionnaire about the work of Syrian migrants residing in the province of Gaziantep. In the conclusion, there will be a discussion of the linkage and causality among the marital status of immigrant respondents’ ages, regions of residence in Syria (rural, urban), date of entrance to Turkey, the duration if their stay in Gaziantep, their level of education, employers’ nationality and the problems they face.
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Kada je Hillary Clinton nominirana za demokratsku predsjedničku kandidatkinju u julu 2016. godine, to se općenito smatralo trijumfom feminizma. Clinton se 70-ih i 80-ih prošlog stoljeća pela na patrijarhalnoj ljestvici, probijajući staklene stropove u nastojanju da postane bogata odvjetnica, senatorica New Yorka i, na koncu, američka državna sekretarka u Obaminoj administraciji. Činila se oličenjem zaposlene žene koja je uspjela u svijetu muškaraca. Bivša senatorica iz Teksasa Wendy Davis kazala je tadašnjem Ženskom klubu Demokratske stranke: „Nikada do sada nismo imali nekoga ko je bio u našim cipelama, nikada nismo imali nekoga ko razumije šta znači biti žena u Americi i nikada nismo imali takvu vrstu zagovornice kakvu ćemo imati u Hillary Clinton.”
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This book looks at the survival strategies and survival as a lifestyle among the Roma in Serbia. It aims to shed light on and improve the living conditions of the Roma. Conducted as empirical research, through questionnaires and fieldwork, the study is complemented with a map of Roma settlements. The text also draws on insights from similar studies in Serbia and other countries.
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